Human anatomy CH 3 Review questions

18. Place the following structures in order from least to most complex organization: chromatin, nucleosome, DNA, chromosome... A) DNA, nucleosome, chromatin, chromosome B) nucleosome, DNA, chromosome, chromatin C) DNA, chromatin, nucleosome, chromosome D) nucleosome, chromatin, DNA, chromosome

A) DNA, nucleosome, chromatin, chromosome

14. Which of the following organelles produces large quantities of ATP when both glucose and oxygen are available to the cell? A) mitochondria B) peroxisomes C) lysosomes D) ER

A) mitochondria

21. Transcription and translation take place in the ________ and ________, respectively. A) nucleus; cytoplasm B) nucleolus; nucleus C) nucleolus; cytoplasm D) cytoplasm; nucleus

A) nucleus; cytoplasm

12. Which of the following is a function of the rough ER? A) production of proteins B) detoxification of certain substances C) synthesis of steroid hormones D) regulation of intracellular calcium concentration

A) production of proteins

15. The nucleus and mitochondria share which of the following features? A) protein-lined membrane pores B) a double cell membrane C) the synthesis of ribosomes D) the production of cellular energy

B) a double cell membrane

11. The rough ER has its name due to what associated structures? A) Golgi apparatus B) ribosomes C) lysosomes D) proteins

B) ribosomes

22. How many "letters" of an RNA molecule, in sequence, does it take to provide the code for a single amino acid? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4

C) 3

17. Which of the following sequences on a DNA molecule would be complementary to GCTTATAT? A) TAGGCGCG B) ATCCGCGC C) CGAATATA D) TGCCTCTC

C) CGAATATA

20. Which of the following is not a difference between DNA and RNA? A) DNA contains thymine whereas RNA contains uracil B) DNA contains deoxyribose and RNA contains ribose C) DNA contains alternating sugar-phosphate molecules whereas RNA does not contain sugars D) RNA is single stranded and DNA is double stranded

C) DNA contains alternating sugar-phosphate molecules whereas RNA does not contain sugars

13. Which of the following is a feature common to all three components of the cytoskeleton? A) They all serve to scaffold the organelles within the cell. B) They are all characterized by roughly the same diameter. C) They are all polymers of protein subunits. D) They all help the cell resist compression and tension.

C) They are all polymers of protein subunits.

30. What materials can easily diffuse through the lipid bilayer, and why?

Only materials that are relatively small and non-polar can easily diffuse through the lipid bilayer. Large particles cannot fit in between the individual phospholipids that are packed together, and polar molecules are repelled by the hydrophobic/nonpolar lipids that line the inside of the bilayer.

34. Compare and contrast lysosomes with peroxisomes: name at least two similarities and one difference.

Peroxisomesandlysosomesarebothcellularorganellesboundbylipidbilayer membranes, and they both contain many enzymes. However, peroxisomes contain enzymes that detoxify substances by transferring hydrogen atoms and producing H2O2, whereas the enzymes in lysosomes function to break down and digest various unwanted materials.

38. Contrast transcription and translation. Name at least three differences between the two processes.

Transcriptionisreallya"copy"process and translation is really an "interpretation" process, because transcription involves copying the DNA message into a very similar RNA message whereas translation involves converting the RNA message into the very different amino acid message. The two processes also differ in their location: transcription occurs in the nucleus and translation in the cytoplasm. The mechanisms by which the two processes are performed are also completely different: transcription utilizes polymerase enzymes to build mRNA whereas translation utilizes different kinds of RNA to build protein.

7. The diffusion of substances within a solution tends to move those substances ________ their ________ gradient. A) up; electrical B) up; electrochemical C) down; pressure D) down; concentration

D) down; concentration

36. Why is it important that DNA replication take place before cell division? What would happen if cell division of a body cell took place without DNA replication, or when DNA replication was incomplete?

Duringcelldivision,onecelldividestoproducetwonewcells.Inorderforallofthecellsinyourbodytomaintain a full genome, each cell must replicate its DNA before it divides so that a full genome can be allotted to each of its offspring cells. If DNA replication did not take place fully, or at all, the offspring cells would be missing some or all of the genome. This could be disastrous if a cell was missing genes necessary for its function and health.