Human Anatomy & Physiology KP Final exam

Axial part

Which makes up the main axis of our body, head, neck, and trunk

Water

Accounts for 60% to 80% of our body weight and is the simple most abundant chemical substance in the body

Cellular level

All cells have some common functions, but individual cells vary widely in size and shape, reflecting their unique functions in the body

Metabolism

All chemical reactions that occur within body cells. It includes breaking down substances into their simpler building blocks, synthesizing more complex cellular structures from simpler substances, and using nutrients and oxygen to produce ATP, the energy-rich molecules that power cellular activities.

Parasagital planes

All other sagittal planes, offset from the midline

Regional anatomy

All the structures (muscles, bones, blood vessels, nerves, etc.) in a particular region of the body, such as the abdomen or leg, are examined at the same time.

Directional terms

Allow us to explain where one body structure is in relation to another

Growth

An increase in size of a body part or the organism as a whole

Obliques sections

Are cuts made diagonally between the horizontal and the vertical planes

Deep (internal)

Away from the body surface; more internal

Inferior (caudal)

Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below

Lateral

Away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of

Intermediate

Between a more medial and a more lateral structure

Cardiovascular

Blood vessels, veins, arteries, heart. Transport blood, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients

Systemic anatomy

Body structure is studied system by system. For example, when studying the cardiovascular system, you would examine the heart and the blood vessels of the entire body.

Nervous system

Body's control system, responds to internal and external changes by stimulating proper body part; brain, spinal cord, nerves

Skeletal system

Bones; provides protection and suspport

Proximal

Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Renal physiology

Concerns kidney function and urine production

Physiology

Concerns the function of the body, in other words, how the body parts work and carry out their life-sustaining activities.

Appendicular part

Consists of the appendages, or limbs, which are attached to the bodys axis

abdominal cavity

Contains the stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, and other organs

Microscopic anatomy

Deals with structures too small to be seen with the naked eye.

Control center

Determines the set point, which is the level or range at which a variable is to be maintained

Pericardial cavity

Encloses the heart, and it also surrounds the remaining thoracic organs (esophagus, trachea, and others)

Cardiovascular physiology

Examines the operation of the heart and blood vessels

Neurophysiology

Explains the workings of the nervous system

Organ level

Extremely complex functions become possible.

Distal

Farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Palpation

Feeling organs with your hands

Integumentary system

Hair, skin, nails. Houses receptors and sweat/oil glands

Ventral body cavity

Has two major subdivisions, the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity

Respiratory system

Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lung, bronchi. Supply blood with oxygen & remove carbon dioxide.

Survival Needs

Nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temp., appro. atmospheric pressure

Reproduction

Occurs at the cellular and the organismal level.

Organ system level

Organs that work together to accomplish a common purpose

Effector

Provides the means for the control center's response to the stimulus

Organismal level

Represents the sum total of all structural levels working together to keep us alive

Transverse (horizontal) plane

Runs horizontally from right to left, dividing the body into superior and inferior parts

Contractility

The muscle cell's ability to move by shortening

Negative feedback mechanisms

The output shuts off the original effect of the stimulus or reduces its intensity

Visceral serosa

The part of the membrane lining that covers organs in the cavity

Parietal serosa

The part of the membrane lining the cavity walls

Excretion

The process of removing wastes, or excreta, from the body

Positive feedback mechanisms

The result or response enhances the original stimulus so that the response is accelerated

Chemical level

The simplest level of the structural hierarchy. At this level, atoms. tiny building blocks of matter, combine to form molecules such as water and proteins.

Surface anatomy

The study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface.

Macroscopic anatomy

The study of large body structures visible to the naked eye, such as the heart, lungs, and kidneys.

Cytology

The study of the cells of the body

Histology

The study of tissues

Serosa (serous membrane)

The walls of the ventral body cavity and the outer surfaces of the organs it contains are covered by a thin, double-layered membrane

Tissue level

Tissues are groups of similar cells that have a common function.

Dorsal (posterior)

Toward or at the back of the body; behind

Superficial (external)

Toward or at the body surface

Ventral (anterior)

Toward or at the from of the body; in front of

Medial

Toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of

Superior (cranial)

Toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body part; above

Developmental anatomy

Traces structural changes that occur in the body throughout the life span.

Regional terms

Used to designate specific areas within major body divisions

Principle of complementarity of structure and function

What a structure can do depends on its specific form

Atomospheric pressure

The force that air exerts on the surface of the body

Normal body temperature

98.6 degrees

Median plane or midsagittal plane

A sagittal plane that lies exactly in the midline

Embryology

A subdivision of developmental anatomy, concerns developmental changes that occur before birth.

Homeostasis

Ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even thought the outside world changes continuously

Serous fluid

In the body, the serous membranes are separated not by air but by a thin layer of lubricating fluid

Cranial cavity

In the skull, encases the brain

Movement

Includes the activities promoted by the muscular system, such as propelling ourselves from one place to another by running or swimming, and manipulating the external environment with our nimble fingers

Urinary system

Kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra. Eliminates nitrogenous wastes, regulates water.

Pelvic cavity

Lies in the bony pelvis and contains the urinary bladder, some reproductive organs, and the rectum

Frontal planes (coronal plane)

Like sagittal planes, lie vertically. Divides the body into anterior and posterior parts

Auscultation

Listening to organ sounds with a stethoscope

hypogastric region

Located inferior to the umbilical region

Right and left iliac (inguinal) regions

Located lateral to the bypogastric region

Epigastric region

Located superior to the umbilical region

Receptor

Some type of sensor that monitors the environment and responds to changes called stimuli, by sending information to the second component, the control center

Radiographic anatomy

Studies internal structures as visualized by X-ray images or specialized scanning procedures.

Pathological anatomy

Studies structural changes caused by disease.

Anatomy

Studies the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another.

thoracic cavity

Surrounded by the ribs and muscles of the chest

Nutrients

Taken in via the dies, contain the chemical substances used for energy and cell building. Carbohydrates are the major energy fuel for body cells.

Responsiveness or excitability

The ability to sense changes in the environment and then respond to them

Anatomical position

The anatomical reference point is a standard body position

Digestion

The breaking down of ingested foodstuffs to simple molecules that can be absorbed into the blood

Umbilical region

The centermost region deep to and surrounding the umbilicus

Dorsal body cavity

Which protects the fragile nervous system organs, has two subdivisions

Vertebral (spinal) cavity

Which runs within the bony vertebral column, encloses the delicate spinal cord

Cross section

also called transverse section

Viscera (visceral organs)

an organ in the body cavity

abdominopelvic cavity

includes the diaphragm, a dome-shaped muscle important in breathing

Right and left hypochondriac regions

lie lateral to the epigastric region and deep to the ribs

Right and left lumbar regions

lie lateral to the umbilical region

Lymphatic system/immunity

lymph nodes, spleen, thoracic duct, lymphatic vessels, thymus, red bone marrow. Transports fluid, white blood cells for immunity

Digestive system

oral cavity, esophagus, liver, stomach, small intestine, rectum, anus, large intestine. Break down food to absorb nutrients.

Female repro system

ovary, uterus, vagina, uterine tube, mammary glands

Male reproductive system

prostate, penis, testis, scrotum. Make babies.

Muscular system

skeletal muscles; posture, heat, movement

Variable

the factor or event being regulated

Endocrine system

thyroid, thymus, adrenal gland, pancreas, ovary, testis, pituitary gland, pineal gland. Release hormones.

Sagittal plane

vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts