Human Anatomy 4

A burn that destroys only the superficial cells of the epidermis, such as a mild sunburn, is classified as

first-degree

Which is the most logical reason for an elderly person's higher potential to be prone to skin infections, compared to a younger person?

stem cell activity in the epidermis declines in the elderly

A small amount of ultraviolet radiation is beneficial because it ________.

stimulates vitamin D3 synthesis in the epidermis

The deepest layer of cells in the epidermis is the cells of the ________.

stratum basale

The layer of the epidermis at the exposed surface is the

stratum corneum

When a person becomes "pale," what is the physiologic basis?

the blood supply to the skin decreases

Melanin serves to protect cells in the deeper layers of the epidermis from ________.

ultraviolet radiation

When the arrector pili muscles contract,

"goose bumps" are formed

Why are injections administered in the hypodermis when administering drugs using a hypodermic needle?

There is an abundance of capillaries in the hypodermis.

A "rug burn," which scrapes the skin, is an example of a(n)

abrasion

The condition that results from clogged sebaceous glands is

acne

The glands that begin discharging a sticky, cloudy, and potentially odorous secretion at puberty are called ________ glands.

apocrine

Merocrine sweat glands

are most common in the axillary and inguinal regions of the body

Which of the following conditions is the most common form of skin cancer?

basal cell carcinoma

The nail ________ covers the nail bed.

body

Nerve fibers in the dermis most likely function in

controlling blood flow to the dermis and epidermis

The blood supply to the skin arises from a network of blood vessels called the ________ plexus in the hypodermis, at its border with the reticular layer of the dermis.*

cutaneous

The fold of stratum corneum over the base of a nail is called the

cuticle

Shafts of hair are comprised of*

dead, keratinized epidermal cells

Epidermal cells are supplied with nutrients from blood vessels in the

dermis

The highly vascular layer of the skin, which provides thermoregulation via changing blood flow, is the

dermis

When the body is overheated, the skin responds by

dilating blood vessels

Which of the following is the correct order of the layers of the cutaneous membrane from outside to inside?

epidermis, dermis, hypodermis

Through which mechanism does perspiration function in cooling the body?

evaporation

During skin repair, most of the scab consists of an insoluble network of ________, a protein that forms from blood proteins during the clotting response.

fibrin

During the regeneration process of the skin after an injury, what is the combination of blood clot, fibroblasts, and an extensive capillary network called?

granulation tissue

Hair is formed by the repeated divisions of epithelial stem cells in which structure?

hair matrix

Through which cellular interactions are the cells of the stratum basale firmly attached to the plasma membrane?

hemidesmosomes

The loose connective tissue that separates the integument from deeper tissues and organs is called the

hypodermis or subcutaneous layer

A thickened area of scar tissue that is covered by a shiny, smooth epidermal surface is called a(n)

keloid

The protein that contributes to many of the skin's protective qualities is called ________.

keratin

The pale crescent area of the nail is called the

lunula

Modified and specialized sweat glands that produce milk are called ________ glands.

mammary

In albinism, ________ is lacking.

melanin

The most severe type of skin cancer is most likely to develop from

melanocytes

Thick skin can be found on the

palms

Which of the following is the function of hair associated with a nerve fiber?*

provides an early-warning system that may help prevent injury

Functions of the skin include

regulating body temperature

The ________ layer of the skin contains bundles of collagen fibers and elastin, and is responsible for the mechanical strength and flexibility of the skin.

reticular

The epidermal layer whose cells have stopped dividing and started to produce large amounts of keratin is the*

stratum granulosum

Epidermal cells synthesize this vitamin when exposed to sunlight.*

vitamin D3

The skin may turn orange as a result of ________ buildup.

carotene

Perspiration that is produced by apocrine sweat glands

is limited to the hair follicles of the axilla, nipples, and groin.

What is the function of melanin?

it protects DNA from the damaging effects of ultraviolet radiation

The type of burn that injures the hypodermis, deeper tissues, and organs is a(n)

3rd degree burn

Glands that are located in the passageway of the external ear are called ________ glands.

ceruminous