Human Anatomy & Physiology 2 (Blood)

How much hemoglobin is in each RBC? What is hemoglobin's structure and function?

-1/3 hemoglobin in each red blood cell. -Hemoglobin binds and carries oxygen. It has a red pigment, this is what gives it its color.

What are some characteristics of RBC's?

-Also called erythocytes. -Biconcave disc shape. -1/3 hemoglobin. -Lack a nucleus and mitochondria. -Cannot divide, -Can produce ATP through glycolysis. -Life span is about 120 days.

Distinguish between antigens and antibodies.

-Antigen: Any molecule that evokes an immune response. *If immune system finds a foreign antigen in the body, it produces antibodies against the antigen. -Antibodies: Proteins that react against a specific antigen. *In an incompatible blood transfusion, donor red blood cells (RBCs) evoke an immune response in the recipient, and antibodies in the recipient's plasma agglutinate the donor RBCs.

Describe which antigens and antibodies are associated with the 4 ABO blood groups.

-Blood Type A, Antigen A, Antibody anti-B -Blood Type B, Antigen B, Antibody anti-A -Blood Type AB, Antigen A&B, Antibody neither anti-A or anti-B -Blood Type O, Antigen neither A or B, Antibody BOTH anti-A and anti-B

Describe the composition of plasma.

-Blood plasma: *Clear, straw-colored *Liquid portion of blood *55% of blood volume *92% water, 7% proteins, 1% other *Contains organic and inorganic chemicals *Transports nutrients, gases, hormones, and vitamins *Helps regulate fluid and electrolyte balance and maintain pH

What is a differential/qualitative WBC count?

-Differential WBC Count: Lists percentages of types of leukocytes. -Percentages may change in particular diseases: Neutrophils increase during bacterial infections.

Distinguish between erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes.

-Erythrocytes- Red Blood Cells -Leukocytes- White Blood Cells -Thrombocytes- Platelets (cell fragements)

Distinguish between granulocytes and agranulocytes. Give examples of each.

-Granulocytes-have lobed nucleus; contain cytoplasmic granules; live about 12 hours; develop on red marrow much like RBCs. Examples are neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils. -Agranulocytes - large nucleus; no cytoplasmic granules; develop in red marrow & lymphatic system; live for weeks to years. Examples are monocytes and lymphocytes.

What is hemostasis? Describe the 3 types: blood vessel spasm, platelet plug formation, blood coagulation.

-Hemostasis refers to the stoppage of bleeding. -Vascular spasm( blood vessel spasm) *Stimulated by cutting or breaking a small blood vessel. *Smooth muscle in blood vessel contracts rapidly. *Slows blood loss very quickly, and ends of vessel may close completely. *Triggered by stimulation of the blood vessel wall, pain receptor reflexes. *Response lasts a few minutes, but effect continues for 30 minutes. *By that time, platelet plug has formed, blood is coagulating, and serotonin from platelets causes vasoconstriction. -Platelet plug formation: *Triggered by exposure of platelets to collagen. *Platelets adhere to rough surface to form a plug. -Blood coagulation: chemical pathway, most effective of hemostasis. Chemicals used are called clotting factors, vitamin K is necessary, depends on pro coagulants and anticoagulants. Major event is conversion of soluble fibrinogen to insoluble threads of fibrin, which traps blood cells. Once blood clotting starts a series of reactions occur until an enzyme called prothrombin activator.

What is erythropoietin?

-Hormone secreted by the kidneys that increases the rate of production of RBC's in response to falling levels of oxygen in the tissues.

What are liproproteins?

-Lipids (fats-triglycerides, phospholipids, cholesterol) combined with proteins.

Identify the nonprotein nitrogenous substances found in plasma.

-Molecules that contain nitrogen, but are not proteins. -In plasma, NPNs include: *Urea: product of protein catabolism; about 50% of NPNs. *Uric acid: product of nucleic acid catabolism. *Amino acids: product of protein digestion. *Creatine: stores energy in phosphate bonds; regenerates ATP in muscles. Creatinine: product of creatine metabolism BUN: blood urea nitrogen; indicates health of kidney (if the level is too high, this indicates that the kidney is not excreting urea in normal quantity, due to some type of impaired renal function)

Describe the development of erythrocytes(red blood cells)

-Occurs in the red bone marrow and low blood O2 causes the kidneys and liver to release EPO (erythropoietin), which stimulates RBC production. -A negative feedback mechanism -Hemocytoblast → erythroblasts → reticulocytes → erythrocytes -Within a few days many new RBCs appear in the blood and live around 120 days.

Describe the structure of thrombocytes.

-Platelets (thrombocytes): -Cytoplasmic fragments of megakaryocytes (a type of stem cells in red bone marrow). -Hemocytoblast → megakaryocyte → thrombocytes. -Lack a nucleus, and are less than half the size of a RBC. -Help in hemostasis (stoppage of bleeding) in damaged blood vessels, by sticking to broken surfaces. -Release serotonin, which causes smooth muscles in walls of broken blood vessels to contract.

Describe the destruction of RBC's. What is the fate of hemoglobin?

-RBC's become fragile with age and become damaged & rupture as passing through spleen or liver. Macrophages phagocytize RBCs and their contents Hemoglobin breaks down into polypeptide chains (proteins) & heme (becomes iron & green pigment biliverdin). Iron may be carried back to red marrow as ferretin to make more Hb, or it may be stored in liver Biliverdin (green) converted to bilirubin (yellow) & excreted in bile.

Define: serotonin, thrombus, embolus, serum, heparin, inflammation, intrinsic factor, positive chemotaxis.

-Serum (plasma minus proteins & clotting factors-fibriogen) and platelet-derived growth factor stimulating vessels repair. -Heparin: anticoagulant secreted by basophils and mast cells. -thrombus: clot forms in a vessel abnormally. -embolus: thrombus that has broken loose- can lodge in other tissues. If it gets lodged its called an embolusim. -intrinsic factor: glycoprotein necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12. -Positive chemotaxis: Attraction of WBCs to an infection site, by chemicals released by damaged cells. -inflammation:a localized protective response elicited by injury or destruction of tissues, which serves to destroy, dilute, or wall off both the injurious agent and the injured tissue.

Distinguish between the liquid and solid components of whole blood...the % of each.

-Solid-45% Red Blood Cells -Liquid-55% Plasma

What is a hematocrit?

-The percentage of RBC's to the total volume of blood.

Why are vitamin B12 and floic acid important for erythropoiesis?

-They are required for DNA synthesis; necessary for the growth and division of all cells.

Distinguish between the universal donor and the universal recipient. Describes what happens during adverse blood transfusions.

-Universal Recipient *AB-Lacks both anti-B antibodies, so Type AB person can receive donor RBC's of any type. -Universal Donor *O-Lacks A&B antigens, so Type O RBC's could be donated to a person with any blood type. -During an adverse blood transfusion when RBS's come in contact with antibodies that are against them they will agglutinate (clump together). **Always look at antibodies of a recipient first and then the antigens of the donor**

What is the average white blood cell count? Leukopenia? Leukocytosis?

-WBC count is typically 3,500 - 10,500/mm3 (or μL) of blood. -Leukopenia: Low WBC count (<3,500/μL) Typhoid fever, flu, measles, mumps, chicken pox, AIDS, polio, anemia. -Leukocytosis: High WBC count (>10,500/ μL) Acute infections, vigorous exercise, great loss of body fluids.

Identify the role of each of the following plasma proteins: albumins, globulins (3 types), and fibrinogen.

-albumins-60% of blood proteins- maintains osmotic pressure of blood ; Holds water in capillaries; Regulate water movement between blood & tissues. **helps maintain colloid osmotic pressure** Globulin- 36% -Alpha globulin: Transport lipids and fat soluble vitamins. -Beta globulin: Transport lipids and fat soluble vitamins. -Gamma globulin (antibodies): Constitute the antibodies of immunity. -Fibrinogen 4%: Plays a key role in blood coagulation.

What is erythroblastosis fetalis?

-the abnormal presence of erythroblasts in the blood. *another term for hemolytic disease of the newborn.

Identify the structure, function, and % of each of these white blood cells: neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes.

GRANULOCYTES -Neutrophils-fine, light granules; nucleus has 2-5 lobes; most abundant WBC (54-62%); most active phagocytes(bacteria); first to arrive at infection.**Phagocytizes small particles** -Basophils-dark blue staining granules; release heparin (anticoagulant- increase blood flow to area) & histamine (promotes inflammatory response); <1% of WBC's.**Releases heparin & histamine** -Eosinophils-red staining granules; usu. has bilobed nucleus; phagocytic (parasitic infection);allergic reactions 1-3% of WBC's. **Kills parasites and moderates allergic reactions** AGRANULOCYTES -Monocytes - largest blood cells; usually a bean-shaped nucleus; phagocytic (large cells such as old cells); 3-9% of WBC's; live for weeks or months. Cytoplasm stains blue. **Phagocytizes large particles** -Lymphocytes - large round nucleus; smallest of the WBC's; very little cytoplasm; immunity; 25-33% of WBC's; live for years. Cytoplasm stains blue. **Provides immunity**