human anatomyChapter 8: Appendicular Skeleton Part 1 - PECTORAL GIRDLE & UPPER LIMB

the false (greater) pelvis and the true (lesser) pelvis: Pelvic brim

continuous oval ridge that extends from pubic crest, pectineal line, and arcuate line to the rounded edges of the sacral ala and sacral promontory. Separates True & False pelvis

ulna: Head

distal knoblike end; articulates with the radius

radius: Ulnar notch

distal medial surface where the distal end (head) of the ulna articulates with the radius

The spine of the scapula __________.

separates the supraspinous and infraspinous fossae and ends in the acromion

transverse arch

perpendicular to the other two arches, formed by the distal row of tarsal bones

ulna: Olecranon

posterior and proximal to trochlear notch, articulating with olecranon fossa of humerus. This forms the "bump" of the elbow.

ulna: Styloid process

posteromedial to head

femur: Medial and lateral epicondyles

projections that reside just superior to the condyles

humerus: Anatomical neck

inferior to the head is a slight constriction

what are the four carpal bones In the proximal row, from lateral (thumb side) to medial?

scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform; Only the scaphoid and lunate bones articulate with the radius to form the wrist joint

ilium

it is a Large, flaring bone. Forms the superior region of the coxal bone. Site of attachment for many muscles. Articulation with the sacrum forms sacroiliac joint

Tibia articulates with talus at the inferior end and Forms?

the ankle joint

humerus: greater tubercle

Inferior to the anatomical neck, the lateral tubercle. point of attachment for shoulder muscles

femur: neck

constricted region just distal to head

What part of the fibula is found near the knee joint?

The head is the proximal end of the fibula.

femur: head

articulates with pelvis at acetabulum

tibia: Fibular articular facet

articulation site with head of fibula

what does the Humerus proximal portion contain?

Head, Greater and lesser tubercles, Intertubercular sulcus, Anatomical and surgical necks

the hip bone During childhood, consists of three separate bones:

Ilium, ischium, and pubis

what bones does the hand include?

Carpus—wrist, Metacarpals—palm, Phalanges—fingers

What specific feature of the hip bone articulates with the head of the femur?

The acetabulum of the hip bone articulates with the head of the femur.

tibia proximal portion consists of?

Medial and lateral condyles, Fibular articular facet

what are the three types of arches of the foot?

Medial arch, Lateral arch, Transverse arch

Identify the landmark that is unique to the femur.

The greater and lesser trochanters are unique to the femur.

humerus: Deltoid tuberosity

V-shaped, roughened area is an attachment site for the deltoid muscle of the shoulder

Name the specific part of the hip bone that bears your weight when you sit.

When you sit, the ischial tuberosities carry your weight.

humerus anterior surface: radial fossa

accommodates radius

humerus anterior surface: coronoid fossa

accommodates the ulna

humerus posterior surface: olecranon fossa

accommodates the ulna

lower limb

carry the entire weight of the erect body and experience strong forces when we jump or run. Thus, the bones are thicker and stronger than the comparable bones of the upper limbs.

The female pelvis

is adapted for childbearing: It tends to be wider, shallower, and lighter than that of a male. These features provide more room in the true pelvis, which must be wide enough for an infant's head to pass during birth.

what are the two bones of the forearm?

radius and ulna

Which bones are the components of the pelvic girdle?

the coxal bones

Tibia articulates with femur at superior end and Forms?

the knee joint

phalanges

their 14 bones. The digits, or fingers, are numbered I to V beginning with the thumb, or pollex. The fingers contain miniature long bones called phalanges. The singular of this term is phalanx. each finger has three phalanges: proximal, middle, and distal. The thumb has no middle phalanx.

what are the three segments of the lower limb?

thigh, leg, foot

what is the leg composed of?

tibia and fibula

what are The carpals of the distal row, from lateral to medial?

trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate

To which surface does the trochlear notch of the ulna articulate?

trochlea of the humerus

clavicle

collarbones, are slender, S-shaped bones that extend horizontally across the superior thorax on the anterior surface. The cone-shaped sternal end attaches to the manubrium medially, and the flattened acromial end articulates with the scapula laterally.

articulates

connects or unites, as bones at a joint

how many bones are in the lower limb?

contains 30 bones. 1 femur in the femoral region (thigh), 1 patella (kneecap) in the patellar region, 1 tibia and 1 fibula in the crural region (leg), 7 tarsal bones form the ankle and proximal foot, 5 metatarsal bones form the arched part of the foot, and 14 phalanges form the toes

femur: Intercondylar fossa

deep depression on posterior surface that separates the condyles

femur: fovea

depression in head where ligament attaches to acetabulum

ulna: Coronoid process

distal to the trochlear notch, articulating with coronoid fossa of humerus

medial arch

extends from heel to great toe, preventing pinching of muscles, nerves and blood vessels.

lateral arch

extends from heel to little toe, not as high as medial arch

humerus: head

fits into the glenoid cavity of the scapula.

humerus: Intertubercular sulcus

guides a tendon of the biceps muscle to its attachment point at the rim of the glenoid cavity (the supraglenoid tubercle)

tibia: Articular surface

inferior distal surface for the talus

the false (greater) pelvis and the true (lesser) pelvis: Pelvic outlet

inferior to the pelvic inlet, boundaries defined by the coccyx, ischial tuberosities and the inferior border of the pubic symphysis

femur

is the single bone of the thigh. It is the largest, longest, strongest bone in the body. Ball-shaped head of the femur articulates with the acetabulum

ulna: Radial notch

lateral to coronoid process, articulating with head of radius

humerus: lateral epicondyles

lateral; attachment sites for muscles of the forearm

the false (greater) pelvis and the true (lesser) pelvis: True pelvis

lies inferior to the pelvic brim. It forms a bowl containing the pelvic organs

the false (greater) pelvis and the true (lesser) pelvis: False pelvis

lies superior to the pelvic brim. It is bounded by the ilium bones laterally and contains the inferior abdominal organs

humerus: surgical neck

named because it is the most frequently fractured part of the humerus, is inferior to the tubercles

what does the humerus distal portion contain?

on the anterior surface- Radial fossa, Coronoid fossa, and on the posterior surface- Olecranon fossa

the false (greater) pelvis and the true (lesser) pelvis: Pelvic inlet

opening in the pelvis whose physical boundaries are defined by the pelvic brim

What does the appendicular skeleton consist of?

pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, lower limbs

tibia: Medial malleolus

prominent process on the medial distal region

clavicle function

provid attachment for muscles, they act as braces that hold the scapulae and arms out laterally from the thorax. This function becomes obvious when it is fractured: The entire shoulder region collapses medially. The clavicles also transmit compression forces from the upper limbs to the axial skeleton, as when someone puts both arms forward and pushes a car to a gas station

radius: head

proximal end of the radius is shaped like the end of a spool of thread. Its superior surface is concave, and it articulates with the capitulum of the humerus. Medially, the head of the radius articulates with the radial notch of the ulna, forming the proximal radioulnar joint.

ulna: Trochlear notch

proximal end, articulates with the trochlea of humerus

femur: Linea aspera

ridge on the posterior shaft serving as attachment for many thigh muscles

tibia: Anterior border

ridge that extends distally along the anterior surface aka the "shin"

tibia: Tibial tuberosity

rough anterior projection just inferior to condyles. Serves for attachment of patellar ligament

radius: neck

separates head from the radial tuberosity which is a site of attachment for the biceps brachii

humerus: Capitulum

smooth rounded lateral surface that articulates with head of radius

tibia: Medial and lateral condyles

smooth surfaces that articulate with femur condyles

femur: Medial and lateral condyles

smooth, rounded articulating surfaces

What is the foot composed of?

tarsus, metatarsus, phalanges

ulna

Main bone responsible for forming the elbow joint with the humerus. Hinge joint allows forearm to bend on arm. Distal end is separated from carpals by fibrocartilage (TFCC: triangular fibrocartilage complex). Keeps radius & ulna stable. Plays little to no role in hand movement

trasus

Makes up the posterior half of the foot. Contains seven bones called tarsals. Body weight is borne primarily by the talus and calcaneus. Trochlea of the talus is Site of articulation with the tibia. Other tarsals include: Cuboid and navicular, Medial, intermediate, and lateral cuneiforms

The condition known as a "fractured hip" is most often a break in the femur. Where is the femur particularly susceptible to a fracture?

Many times the phrase "fractured hip" refers to a break in the neck of the femur. This type of fracture detaches the head of the femur leaving it in the socket (the acetabulum of the hip joint).

femur distal portion consists of?

Medial and lateral condyles, Medial and lateral epicondyles, Intercondylar fossa, Patellar surface

What is the shape of the femal pelvic inlet?

Oval

leg

Refers to the region of the lower limb between the knee and the ankle

Which anatomic structures define the pelvic inlet?

Sacral promontory, Superior border of the pubic symphysis, Arcuate lines

the fibula helps?

Stabilize the ankle joint

radius

Superior surface of the head of the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus. Medially—the head of the radius articulates with the radial notch of the ulna. it Contributes heavily to the wrist joint. Distal radius articulates with carpal bones. and When radius moves, the hand moves with it

radius: Styloid process

anchors a ligament that runs to the wrist.

femur: Intertrochanteric line

anterior between the two trochanters marking the distal edge of the hip capsule

pelvic girdle

attaches the lower limbs to the spine and supports the visceral organs of the pelvis. The full weight of the upper body passes through this girdle to the lower limbs. the pelvic girdle attaches to the axial skeleton by some of the strongest ligaments in the body. Acetabulum is a deep cup that holds the head of the femur. Lower limbs have less freedom of movement. Are more stable than the arm

femur: Gluteal tuberosity

attachment for the gluteus maximus muscle

what bones form the pectoral girdle?

clavicle and scapula

Which bony articulation attaches the upper limb to the axial skeleton?

clavicle articulating with the sternum

how many bones are in the upper limb?

30 bones. 1 humerus in the brachium (arm). 1 radius and 1 ulna in the antebrachium (forearm). 8 carpal bones form the wrist. 5 metacarpal bones form the palm of the hand. and 14 phalanges form the fingers

Arches of the Foot

A structure composed of multiple components can support weight only if it is arched. Foot does not normally rest flat on the floor. It is arched.

scapula

Broad, flat triangular shape. Anterior surface is flat and relatively featureless. Posterior surface possesses a bony ridge called the spine. The most lateral portion of the spine is called the acromion. An anterior projection is the coracoid process. Has three borders [superior, medial (vertebrae), lateral (axillary)]. Has three angles (superior, inferior, lateral). Lateral, shallow glenoid cavity articulates with head of humerus

Which anatomic structures project into the male pelvic outlet?

Coccyx, Ischial spines

Metatarsus

Consists of five small long bones called metatarsals. Numbered I-V beginning with the hallux (big toe). First metatarsal supports body weight

Metacarpal

Five radiate distally from the wrist to form the metacarpus, or palm of the hand. These small long bones are not named individually but instead are numbered I to V, from thumb to little finger. The bases of the metacarpals articulate with the carpals proximally and with each other on their lateral and medial sides. Distally, the bulbous heads of the metacarpals articulate with the proximal phalanges of the fingers to form knuckles. Metacarpal I, associated with the thumb, is the shortest and most mobile.

ischium

Forms posteroinferior region of the coxal bone. it Anteriorly—joins the pubis. Ischial tuberosities Are the strongest part of the hip bone

pubis

Forms the anterior region of the coxal bone. it Lies horizontally in anatomical position. Pubic symphysis is when The two pubic bones are joined by fibrocartilage at the midline. Pubic arch — inferior to the pubic symphysis , Angle helps distinguish male from female pelvis

femur posterior view consists of?

Gluteal tuberosity, Linea aspera

femur proximal end consist of?

Head, Fovea, Neck, greater and lesser trochanters, Intertrochanteric line

humerus: lesser tubercle

Inferior to the anatomical neck, but is more medial. point of attachment for shoulder muscles

the foot

Supports body weight. Acts as a lever to propel body forward when walking. Segmentation makes foot pliable and adapted to uneven ground

Which part of the scapula articulates with the clavicle?

The acromion of the scapula articulates with the clavicle.

What is the difference between the anatomical neck and the surgical neck of the humerus?

The anatomical neck of the humerus is just inferior to the head; it is the area where the diaphysis joins with the proximal epiphysis. The surgical neck, the most frequently fractured region of the humerus, is inferior to the greater and lesser tubercles.

What is the keystone of the medial longitudinal arch of the foot? How do the arches of the foot distribute body weight?

The anterior portion of the talus is the keystone of the medial longitudinal arch. The arches distribute weight anteriorly to the heads of the metatarsals (the "ball of the foot") and posteriorly to the calcaneus (heel).

What structures form the two bony "bumps" on either side of your ankle?

The bony bumps on either side of your ankle are formed by the medial malleolus of the tibia and the lateral malleolus of the fibula.

For each of the features listed, identify (a) the bone each is located on and (b) the bone that each articulates with: capitulum, trochlear notch, head of the ulna, radial notch.

The capitulum is on the humerus, and it articulates with the head of the radius. The trochlear notch is on the ulna, and it articulates with the trochlea of the humerus. The head of the ulna is on the ulna, and it articulates with the ulna notch of the radius. The radial notch is on the ulna, and it articulates with the head of the radius.

Identify the bone of the lower limb that bears the least amount of weight.

The fibula articulates with the tibia on its medial surface. It does not help distribute the weight of the body to the foot.

Identify the region of the femur that forms part of the hip joint.

The head of the femur is the ball portion of the hip joint, which articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone which forms the socket.

On which bone is each of the following features located: lateral malleolus, linea aspera, lesser trochanter, fibular notch, talar shelf, tibial tuberosity?

The lateral malleolus is on the fibula; the linea aspera is on the femur; the lesser trochanter is on the femur; the fibular notch is on the tibia; the talar shelf is on the calcaneus; and the tibial tuberosity is on the tibia.

Identify the landmark found on the diaphysis of the femur.

The linea aspera is an elevated ridge found on the diaphysis of the femur. It serves as a site of muscle attachment.

Name the bones that are located in the palm of the hand.

The metacarpals are located in the palm of the hand

How is the pectoral girdle attached to the axial skeleton?

The only bony attachment between the pectoral girdle and the axial skeleton is the clavicle joining with the sternum and rib 1.

Tibia and Fibula

The only two bones in the lower leg. Run parallel to each other. Tibia is medial to fibula

radius and ulna

The only two bones of the forearm. Run parallel to each other. In anatomical position, radius is lateral to ulna. they are Connected to each other by the interosseous membrane

Which landmark is found on the anterior surface of the femur?

The patellar surface articulates with the patella (kneecap).

How does the structure of the pubic arch, the greater sciatic notch, and the sacrum differ between males and females?

The pubic arch is broader in females than in males; the greater sciatic notch is wider and more shallow in females than in males; and the sacrum is wider, shorter, and more curved in females.

Which bone forms the anterior portion of the pelvic girdle?

The pubis forms the anterior portion of the pelvic girdle.

In anatomical position, which forearm bone is located laterally?

The radius is on the lateral side of the forearm.

Name the three fossae of the scapula, and describe their location.

The three fossae of the scapula are the supraspinous fossa, "above" the scapular spine; the infraspinous fossa, "below" the scapular spine; and the subscapular fossa, "beneath" the scapula on its anterior surface.

carpal

The true wrist, or carpus, is the proximal region of the hand, just distal to the wrist joint. The carpus contains eight marble-sized short bones, or carpals, closely united by ligaments. Gliding movements occur between the carpals, making the wrist rather flexible. The carpals are arranged in two irregular rows of four bones each

Phalanges

Their are 14 and are smaller than those of the fingers and thus are less nimble. their general structure and arrangement are the same: There are three phalanges in each digit except the great toe (the hallux), which has only two phalanges. As in the hand, these toe bones are named proximal, middle, and distal phalanges.

tibia distal features consist of?

Tibial tuberosity, Anterior border, Medial malleolus, Articular surface

Patella

Triangular shaped with superior border broad and inferior apex is pointed. Articulates with patellar surface of femur. Embedded in the tendon that secures the quadriceps muscles

When you place your hands on your "hips," what structure are you resting your hands upon?

When your hands are on your hips, your hands are resting on the iliac crests.

femur: Patellar surface

a smooth region on the anterior surface between the condyles where the patella articulates with the femur

fibula

located lateral to the tibia, is a thin long bone with two expanded ends. Its superior end is its head, and its inferior end is the lateral malleolus. This malleolus forms the lateral bulge of the ankle and articulates with the talus bone of the foot. The shaft is heavily ridged; does not bear weight, but several muscles originate from it.

humerus: Shaft

long relatively slender portion

The angle of the greater sciatic notch is steeper in a:

male pelvis.

Femur: Greater trochanter and Lesser trochanter

massive processes that serve as attachments of powerful hip and thigh muscles

humerus: Trochlea

medial surface that articulates with trochlear notch of ulna

humerus: medial epicondyles

medial; attachment sites for muscles of the forearm