Human Bio Chapter 9

Why do some physicians advise patients with a bladder infection to drink a lot of cranberry juice?

Cranberry juice makes the urine more acidic, decreasing the rate at which microorganisms can grow and reproduce

Which one of the following is characteristic of T lymphocytes but NOT B lymphocytes?

direct attack of antigen-bearing cells

Which of the following best describes Phase I of HIV infection?

swollen lymph nodes, chills, fever, body aches

Antibodies are classified by size, location, and function, and which one of the following represents the most common type of immunoglobulin?

IgG

Bacteria are helpful to humans in many ways, including all of the following EXCEPT which one?

digestion of cellulose in the human intestine

Ebola virus can be transmitted via

direct contact with bodily fluids of an infected person.

HIV is classified as a retrovirus because

it makes a DNA copy of its RNA once inside the host cell.

Lupus erythematosus is an autoimmune disorder in which the body attacks

its own connective tissue.

Which one type of cells is responsible for producing and releasing antibodies?

B lymphocytes

Which one of the following is TRUE regarding the spleen?

Red pulp of the spleen stores excess blood.

Which of the following is TRUE regarding lymph nodes?

They filter lymph fluid, trapping microorganisms and abnormal cells

When comparing viruses and bacteria, which one of the following statements is CORRECT?

Viruses and bacteria both contain genetic material.

Which of the following is associated with the specific defenses of the body?

cell-mediated immunity

Which of the following are proteins in the blood that can be activated to lyse bacterial cells, mark other bacterial cells for destruction, and enhance inflammation?

complement

Which one of the following enables T helper cells to stimulate and activate other cells of the immune response?

cytokines

All of the following are ways in which a mild fever participates as part of the body's second line of defense and aids the body EXCEPT

enhancing the secretion of antibodies by plasma cells.

Which of the following leukocytes is most likely to be directly involved in the destruction of flukes (a parasitic flatworm)?

eosinophils

Skin is able to prevent most microorganisms from entering the body by

having keratin in the uppermost layer.

The advantage of having memory cells in specific defenses is that

if exposed to an antigen a second time, they quickly become plasma cells.

Viral-infected human cells often send out special proteins that serve as an early warning system to uninfected cells. In response, the uninfected cells develop antiviral proteins that protect them. The early warning proteins sent out by viral-infected cells are

interferon.

Passive immunity differs from active immunity in that passive immunity

involves the administration of preformed antibodies.

All of the following are routinely done to assure a successful organ transplant and minimize the chance of organ rejection EXCEPT which one?

irradiate the recipient to knock out his or her immune system prior to the transplant

Which one of the following is/are located in the tonsils to filter out many of the microorganisms that enter the throat?

lymphocytes

The release of chemicals from injured cells triggers histamine release from

mast cells.

All of the following are used in making monoclonal antibodies EXCEPT which one?

mouse T cells from thymus

Which one of the following would result in passive immunity?

movement of antibodies across the placenta from mother to child

Which of the following leukocytes kills its target cells, such as cancer cells or virus-infected cells, by releasing chemicals that break down the target cell membrane?

natural killer cells

Which one of the following diseases is caused by a virus?

rabies

Which of the following body fluids does not transmit HIV from human to human?

saliva

The following is a list of steps involved in the process of phagocytosis. Which of the following answers indicates these steps in the CORRECT order? 1. Lysosome fuses with the vesicle containing a foreign cell. 2. Wastes from the foreign cell are removed. 3. The foreign cell is surrounded by the cell membrane of the phagocyte. 4. Lysosomal enzymes break down the foreign cell. 5. The foreign cell is contained within a vesicle.

3, 5, 1, 4, 2

Which of the following is TRUE regarding HIV and AIDS?

Due to improved availability of drugs combating HIV in the United States, there is an increase in the life span of people living with AIDS.

Which of the following antibodies would most likely be involved with the immune response against a microorganism entering the digestive or reproductive tract?

IgA

Which of the following classes of antibodies activates the inflammatory response by causing the release of histamine?

IgE

All of the following are involved in the generation of an allergic response EXCEPT which one?

IgG

Which one of the following types of T cells is a critical component of the immune system because it stimulates and enhances the activity of other components of the immune system?

T helper cell

Which immune system cell must be presented with antigen by an antigen-presenting cell such as a macrophage, in order to become appropriately activated?

T lymphocyte

The figure above illustrates antibody titers produced during a primary and secondary immune response. All of the following statements about the primary and secondary immune response are correct EXCEPT which one?

The antibody level produced in the secondary response is three times greater than that produced during the primary immune response.

Once a macrophage engulfs a bacterium, what happens to the foreign cell?

The bacterium is killed by digestive enzymes released from lysosomes.

Which one of the following is correct regarding the structure of an antibody?

The four polypeptide chains that make up an antibody molecule are linked by disulfide bonds.

An individual with an uncertain vaccine history has been brought to the emergency room after receiving severe lacerations in an accident with farm machinery. In addition to administering a tetanus toxoid vaccine, he is given a shot of tetanus immune globulin (TIG), a form of passive immunization. Why are both necessary?

The tetanus immune globulin provides immediate, short-term protection, and the tetanus vaccine provides long-term protection.

Which one of the following best explains why people get so many colds in their lifetime?

The viruses that cause colds evolve rapidly, which results in a change in their antigenic structure

Referring to the figure above, the progression from Phase II HIV infection to Phase III is marked by

a drop in the helper T cell count to less than 200/mm3.

Any substance that produces an inappropriate response of the immune system is referred to as a(an)

allergen.

All of the following represent physical and/or chemical barriers that form the body's first line of defense against pathogens EXCEPT which one?

antibodies

All of the following are involved in the inflammatory response EXCEPT

antibodies.

Identify the figure above.

antibody

Vaccines contain

antigens of the pathogen.

Antibiotics are most likely to be effective in the treatment of infections caused by

bacteria.

Antibiotics kill bacterial cells but do not (usually) damage human cells by taking advantage of the difference between human and bacterial cells. These differences include

bacterial cells have cell walls, human cells do not.

The bubonic plague epidemic that swept through Europe between 1348 and 1350 A.D. was induced by a(n)

bacterium

Once a prion enters a nerve cell, it essentially

becomes self-propagating, causing misfolding of nearby normal proteins

Body defenses that respond to generalized tissue damage and many common pathogens are referred to as

nonspecific mechanisms.

During cytotoxic T cell attack of a target cell, which one of the following is released to pierce the cell membrane of the foreign cell, which ultimately kills the target cell?

perforin