Human Bio Final
DNA ligase bonds that: A. joins introns together. B. joins exons together. C. joins RNA Polymerase to the promoter. D. joins nucleotides together.
D. joins nucleotides together.
19. During _________________ a researcher will remove the nucleus from an unfertilized egg and insert a nucleus from an adult animal. A. genetic testing B. germ cell nuclear transfer C. genetic transfer D. somatic cell nuclear transfer E. nuclear replication
D. somatic cell nuclear transfer
4) Approximately 90% of blood plasma is composed of: A) waste products. B) vitamins. C) ions. D) plasma proteins. E) water.
E) water.
20) Which of the following components of blood increase in number in response to the presence of an infectious agent? A) clotting factors B) platelets C) red blood cells D) albumins E) white blood cells
E) white blood cells
3. Which structure will restrict the growth of viruses? A. Vectors B. Phospholipids C. Plasmid D. Recombinant DNA E. Restriction enzymes
E. Restriction enzymes
The basic unit of the nervous system is a. the neuron. b. neuroglia. c. the brain. d. a nerve. e. a nerve impulse.
a. the neuron.
30. Because of their great elasticity, which of the following can function as blood volume reservoirs during times of low metabolic output? a. veins and venules b. arteries c. arterioles d. capillaries e. all of these
a. veins and venules
Which of the following blood vessels in the diagram of the human cardiovascular system below contains deoxygenated blood? A) A and C B) D and E C) A only D) C only E) B, D and E
A) A and C
Which of the following is not true regarding the lymphatic system? A) Lymph flows from lymph capillaries to larger lymphatic vessels to the heart and lungs. B) The lymphatic system removes microorganisms from body fluid. C) Lymphatic capillaries absorb lipid droplets from interstitial fluid. D) Lymphatic capillaries absorb excess fluid from the tissues. E) Lymph is returned to the cardiovascular system where it once more becomes a part of blood plasma.
A) Lymph flows from lymph capillaries to larger lymphatic vessels to the heart and lungs.
43) Which of the following is not part of the cardiac conduction system? A) atrioventricular valves B) sinoatrial node C) specialized cardiac muscle cells D) Purkinje fibers E) atrioventricular bundle
A) atrioventricular valves
Which of the following blood vessels has the thinnest wall? A) capillary B) arteriole C) venule D) artery E) vein
A) capillary
Heart sounds result from: A) closing of the heart valves. B) the flow of blood through the arteries. C) contraction of the ventricles. D) the expansion and elastic recoil of arteries. E) the flow of blood as it enters the heart.
A) closing of the heart valves.
Which of the following is not a symptom of a heart attack? A) pain in the right chest and arm B) pain in the upper abdomen C) nausea D) intense chest pain E) difficulty in breathing
A) pain in the right chest and arm
42) Blood becomes oxygenated in the: A) pulmonary capillaries. B) heart. C) brain. D) capillaries of the body's tissues. E) aorta.
A) pulmonary capillaries.
The pacemaker: A) regulates the rate of heart contraction. B) is located in the left atrium. C) typically causes problems with the rhythm of the heartbeat. D) is also known as the atrioventricular node. E) sends out a signal for contraction once every 2 minutes.
A) regulates the rate of heart contraction.
Which of the following is not a human blood type? A) ABO- B) A+ C) B- D) AB+ E) O-
A) ABO-
Which of the following would result in a decrease in cardiac output? A) activation of the sympathetic nervous system B) decreased stroke volume C) increased heart rate D) strong emotions E) exercise
B) decreased stroke volume
16) Which of the following is not true regarding the process of gel electrophoresis used in DNA sequencing? A) As DNA fragments migrate through the gel, larger pieces move more quickly than smaller pieces. B) Once the fragments have been run in the gel, a laser is used to identify the various DNA fragments. C) As DNA fragments come off the gel, a graphic representation of the nucleotides in the pieces is displayed on a computer. D) Gel electrophoresis is used after DNA synthesis has been completed. E) An electrical field causes DNA fragments to move through the gel.
A) As DNA fragments migrate through the gel, larger pieces move more quickly than smaller pieces.
14) Which of the following is not true regarding red blood cells? A) They carry oxygen from the cells to the lungs. B) Aged red blood cells are removed from circulation by cells of the liver and spleen. C) They live approximately 120 days. D) They do not contain mitochondria. E) They produce ATP by anaerobic metabolism.
A) They carry oxygen from the cells to the lungs.
6) Which of the following is a problem associated with traditional vaccines as opposed to vaccines produced by transgenic organisms? A) Traditional vaccines may result in disease symptoms because they contain killed or weakened organisms. B) Traditional vaccines are always in short supply. C) Traditional vaccines must be given in larger quantity. D) Traditional vaccines can only be given after infection; they cannot prevent infection. E) Traditional vaccines are more expensive.
A) Traditional vaccines may result in disease symptoms because they contain killed or weakened organisms.
25) Which of the following is not presently possible through recombinant DNA technology? A) creation of unique animals for zoos B) animals that produce human hormones C) splicing of foreign genes into bacteria and animals D) analysis of the structure of DNA E) genetically modified foods
A) creation of unique animals for zoos
14) The production of vaccines using genetically engineered bacteria has a number of problems. These include all of the following except: A) finding bacteria that will take up genetically engineered plasmids. B) locating the desired gene in the genome of the disease causing organism. C) rapid evolution of disease causing microorganisms. D) cost. E) activation of the correct gene in the transgenic bacteria producing the vaccine.
A) finding bacteria that will take up genetically engineered plasmids.
22) Eosinophils are especially important in defending the human body from infection by: A) large parasites. B) bacteria. C) both bacteria and viruses. D) viruses. E) molds.
A) large parasites.
23) Which of the following types of white blood cells is capable of phagocytosis? A) neutrophils B) eosinophils C) both eosinophils and B lymphocytes D) basophils E) B lymphocytes
A) neutrophils
17) Genetic engineering has resulted in plants with many new desired traits. These include all of the following except: A) plants with long, slender stems to resist wind. B) plants with larger leaves to maximize photosynthesis. C) resistance to herbicides. D) resistance to insects. E) resistance to drought conditions.
A) plants with long, slender stems to resist wind.
Which of the following is not a characteristic of red blood cells? A) produce antibodies B) flexible C) contain hemoglobin D) transport oxygen and carbon dioxide E) shape facilitates efficient gas exchange
A) produce antibodies
28) Which of the following is classified as clotting factors? A) prothrombin activator, thrombin, and fibrinogen B) erythropoietin and thrombopoietin C) factors VIII and IX D) thrombin and fibrin E) all of the above, depending on the location of the injury
A) prothrombin activator, thrombin, and fibrinogen
1) Which of the following substances is not used in DNA sequencing? A) restriction enzymes B) gel electrophoresis C) laser D) DNA polymerase E) primers
A) restriction enzymes
17. Which is a risk that must be assumed when we genetically engineer a living individual? A. All are risks associated with gene therapy. B. On which chromosome will the virus integrate the injected gene. C. The inserted gene may disrupt the normal genetics of the cell. D. Development of an allergic reaction to the viral vector. E. Cancer may be the result of the inserted gene.
A. All are risks associated with gene therapy.
16. _____________ is the transfer of recombinant DNA into an individual's body in an attempt to correct a genetic defect. A. Gene therapy B. Polymerase chain reaction C. In vitro fertilization D. Recombinant DNA E. DNA sequencing
A. Gene therapy
18. Once the genomic DNA is identified during the cloning of an animal, what is the next step? A. Remove the DNA from the donor cell. B. Implant the host cell in the surrogate mother. C. Select a host cell. D. Transfer the DNA to a host cell. E. Expose the cell to an electrical current.
A. Remove the DNA from the donor cell.
In humans, which cell does NOT have a nucleus when mature? A. erythrocytes B. lymphocytes C. neutrophils D. eosinophils E. monocytes
A. erythrocytes
One of the main safety guidelines of DNA research is that ________. A. the host organisms can only survive under a narrow range of laboratory conditions B. the host organisms can only be purchased from certain laboratories C. the host organisms are all female D. the host organisms are all male E. there were no guidelines
A. the host organisms can only survive under a narrow range of laboratory conditions
A cloning vector is: A. used to carry foreign genes or DNA fragments. B. divided by the charge of the DNA. C. carries restriction enzymes to their restriction sites. D. only used in matching DNA samples.
A. used to carry foreign genes or DNA fragments.
Which of the following is not characteristic of the phase of the cardiac cycle known as ventricular systole? A) The atrioventricular valves close. B) Atria contract, causing blood to fill the ventricles. C) The blood pressure within the ventricles becomes greater than the blood pressure in the major arteries. D) The ventricles contract. E) Blood simultaneously enters the aorta and pulmonary trunk.
B) Atria contract, causing blood to fill the ventricles.
Which of the following is not true regarding the regulation of blood flow? A) Baroreceptors are important in the regulation of blood pressure. B) In order to maintain homeostasis, arterial blood pressure is allowed to fluctuate so that the oxygen/nutrient demands of various tissues are met. C) Blood flow to localized areas is adjusted to meet the requirements of that particular tissue. D) A constant blood pressure in the arteries is maintained through the regulation of heart rate and force of contraction. E) Regulating the diameter of systemic arterioles helps to maintain constant blood pressure.
B) In order to maintain homeostasis, arterial blood pressure is allowed to fluctuate so that the oxygen/nutrient demands of various tissues are met.
Which of the following statements is true? A) The endocardium is the thickest layer of the heart wall. B) The heart is contained within a tough fibrous sac called the pericardium. C) The epicardium forms the innermost lining of the heart wall. D) The myocardium is made up of a thin layer of epithelial tissue. E) The pericardial cavity separates the heart from the lungs.
B) The heart is contained within a tough fibrous sac called the pericardium.
Which of the following is a correct statement? A) Veins have a smaller lumen than arteries. B) Veins are more distensible than arteries. C) Blood pressure is higher in veins than in arteries since blood must be returned to the heart. D) Veins carry blood to the capillaries of the body. E) The walls of veins are made up of two distinct layers of tissues.
B) Veins are more distensible than arteries.
37) Which of the following could possibly lead to inflammation in or around the wall of the heart? A) cancer B) all of the above C) bacterial infections D) complications from major surgery E) injuries
B) all of the above
When blood leaves the heart, it first enters: A) arterioles. B) arteries. C) venules. D) veins. E) capillaries.
B) arteries.
Which of the following best describes the composition of the heart wall, from inside to outside? A) endocardium, pericardium, epicardium B) endocardium, myocardium, epicardium C) pericardium, endocardium, epicardium D) myocardium, endocardium, epicardium E) pericardium, myocardium, endocardium
B) endocardium, myocardium, epicardium
The drug, Vioxx, was taken off the market because it increased the risk for: A) congestive heart failure. B) heart attacks. C) hypertension. D) atherosclerosis. E) embolisms.
B) heart attacks.
The term "lub-DUB" is best associated with: A) blood pressure. B) heart sounds. C) strokes. D) heart attacks. E) aneurysms.
B) heart sounds.
Which of the following parts of the brain regulates heart activity? A) cerebellum B) medulla oblongata C) midbrain D) cerebrum E) thalamus
B) medulla oblongata
Which of the following layers of the heart wall is made up of cardiac muscle? A) epicardium B) myocardium C) pericardium D) endocardium E) epicardium and myocardium
B) myocardium
Which of the following blood vessels transports oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart? A) carotid artery B) pulmonary vein C) aorta D) iliac vein E) pulmonary artery
B) pulmonary vein
Which of the following is true regarding baroreceptors? A) send nerve impulses directly to the heart B) regulate blood pressure C) respond to high blood pressure by causing an increase in heart contraction D) are located in the right atrium E) respond to low blood pressure by causing vasodilation of the arterioles
B) regulate blood pressure
The effect of epinephrine on the rate of heart contraction is: A) the opposite of the effect of norepinephrine. B) to increase it. C) to decrease it. D) the same as the effect of the parasympathetic nervous system on the rate of heart contraction. E) none of the above
B) to increase it.
Which of the following is not true regarding the circulatory system? A) This system ensures that waste products are removed from all tissues of the body. B) During fetal development, the circulatory system develops from the lymphatic system. C) The circulatory system has an important role in the exchange of gases in the lungs. D) This system is made up of the blood vessels, heart, and blood. E) This system carries excess water and salts to the urinary system.
B) During fetal development, the circulatory system develops from the lymphatic system.
3) Which of the following is not true regarding recombinant DNA technology? A) Through genetic engineering, it is possible to transfer genes from one organism into another. B) Humans have been using the techniques of recombinant DNA technology for the past 100 years. C) It is a type of applied science. D) DNA ligase is used to join pieces of DNA together. E) Restriction enzymes are used to cut plasmid DNA and human DNA at specific nucleotide sequences.
B) Humans have been using the techniques of recombinant DNA technology for the past 100
11) Which of the following is not true regarding hemoglobin? A) Iron is an important part of its structure. B) It is stored in white blood cells. C) It bonds to oxygen. D) It is composed of four polypeptide chains, each with a heme group. E) Approximately 300 million molecules of hemoglobin fill a red blood cell.
B) It is stored in white blood cells.
4) Which of the following is not considered a potential problem when using retroviruses as gene delivery vectors? A) Retroviruses must be rendered harmless before being used. B) Retroviruses splice their own RNA-based genetic code permanently into the DNA of the cells they infect. C) Retroviruses generally insert foreign DNA into a cell only when the cell is dividing. D) Retroviruses insert their genetic material randomly in the genome. E) Correct answer not given
B) Retroviruses splice their own RNA-based genetic code permanently into the DNA of the
If an individual is O+, which of the following antigens are on the surface of his red blood cells? A) O and Rh B) Rh C) A, B, and Rh D) A and B E) O
B) Rh
12) Which of the following is true regarding deoxyhemoglobin? A) Unlike oxyhemoglobin, deoxyhemoglobin is located in white blood cells. B) This type of hemoglobin would be found in blood flowing from an abdominal organ of the body. C) This type of hemoglobin has a bright red color. D) Deoxyhemoglobin would form in organs with a high concentration of oxygen. E) This type of hemoglobin delivers oxygen to tissues that have a high oxygen demand.
B) This type of hemoglobin would be found in blood flowing from an abdominal organ of the body.
8) Which of the following is the function of a primer? A) joins pieces of DNA together B) acts as the beginning site for production of a new strand of DNA C) adds nucleotides to a growing strand of DNA D) cuts DNA at known sites E) facilitates the production of multiple copies of a DNA segment
B) acts as the beginning site for production of a new strand of DNA
9) The first successful treatment of a genetic disorder by gene therapy was the curing of Ashanthi DeSilva who had severe combined immunodeficiency disease. Because the engineered cells do not live forever this child must supplement her treatment with regular doses of: A) bone marrow extract. B) adenosine deaminase. C) B lymphocytes. D) insulin. E) hemoglobin.
B) adenosine deaminase.
11) Which of the following is not a human protein produced presently by transgenic bacteria? A) growth hormone B) hemoglobin C) insulin D) factor VIII E) tissue plasminogen activator
B) hemoglobin
21) Which of the following human proteins, produced by transgenic bacteria, is used to treat diabetes? A) tissue Plasminogen Activator B) insulin C) factor VIII D) growth hormone E) erythropoietin
B) insulin
13) Carbon dioxide is carried by the blood from the cells to the ________ where it detaches from hemoglobin and is eliminated from the body. A) kidneys B) lungs C) skin D) all of the above E) liver
B) lungs
A scientist is interested in doing a research project on hemoglobin. From which of the following could he extract the hemoglobin for his study? A) globulins B) red blood cells C) platelets D) clotting proteins E) white blood cells
B) red blood cells
21) "B" and "T" are best associated with: A) types of eosinophils. B) types of lymphocytes. C) types of monocytes. D) types of red blood cells. E) types of platelets.
B) types of lymphocytes.
9. _______________ are the most genetically modified organisms that are used by scientists. A. Chickens B. Bacteria C. Goats D. Cows E. Mice
B. Bacteria
What is meant by the term recombinant DNA? A. DNA from bacteria and viruses. B. DNA from different species that are not normally found joined together in nature. C. DNA from restriction enzyme digestions. D. DNA that can synthesize RNA and proteins. E. B and C only.
B. DNA from different species that are not normally found joined together in nature.
13. Which animals were the first to be genetically modified? A. Pigs B. Mice C. Cows D. Monkeys E. Dogs
B. Mice
A certain individual has neither A nor B antigens on the surface of his red blood cells, but he does produce A and B antibodies. His blood type is therefore: A. AB B. O C. A D. B E. A or B
B. O
12. Which species is a potential source of organ transplantation to humans? A. Mice B. Pigs C. Dogs D. Cows E. Monkeys
B. Pigs
Hemoglobin contains which element? A. Chlorine B. Sodium C. Iron D. copper E. magnesium
C. Iron
Which option BEST describes sticky ends? A. Sticky ends are DNA fragments that carry a higher charge than normal after they have been cleaved by restriction enzymes. B. Sticky ends are DNA fragments cleaved by a restriction enzyme so that one strand is longer than the other. C. Sticky ends are DNA fragments cleaved by a restriction enzyme so that both strands are the same length. D. Sticky ends are DNA fragments that attract a carbohydrate molecule to one end after being cleaved by a restriction enzyme.
B. Sticky ends are DNA fragments cleaved by a restriction enzyme so that one strand is longer than the other.
2. The genetic variation that exists among humans is mainly due to the differences that exist within their _______________. A. alleles B. parents C. cells D. cell membranes E. ribosomes
B. parents
Gel electrophoresis sorts DNA molecules on the basis of their: A. ability to bind to mRNA. B. size. C. solubility in water. D. solubility in the gel.
B. size.
6. Which of the following occurs during the absolute refractory period? A Sodium channels open, releasing sodium ions into the neuron; potassium channels close. B Potassium channels open, releasing potassium ions from the neuron; sodium channels close. C The neuron cannot generate an action potential. D Sodium and potassium channels open. E A nerve impulse is propagated.
C The neuron cannot generate an action potential.
3. Oligodendrocytes are similar to Schwann cells in that they: A help neurons regenerate after injury. B conduct nerve impulses. C are located in the peripheral nervous system. D are a type of neuroglial cell. E are located in the central nervous system.
C are located in the peripheral nervous system.
1. If a nerve impulse is traveling from the central nervous system to the organs of the body, the impulse would be traveling on a: A interneuron. B sensoryneuron. C motor neuron. D ganglion. E all of the above
C motor neuron.
Which of the following processes is depicted in the above diagram? A hyperpolarization of an axon bulb B inhibition of a presynaptic neuron C synaptic transmission D repolarization of a neuron E antagonistic effects of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems
C synaptic transmission
Which of the following is characteristic of the parasympathetic nervous system? A) increase in blood pressure B) secretion of the hormone epinephrine C) dilation of blood vessels D) increase in the rate of heart contraction E) activation during times of stress
C) dilation of blood vessels
An electrocardiogram is used to: A) correct a heart murmur. B) listen to heart sounds. C) measure the electrical activity of the heart. D) measure the amount of blood leaving the heart with each contraction. E) initiate angina pectoris.
C) measure the electrical activity of the heart.
Which of the following is not part of the systemic circuit? A) capillaries of the body B) aorta C) right ventricle D) aortic semilunar valve E) left ventricle
C) right ventricle
Adult humans contain approximately ________ liters of blood. A) 10 B) 12 C) 5 D) 2 E) 15
C) 5
5) Which of the following enzymes catalyzes the attachment of nucleotides to a growing complimentary strand? A) plasmidase B) restriction enzyme C) DNA polymerase D) trangenase E) DNA ligases
C) DNA polymerase
A paternity test is conducted using PCR to analyze and RFLP that consistently produces a unique DNA fingerprint pattern from a single chromosome. After examining the results of the DNA fingerprint to the right, which male(s) can be excluded as the father of the child? A. Male1 B. Male2 C. Male3 D. Males1and2 E. Males 2 and 3
C. Male3
The two subdivisions of the nervous system are the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system.
TRUE
22) Which of the following techniques is not used to transfer or retain foreign DNA in plants? A) Individual plant cells with desired DNA are used to regenerate entire plants. B) Recombinant DNA is shot into plant cells at a high velocity. C) Plant cells in the presence of recombinant DNA are exposed to very high temperatures. D) Plant cells in the presence of recombinant DNA are shocked with high voltage. E) Bacteria with genetically engineered plasmids are taken up by embryonic plant cells.
C) Plant cells in the presence of recombinant DNA are exposed to very high temperatures.
15) When DNA fragments from different sources are mixed together, they begin combining with each other due to: A) electrical currents present in the mixture. B) a change in temperature. C) complementary base pairing. D) the action of restriction enzymes. E) a change in pH.
C) complementary base pairing.
Which of the following is not a function of blood? A) protection from illness B) regulation of pH of body fluids C) conduction of nerve impulses D) transport of hormones E) regulation of body temperature
C) conduction of nerve impulses
27) Which of the following is not directly involved in the process of blood clotting? A) prothrombin B) clotting factor VIII C) globulins D) calcium ions E) fibrin
C) globulins
5) Which of the following is not a component of blood plasma? A) nutrients B) waste products C) hemoglobin D) water E) proteins
C) hemoglobin
A physician finds that one of his patients has the following problems: Blood clots very slowly or not at all, and severe bruises result from even the most minor bumps. Which of the following conditions should be diagnosed based on this information? A) AIDS B) mononucleosis C) hemophilia D) anemia E) polycythemia
C) hemophilia
An increased risk for cardiovascular health problems is associated with: A) an elevated level of hemoglobin. B) low blood levels of LDLs. C) high blood levels of LDLs. D) high blood levels of HDLs. E) decreased production of albumins.
C) high blood levels of LDLs.
Hemolytic disease of the newborn could result from which of the following situations? A) mom is Rh-; fetus is Rh- B) mom is Rh+; fetus is Rh- C) mom is Rh-; fetus is Rh+ D) mom is Rh+; fetus is Rh+ E) either C or D
C) mom is Rh-; fetus is Rh+
16) Which of the following would a high hematocrit indicate? A) inadequate red blood cell production B) excessive production of platelets C) polycythemia vera D) too many white blood cells in circulation E) anemia
C) polycythemia vera
19) The first successful treatment of a human genetic disorder through gene therapy was with a disorder known as: A) acquired immune deficiency syndrome. B) diabetes mellitus. C) severe combined immunodeficiency disease. D) human dwarfism. E) hemophilia.
C) severe combined immunodeficiency disease.
1. All human beings share approximately ________% of their DNA with the rest of the human population. A. 1 B. 75 C. 99 D. 33 E. 58
C. 99
11. What biological product is being produced by genetically engineered golden rice? A. Increased carbohydrates B. Additional glucose C. B carotene D. Vitamin B E. Proteins
C. B carotene
10. ______________ is the process by which an organism's genome is deliberately modified. A. Polymerase chain reaction B. Electrophoresis C. Genetic engineering D. Recombinant DNA E. DNA sequencing
C. Genetic engineering
8. What field of science compares the genomes of different organisms? A. Genetics B. Biology C. Genomics D. Ecology E. Geology
C. Genomics
Based upon the picture provided that shows a single locus DNA fingerprint, which of these are most likely to be true? A. The defendant may be not guilty. The recovered blood has too many bands. B. The defendant may be not guilty. The defendant's blood has one band not seen in the blood sample from the clothes. C. The defendant may be guilty. The bands from the blood on the clothes matches with the ones from the victim's blood. D. The defendant may be guilty. The defendant's blood has one band not seen in the blood sample from the clothes.
C. The defendant may be guilty. The bands from the blood on the clothes
Restriction enzymes: A. bind together strands of DNA. B. bind RNA fragments together. C. cut DNA at specific sites. D. stop transcription of genes
C. cut DNA at specific sites.
BamHI, HindIII, and EcoRI are all examples of: A. genes. B. DNA ligands. C. restriction enzymes. D. SNPs in the human genome.' E. exons.
C. restriction enzymes.
Golden rice is a transgenic crop plant that has been engineered to produce elevated levels of the pigment beta-carotene. These rice strains were developed to help prevent in children. A. tuberculosis B. malaria C. vitamin A deficiency D. protein deficiency E. hypertension
C. vitamin A deficiency
2. Which of the following is not true regarding the sodium-potassium pump? A The sodium-potassium pump is very important in establishing the electrical charge across the cell membrane of a neuron. B In each exchange of ions, the sodium-potassium pump removes three sodium ions from a neuron and takes in 2 potassium ions. C In a resting neuron, activities of the sodium-potassium pump result in a resting membrane potential of -70 millivolts. D Due to actions of the sodium-potassium pump, the charge of the cytoplasm of a neuron is slightly more positive than the charge of the interstitial fluid surrounding it. E Due to actions of the sodium-potassium pump, the concentration of sodium is higher outside a neuron than inside a neuron when the neuron is at rest.
D Due to actions of the sodium-potassium pump, the charge of the cytoplasm of a neuron is slightly more positive than the charge of the interstitial fluid surrounding it.
Which of the following events associated with the transmission of an impulse across a synapse occurs last? A neurotransmitter is released into synaptic cleft B neurotransmitter binds to receptors on postsynaptic membrane C calcium diffuses into an axon bulb (axon tip) D chemically gated channels for sodium open in the postsynaptic membrane E action potential arrives at an axon bulb
D chemically gated channels for sodium open in the postsynaptic membrane
4. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS is a disease that results from nerve damage) in the: A diaphragm. B intercostal muscles. C sensory nerves. D spinal cord. E brain.
D spinal cord.
Which of the following is not true regarding arrhythmias? A) Arrhythmias can occur when heart muscle becomes damaged. B) An artificial pacemaker can sometimes be used to correct this condition. C) One type, known as ventricular fibrillation, is the leading cause of cardiac death in people who are otherwise in good health. D) All forms of arrhythmias are considered serious medical conditions. E) An ECG can be used to diagnose this condition.
D) All forms of arrhythmias are considered serious medical conditions.
Given the following components of the cardiac conduction cycle, which of the following best describes the movement of the stimulus that causes a heart contraction? A. atrioventricular bundle B. sinoatrial node C. atria D. atrioventricular node E. Purkinje fibers F. ventricles A) D, A, E, F, B, C B) A, D, E, B, C, F C) B, C, D, F, A, E D) B, C, D, A, E, F E) B, D, A, C, E, F
D) B, C, D, A, E, F
Which of the following is incorrect? A) Exchange of water and solutes between the blood and the cells occurs in the capillaries. B) Arteries carry blood under higher pressure than blood found in veins or capillaries. C) Veins can store excess blood. D) Veins carry blood to body tissues. E) all of the above
D) Veins carry blood to body tissues.
Blood pressure is highest in: A) venules. B) capillaries. C) veins. D) arteries.
D) arteries.
Blood pumped from the right ventricle is ________ and enters the ________. 30) ______ A) deoxygenated, coronary vein B) oxygenated, pulmonary vein C) oxygenated, pulmonary trunk D) deoxygenated, pulmonary trunk E) deoxygenated, aorta
D) deoxygenated, pulmonary trunk
A patient was diagnosed with hypertension. This condition could result in all of the following except: A) heart failure. B) hardened and scarred arteries. C) greater resistance to blood flow in blood vessels. D) low blood pressure. E) kidney damage.
D) low blood pressure.
On the average, the human heart pumps approximately ________ liters of blood per minute. A) 15 B) 10 C) 1 D) 5 E) 3
D) 5
Results of an ABO blood typing indicate agglutination reactions when anti-A and anti-B are added to the blood sample. The blood type of the individual would therefore be: A) A. B) B. C) O. D) AB. E) not enough information given to determine blood type
D) AB.
Which of the following blood types can a person with blood type B safely receive in a blood transfusion? A) A B) O C) B D) B and O E) AB
D) B and O
10) Which of the following is not true regarding a plasmid? A) Plasmids contain genes needed for bacterial replication. B) A copy of a plasmid is produced by a bacterium every time the bacterium reproduces. C) Plasmids are currently used in recombinant DNA technology because foreign DNA can be incorporated into them. D) Plasmids are part of the main bacterial chromosome. E) A plasmid is a small circular piece of DNA found in bacteria.
D) Plasmids are part of the main bacterial chromosome.
7) A scientist is working in a lab sequencing DNA. After reading the results from a column of gel scanned in a fluoroscope, she determines that the sequence of bases in the newly synthesized DNA is AATTCCCGG. Which of the following would represent the sequence of bases on the complementary strand? A) UUTTCCCGG B) UUAAGGGCC C) GGCCAAATT D) TTAAGGGCC E) AATTCCCGG
D) TTAAGGGCC
Blood doping, practiced by some athletes to improve their performance, involves the abuse of drugs that resemble: A) growth hormone. B) thrombopoietin. C) hemoglobin. D) erythropoietin. E) anabolic steroids.
D) erythropoietin.
12) One of the main problems associated with treating human diseases through gene therapy is: A) finding the correct form of the gene to be delivered. B) finding human cells that could potentially be genetically engineered. C) the inability to clone human cells. D) finding a delivery system that would target specific cell types. E) determining a disorder that could be cured through gene therapy.
D) finding a delivery system that would target specific cell types.
23) One of the first uses of transgenic bacteria involved their production of human: A) heart muscle. B) skin. C) blood vessels. D) hormones. E) plasmids.
D) hormones.
24) Which of the following is classified as a granulocyte? A) stem cell B) monocyte C) T lymphocyte D) neutrophil E) red blood cell
D) neutrophil
18) Which of the following characteristics do red blood cells and white blood cells have in common? A) have a nucleus B) contain hemoglobin C) defend the body from disease D) produced in red bone marrow E) transport carbon dioxide
D) produced in red bone marrow
25) Which of the following hormones regulates the production of platelets? A) growth hormone B) epinephrine C) insulin D) thrombopoietin E) erythropoietin
D) thrombopoietin
7. When was the human genome officially sequenced? A. 1953 B. 1975 C. 2001 D. 2003 E. 1989
D. 2003
Insufficient production of acetylcholine in the synapses of the brain, abnormal tangled neurons, and large deposits of beta amyloid are problems associated with: A. meningitis. B. rabies. C. epilepsy. D. Alzheimer's disease. E. Parkinson's disease.
D. Alzheimer's disease.
5. Which technique is used to mass produce copies of a section of DNA outside of a cell? A. DNA sequencing B. Electrophoresis C. Translation D. Polymerase chain reaction E. Transcription
D. Polymerase chain reaction
In nature, the purpose of restriction enzymes is to: A. Protect the bacterium from virus attack by not allowing the virus to attach to the cell wall. B. Protect the bacterium from the DNA of other organisms the bacterium infects. C. Protect the bacterium from replicating its DNA at the wrong time. D. Protect the bacterium from virus attack by cutting up foreign DNA.
D. Protect the bacterium from virus attack by cutting up foreign DNA.
The gel in a gel electrophoresis is: A. sucralose. B. pectrolose. C. pentarose. D. agarose. E. maltose.
D. agarose.
All restriction enzyme recognition sites: A. are never read the same forward and backward. B. end with CGT. C. begin with CGT. D. are read the same forward and backward.
D. are read the same forward and backward.
In adult humans, red blood cells originate in the A. liver. B. spleen. C. kidneys. D. bone marrow. E. thymus gland.
D. bone marrow.
6. During ____________________ DNA fragments are separated based upon ____________________. A. DNA sequencing, color B. electrophoresis, color C. polymerase chain reaction, size D. electrophoresis, size E. genetic analysis, size
D. electrophoresis, size
7 Which of the following is a true statement regarding the synapse? A Binding of the neurotransmitter to the postsynaptic neuron results in the release of magnesium into the synaptic cleft. B Neurotransmitters are stored in the dendrites of the postsynaptic neuron. C Release of a neurotransmitter results in an action potential on the presynaptic neuron. D Once released from the postsynaptic neuron, the neurotransmitter will diffuse across the synaptic cleft and bind to the presynaptic neuron. E The synaptic cleft is a fluid-filled gap located between the presynaptic neuron and the postsynaptic neuron.
E The synaptic cleft is a fluid-filled gap located between the presynaptic neuron and the postsynaptic neuron.
5. During which of the following phases of an action potential do the sodium channels close and potassium channels open, releasing potassium from the neuron? A saltatory propagation B both depolarization and repolarization C reestablishment of resting potential D depolarization E repolarization
E repolarization
Which of the following is not true regarding atherosclerosis? A) Atherosclerosis is also known as "hardening of the arteries." B) High levels of LDLs can result in atherosclerosis. C) Atherosclerosis is a serious contributor to cardiovascular disease in Western nations. D) Factors contributing to the development of atherosclerosis include smoking, diabetes, and high blood pressure. E) Atherosclerosis affects the myocardium of the heart, interfering with the electrical signals required for heart contraction.
E) Atherosclerosis affects the myocardium of the heart, interfering with the electrical signals required for heart contraction.
Which of the following is true regarding arterioles and arteries? A) Blood pressure is higher in arterioles than arteries. B) Arterioles and arteries transport blood from capillaries to veins. C) Small sphincters regulate the flow of blood from arteries to arterioles. D) Unlike arterioles, arteries can regulate the amount of blood that passes into capillaries. E) The wall of an arteriole has less smooth muscle than the wall of an artery.
E) The wall of an arteriole has less smooth muscle than the wall of an artery.
Vasoconstriction and vasodilation of blood vessels are caused by a number of factors including: A) nervous stimulation B) emotions C) closing/opening of precapillary sphincters D) hormones E) all of the above
E) all of the above
Which of the following best describes an angiogram? A) use of a balloon to widen an artery B) a sensation of pain in the chest associated with poor blood circulation to the heart C) a recording of heart sounds D) a recording of the electrical activity of the heart E) an x-ray picture of blood vessels
E) an x-ray picture of blood vessels
The aorta transports blood to the: A) right atrium. B) left atrium. C) left ventricle. D) jugular vein. E) body's organs.
E) body's organs.
Excess plasma fluid in the tissues is returned to the cardiovascular system by the: A) digestive system. B) arteries. C) spleen. D) heart. E) lymphatic system.
E) lymphatic system.
The left ventricle has a more muscular wall than the other three chambers of the heart because the left ventricle: A) receives blood directly from major arteries. B) must decrease the amount of pressure on the blood so it can flow more smoothly. C) pumps blood more rapidly than the other chambers. D) pumps blood into the atria. E) must generate enough blood pressure to pump blood into the aorta.
E) must generate enough blood pressure to pump blood into the aorta.
36) As blood flows through a capillary, fluid moves from the blood into the extracellular fluid surrounding the cells. Which of the following does not move with this fluid into the extracellular fluid? A) water B) nutrients C) oxygen D) raw materials needed by the cells E) protein molecules
E) protein molecules
The bicuspid valve differs from the tricuspid valve in that the bicuspid valve: A) is a type of atrioventricular valve. B) is a type of semilunar valve. C) consists of connective tissue flaps that project into the ventricle below. D) prevents backflow of blood from the right ventricle into the right atrium. E) regulates the flow of blood from the left atrium to the left ventricl
E) regulates the flow of blood from the left atrium to the left ventricl
After blood flows through the right atrium of the heart, its next major destination is the: A) aorta. B) lungs. C) left ventricle. D) left atrium. E) right ventricle.
E) right ventricle.
Which of the following conditions is typically treated by cardioversion? A) stroke B) aneurysm C) heart murmur D) hypertension E) ventricular fibrillation
E) ventricular fibrillation
13) Bacteria are very important to the genetic engineering industry because: A) they reproduce very quickly. B) they cannot become transgenic organisms. C) they are identical in structure to viruses which are often used as vectors. D) they readily take up plasmids containing foreign genes. E) A and D
E) A and D
Blood plasma transports a variety of substances, including hormones, nutrients, carbon dioxide, electrolytes, and urea. Which of the following statements is incorrect regarding these substances? A) Carbon dioxide is transported from the cells to the lungs. B) Urea is transported to the urinary system for removal. C) Electrolytes are transported to the cells where they are used to maintain cell volume. D) Nutrients are transported from the digestive system to the body cells. E) Hormones are transported from the nervous system to the body cells.
E) Hormones are transported from the nervous system to the body cells.
15) Which of the following is true regarding the "recycling" of hemoglobin? A) The peptide chains are transported intact to the bone marrow for reuse. B) The heme groups with their iron atoms are transported to the spleen. C) The peptide chains are broken down into their constituent fatty acids. D) The heme groups are converted to urine by the kidneys. E) The iron atoms are returned to the red bone marrow.
E) The iron atoms are returned to the red bone marrow.
18) Which of the following is associated with recombinant DNA technology? A) DNA ligase B) plasmids C) restriction enzymes D) use of bacteria E) all of the above
E) all of the above
White blood cells differ from red blood cells in that white blood cells: A) are smaller. B) do not have a nucleus. C) are more numerous. D) are produced in the liver. E) defend the body from disease.
E) defend the body from disease.
20) Pharmaceutical companies prefer to genetically engineer large animals with human genes because it may be possible to obtain large amounts of the resulting protein from the animals': A) fur. B) blood. C) bones. D) meat. E) milk.
E) milk.
2) Gene therapy is currently under investigation as a possible way to cure cystic fibrosis. How is the viral vector carrying the normal gene delivered to the affected cells? A) bacterial plasmid B) application to skin C) ingestion D) injection E) nasal spray
E) nasal spray
19) Dead and injured white blood cells are removed from circulation by the: A) tonsils. B) red bone marrow. C) kidney. D) thymus. E) spleen.
E) spleen.
24) Which of the following genetically engineered vaccines is presently on the market? A) vaccine for influenza B) vaccine for HIV C) vaccine for human papilloma virus D) vaccine for malaria E) vaccine for hepatitis B
E) vaccine for hepatitis B
26) Which of the following occurs first in the process of hemostasis? A) formation of a platelet plug B) destruction of calcium ions C) production of fibrin D) blood clotting E) vascular spasm
E) vascular spasm
4. During genetic engineering small loops of DNA called __________ need to be shuffled from one organism to another. A. vectors B. phospholipids C. restriction enzymes D. recombinant DNA E. plasmids
E. plasmids
14. A challenge with scientific breakthroughs is that they are rarely accompanied by ___________. A. the people interested in them B. the desire to continue researching them C. the legislation necessary to support them D. the funding to continue the research E. the discovery of the tools needed to study them
E. the discovery of the tools needed to study them
10) Techniques associated with genetic engineering can presently be used to successfully treat many forms of human cancer.
FALSE
12. The nucleus and most of the organelles of a neuron are located in the dendrites.
FALSE
13) Gel electrophoresis is a technique used to separate a mixture of DNA fragments. During this process, large DNA fragments move longer distances than small DNA fragments when an electric current is applied.
FALSE
2) The polymerase chain reaction is a procedure currently used to amplify functional genes and the proteins they produce.
FALSE
40) Hemoglobin binds oxygen most efficiently in areas of the body where the pH is low and the concentration of carbon dioxide is high.
FALSE
41) Erythropoietin is a hormone secreted by the kidney that results in a decreased production of red blood cells.
FALSE
42) Red blood cells and white blood cells have approximately the same life span.
FALSE
43) Oxygen binds more tightly to hemoglobin than does carbon monoxide; therefore, there is little competition between the two gases for binding sites on hemoglobin.
FALSE
5) Once a genetic disorder in an adult is treated successfully through gene therapy, it is highly unlikely that the person's children will inherit the gene(s) for the disease.
FALSE
8) The best vectors for transporting genes into human cells are bacteria.
FALSE
The circulatory system plays a vital role in delivering oxygen and nutrients to the cells; wastes, including carbon dioxide, are removed from the cells by the lymphatic system.
FALSE
1) Restriction enzymes are used in genetic engineering to cut DNA between specific base pairs in a DNA strand, resulting in DNA segments that are then used for further study and analysis.
TRUE
11) The idea of manipulating DNA through cutting and splicing, essential to the science of recombinant DNA technology, is not necessarily a new process since nature has been recombining DNA for billions of years.
TRUE
12) Transgenic plants can presently be used for the production of human proteins, including human serum albumin.
TRUE
13. The absolute refractory period characteristic of neurons is important in ensuring that action potentials travel in only one direction.
TRUE
14) Through genetic engineering, it is possible for scientists to identify the sequence of bases in DNA, determine the location of certain genes in DNA, and create more DNA from DNA samples.
TRUE
14. A student noticed that every time he smelled a certain perfume in the hallway, it reminded him of his mother. This is due largely to the activity of the limbic system.
TRUE
15) Some genetically engineered tomato plants produce tomatoes that last longer on the grocery shelf, and some genetically engineered cotton plants are resistant to insects.
TRUE
3) Plasmids are useful to scientists involved in recombinant DNA technology because foreign genes can be inserted into the plasmids and then the plasmids can be inserted back into bacteria.
TRUE
37) Blood contains substances that prevent excess blood loss through the clotting mechanism.
TRUE
38) "Blood is thicker than water" is a true statement since blood contains many components that are more dense than water
TRUE
39) If a person were to stay at high altitudes for a long period of time, his hematocrit would increase in order to compensate for the decrease in the amount of oxygen in the air he is breathing.
TRUE
4) Since biotechnology is a new science, there are many risks and new responsibilities associated with this new technology.
TRUE
6) Through the science of genetic engineering, it is currently possible for humans to create organisms that do not exist in nature.
TRUE
7) Vaccines produced by genetically engineered yeast contain the antigen(s) of the disease-causing organism, not the organism itself.
TRUE
9) Recombinant DNA technology is used by scientists to produce molecules of DNA that did not previously exist in nature.
TRUE
Which of the following is the first response a neuron makes to a stimulus? a. Sodium ions enter the cell. b. Sodium ions leave the cell. c. Potassium ions enter the cell. d. Potassium ions leave the cell.
a. Sodium ions enter the cell.
For sodium to accumulate rapidly in a neuron, a. a stimulus above the threshold must open sodium gates in an accelerating manner. b. the wave of repolarization must occur to reestablish a resting potential. c. there must be a dramatic increase in the negative charge of the cytoplasm. d. a voltage surge must cause the sodium gates to close. e. the potassium gates must open first.
a. a stimulus above the threshold must open sodium gates in an accelerating manner.
The single long process that extends from a typical motor nerve cell is the a. axon. b. neuron. c. synapse. d. dendrite.
a. axon.
The occurrence of an action potential can best be compared to a a. switch to turn a lamp on and off. b. volume control on a stereo. c. door to the classroom. d. room light dimmer switch.
a. switch to turn a lamp on and off.
The most common plasma protein is a. albumin. b. fibrin. c. fibrinogen. d. gamma globulin. e. hemoglobin.
a. albumin.
17. Blood in arteries a. always travels away from the heart. b. travels away from the heart only if it is oxygen-rich. c. always travels toward the heart. d. travels from the lungs. e. is always oxygen-rich.
a. always travels away from the heart.
27 Genetically engineering bacteria may be used to break down pollutants in the environment in a process known as a. bioremediation. b. replica plating. c. hybridization. d. transcription. e. polymorphism.
a. bioremediation.
13 Because it has no introns, researchers prefer to use __________ when working with human genes. a. cDNA b. cloned DNA c. hybridized DNA d. RFLPs e. viral DNA
a. cDNA
23 Probes for cloned genes use a. complementary nucleotide sequences labeled with radioactive isotopes. b. certain media with specific antibodies. c. specific enzymes. d. certain bacteria sensitive to the genes. e. all of these
a. complementary nucleotide sequences labeled with radioactive isotopes.
All but which of the following can occur in the blood? a. digestion of nutrients b. combining of oxygen with hemoglobin c. transport of phagocytic cells d. stabilization of pH e. equalization of internal temperatures
a. digestion of nutrients
33. Extracellular fluid contains all but which of the following? a. erythrocytes b. ions c. white blood cells d. lymph e. water
a. erythrocytes
Which cell is NOT involved with the defense response? a. erythrocytes b. Neutrophils c. lymphocytes d. Eosinophils e. Monocytes
a. erythrocytes
Which cell is NOT the same type as the others? a. erythrocytes b. Neutrophils c. lymphocytes d. Eosinophils e. Monocytes
a. erythrocytes
The principal job of the human nervous system is to a. facilitate communication among the body systems. b. store information. c. replace or repair damaged tissues. d. provide for defense against pathogens. e. rid the body of metabolic wastes.
a. facilitate communication among the body systems.
29 The human genome project seeks to a. identify the nucleotide sequence of all human genes. b. develop a complete DNA library for a human gene. c. develop genetic markers for all genetic diseases. d. catalog all the varieties of human alleles. e. identify all humans that possess genetic defects.
a. identify the nucleotide sequence of all human genes.
Which of the following is NOT a hereditary anemia? a. iron-deficiency anemia b. pernicious anemia c. sickle-cell anemia d. thalassemia
a. iron-deficiency anemia
26. The part of the brain responsible for blood pressure is the a. medulla oblongata. b. cerebellum. c. cerebrum. d. corpus callosum. e. pons.
a. medulla oblongata.
4. Small circular molecules of DNA in bacteria are called a. plasmids. b. desmids. c. pili. d. F particles. e. transferrins.
a. plasmids.
24. The heart a. will contract as a result of stimuli from the sinoatrial node. b. contracts only as a result of nerve stimulation from the central nervous system. c. is activated primarily through the autonomic nervous system. d. pulse is primarily under the control of the atrioventricular node. e. is completely independent of all nervous control.
a. will contract as a result of stimuli from the sinoatrial node.
11 Restriction enzymes a. work at recognition sites. b. function only at "sticky ends." c. produce uniform lengths of DNA. d. function only in genetic laboratories. e. none of these
a. work at recognition sites.
If you are blood type A, a. you carry antibodies for type B blood. b. you carry markers for type B blood. c. you can donate blood to a person with type O blood. d. you can receive blood from a person with type AB blood. e. none of these
a. you carry antibodies for type B blood.
The resting potential of a neuron is approximately minus a. 70 microvolts. b. 70 millivolts. c. 70 volts. d. 70 electrovolts. e. 70 megavolts.
b. 70 millivolts.
Which of the following is NOT true concerning sensory neurons? a. They have receptor regions for detection of stimuli. b. They lie in the pathway between the interneurons and motor neurons. c. They relay information to the spinal cord. d. They are part of a reflex arc. e. They are one of three types of neurons.
b. They lie in the pathway between the interneurons and motor neurons.
Which is a junction between two neurons? a. Schwann cell b. chemical synapse c. node d. sodium gate e. all of these
b. chemical synapse
The phrase "all or nothing," used in conjunction with discussion about an action potential, means that a. a resting membrane potential has been received by the cell. b. nothing can stop the action potential once the threshold is reached. c. the membrane either achieves total equilibrium or remains as far from equilibrium as possible. d. propagation along the neuron is saltatory. e. none of these
b. nothing can stop the action potential once the threshold is reached.
The membrane-bound enzyme system that restores and maintains the resting membrane potential is which of the following pumps? a. sodium-phosphorus b. sodium-potassium c. sodium-chlorine d. phosphorus-calcium e. phosphorus-chlorine
b. sodium-potassium
25. The diastolic pressure for a normal young adult would be a. 60 mmHg. b. 80 mmHg. c. 100 mmHg. d. 120 mmHg. e. 140 mmHg.
b. 80 mmHg.
30 Which of the following would represent a way to affect a cell without directly affecting its genes? a. Insert plasmids. b. Inhibit transcription of mRNA. c. Use bioremediation. d. Activate reverse transcription. e. Speed up the action of DNA polymerase.
b. Inhibit transcription of mRNA.
19. Which of the following statements is true? a. Arteries carry only oxygenated blood. b. The systemic circuit leaves the heart from the left ventricle. c. Blood passes through only one capillary bed on its trip through the systemic circuit. d. Platelets survive a longer time than erythrocytes. e. The heart is able to pick up the oxygen it needs as the blood flows through it.
b. The systemic circuit leaves the heart from the left ventricle.
26 Vaccines produced by genetic engineering contain a. plasmids in solution. b. antigen produced by bacteria, c. weakened or killed microbes. d. antibodies. e. live viruses.
b. antigen produced by bacteria,
31. Which controls the distribution of blood? a. arteries b. arterioles c. capillaries d. venules e. veins
b. arterioles
28. The greatest drop in blood pressure occurs in the a. arteries. b. arterioles. c. capillaries. d. venules. e. veins.
b. arterioles.
36. A stroke is a rupture of a blood vessel in the a. leg. b. brain. c. heart. d. lung. e. internal organs.
b. brain.
9. The "natural" use of restriction enzymes by bacteria is to a. integrate viral DNA. b. destroy viral DNA. c. repair "sticky ends." d. copy the bacterial genes. e. clone DNA.
b. destroy viral DNA.
34. At the arteriole end of the capillary, more fluid leaves the capillary than enters as a result of a. osmotic pressure. b. hydrostatic force. c. gap junctions. d. vasodilation. e. all of these
b. hydrostatic force.
When the oxygen level in the tissues is low, which of the following secretes enzymes that trigger the production of erythropoietin, causing an increase in red blood cell production? a. lungs b. kidneys c. liver d. spleen e. pancreas
b. kidneys
20 The detection of nucleotides as they pass through an automated DNA sequencing machine is by a. radioactivity. b. laser flourescence. c. antibiotic resistance. d. electron microscopy. e. gel electrophoresis.
b. laser flourescence.
15 Which of the following methods of DNA amplification does NOT require cloning? a. reverse transcription b. polymerase chain reaction c. cloned DNA d. reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction e. polymerase chain reaction and cloned DNA
b. polymerase chain reaction
7. Enzymes used to cut DNA molecules in recombinant DNA research are a. ligases. b. restriction enzymes. c. transcriptases. d. DNA polymerases. e. replicases.
b. restriction enzymes.
38. The lymphoid organs include all but the a. spleen. b. stomach. c. thymus. d. tonsils e. appendix.
b. stomach.
27. In its travel through the human body, blood usually continues on from capillaries to enter a. arterioles. b. venules. c. arteries. d. veins. e. other capillaries.
b. venules.
33 Recombinant DNA research uses plasmids and which of the following as cloning vectors? a. E. coli b. viruses c. plants d. fungi e. any type of host cell
b. viruses
Which of the following occurs first during an action potential? a. Many sodium ions flow into the neuron. b. Voltage-gated sodium channels open. c. A local disturbance triggers the resting voltage to exceed the threshold level. d. The interior of the neuron becomes positive. e. The interior of the neuron becomes negative.
c. A local disturbance triggers the resting voltage to exceed the threshold level.
Which statement is false? a. A nerve will not fire unless a stimulus exceeds the threshold. b. An action potential is an all-or-nothing event. c. An action potential continues indefinitely until a quenching signal is released. d. An action potential is self-propagating. e. An action potential transmission depends on activities at the membrane.
c. An action potential continues indefinitely until a quenching signal is released.
Functionally speaking, a nerve impulse is a. a flow of electrons along the outside of the plasma membrane of a neuron. b. the movement of cytoplasmic elements through the core of the neuron. c. a series of changes in membrane potentials. d. a lengthening and shortening of the membrane extensions of an individual neuron. e. a change in the metabolic rate within a neuron.
c. a series of changes in membrane potentials.
Within a single neuron, the direction an impulse follows is a. dendrite >>> axon >>> cell body. b. axon >>> dendrite >>>cell body. c. dendrite >>> cell body >>> axon. d. cell body >>> dendrite >>> axon. e. cell body >>> axon >>> dendrite.
c. dendrite >>> cell body >>> axon.
Disturbances in sensory neurons will result in an action potential if the a. stimulus is graded. b. stimulus remains local. c. graded stimulus reaches a trigger zone. d. localized stimuli do not spread too far. e. stimuli become downgraded to localized ones.
c. graded stimulus reaches a trigger zone.
At rest, a nerve cell has a high concentration of __________ inside and a high concentration of __________ outside. a. acetylcholine; chlorine b. sodium; potassium c. potassium; sodium d. calcium; phosphorous e. phosphorus; calcium
c. potassium; sodium
During the recovery period between action potentials, a. the threshold value is increased. b. the threshold value is reduced. c. the sodium gates are shut and the potassium gates are opened. d. both the sodium and the potassium gates are shut. e. the nerve is said to be at the resting potential.
c. the sodium gates are shut and the potassium gates are opened.
Which of the following terms most accurately describes the cellular activity associated with the actual passage of a nerve impulse? a. electrical discharge b. action of sodium-potassium pump c. wave of depolarization d. repolarization e. active transport of ions
c. wave of depolarization
About how many quarts of blood does a normal, 150 pound, human adult have? a. 1-2 b. 3-4 c. 4-5 d. 5-6 e. 6-7
c. 4-5
12 Which of the following enzymes joins the paired sticky ends of DNA fragments? a. reverse transcriptase b. restriction enzymes c. DNA ligase d. DNA polymerase e. transferase
c. DNA ligase
24 The method used to determine which host cells pick up a desired plasmid is the use of a. fluorescent dyes. b. restriction enzymes. c. antibiotics. d. marker genes. e. a known series of nonsense nucleotides (introns).
c. antibiotics.
21 To determine the nucleotide sequence in DNA, scientists now use a. electron microscopy. b. antibiotic resistance. c. automated DNA sequencing. d. radioactive tracers. e. viruses.
c. automated DNA sequencing.
Which of the following systems is the only one to have direct interactions with the other three? a. digestive b. urinary c. circulatory d. respiratory
c. circulatory
18 The use of RFLPs for "genetic fingerprinting" is based upon a. the type of gel used in electrophoresis. b. identical alleles at loci. c. differences of locations where enzymes make their cuts. d. differences between blood and semen DNA. e. bonding of DNA to RNA.
c. differences of locations where enzymes make their cuts.
37. Which of the following is transported in greater quantities in the lymphatic system than in the blood? a. red blood cells b. wastes c. fats d. amino acids e. white blood cells
c. fats
The plasma protein associated with immunity is a. alpha globulin. b. beta globulin. c. gamma globulin. d. albumin. e. fibrinogen.
c. gamma globulin.
32. The blood makes "pickups" and "deliveries" MOST DIRECTLY to a. body cells. b. lymph. c. interstitial fluid. d. non-blood tissue. e. organs
c. interstitial fluid.
20. The aorta leaves the a. left atrium. b. right atrium. c. left ventricle. d. right ventricle.
c. left ventricle.
18. In the human systemic circuit, blood will pass through all but which of the following? a. liver b. limbs c. lungs d. digestive organs e. brain
c. lungs
39. The system which reclaims fluids and proteins that have escaped from blood capillaries is the a. cardiovascular. b. pulmonary. c. lymphatic. d. sinoatrial. e. venous
c. lymphatic.
35. Hemostasis in vertebrates includes all of the following EXCEPT a. blood clot formation. b. vessel constriction. c. release of iron to aid in the clumping of platelets. d. vessel spasms. e. platelets releasing substances that cause them to attract each other.
c. release of iron to aid in the clumping of platelets.
14 RNA can manufacture DNA via the action of a. DNA polymerase. b. RNA polymerase. c. reverse transcriptase. d. ligase. e. restriction endonuclease.
c. reverse transcriptase.
21. The pulmonary artery carries blood away from the a. aorta. b. right atrium. c. right ventricle. d. left atrium. e. left ventricle.
c. right ventricle.
23. Heart excitation originates in the a. atrioventricular node. b. intercalated disk. c. sinoatrial node. d. pericardium. e. all of these
c. sinoatrial node.
Erythropoietin a. is the most common blood protein. b. is secreted by the kidney. c. stimulates the red bone marrow to generate red blood cells. d. is an enzyme that functions in blood clotting. e. increases the ability of plasma to transport carbon dioxide.
c. stimulates the red bone marrow to generate red blood cells.
25 Genetically-engineered organisms that carry some foreign genes are said to be a. mutated. b. restricted. c. transgenic. d. cloned. e. replicated.
c. transgenic.
Which of the following concerning transport proteins in the neuron membrane is true? a. Only sodium is transported. b. Only potassium is transported. c. Movement is in response to concentration gradients. d. Energy moves ions against the concentration gradient.
d. Energy moves ions against the concentration gradient.
What happens immediately following the closing of the sodium gates during an action potential? a. Sodium ions enter the cell. b. Sodium ions leave the cell. c. Potassium ions enter the cell. d. Potassium ions leave the cell.
d. Potassium ions leave the cell.
An action potential is brought about by a. a sudden membrane impermeability. b. the movement of negatively charged proteins through the neuronal membrane. c. the movement of lipoproteins to the outer membrane. d. a local change in membrane permeability caused by a greater-than-threshold stimulus. e. all of these
d. a local change in membrane permeability caused by a greater-than-threshold stimulus.
When an impulse passes from one neuron to the next, it a. is passed directly from dendrite to axon. b. passes from axon to cell body to dendrite. c. can bypass the cell bodies of both. d. passes from axon to dendrite. e. undergoes repolarization.
d. passes from axon to dendrite.
The recovery time from the passage of a nerve impulse is called the a. polarized response. b. wave of depolarization. c. action potential propagation. d. refractory period. e. saltatory period.
d. refractory period.
Which blood type is the universal recipient? a. A b. B+ c. AB+ d. AB e. O+
d. AB
19 Which of the following statements about restriction fragment length polymorphism is false? a. RFLPs can be used as a genetic fingerprint. b. RFLPs are based upon variations in alleles at the same locus. c. RFLPs reflect the fact that molecular differences in alleles alter the site where restriction enzymes function. d. RFLPs can be used to distinguish between identical twins. e. RFLPs have greatly increased the number of sites involved in mapping the human genome.
d. RFLPs can be used to distinguish between identical twins.
28 Which statement is true? a. There is no danger involved in recombinant DNA research in humans. b. There is no danger involved in recombinant DNA research in bacteria. c. There is no danger in releasing recombinant organisms into the environment. d. Stringent safety rules make the use of recombinant DNA research possible. e. It is safe to conduct recombinant DNA research in plants.
d. Stringent safety rules make the use of recombinant DNA research possible.
22 A collection of DNA fragments produced by restriction enzymes and incorporated into plasmids is called a. copied DNA. b. transcribed DNA. c. DNA amplification. d. a DNA library. e. plasmid DNA.
d. a DNA library.
29. By controlling their musculature, which of the following can vary the resistance to blood flow? a. arteries b. veins c. capillaries d. arterioles e. all of these
d. arterioles
40. Areas where lymphocytes congregate as they cleanse the blood of foreign materials are called a. stem cells. b. SA nodes. c. capillary beds. d. lymph nodes. e. antibodies.
d. lymph nodes.
32 Gene therapy a. has not yet been used successfully with mammals. b. is a surgical technique that separates chromosomes that have failed to segregate properly during meiosis II. c. has been used successfully to treat victims of Huntington's disorder by removing the dominant damaging autosomal allele and replacing it with a harmless one. d. offers the possibility of replacing defective alleles with normal ones. e. all of these
d. offers the possibility of replacing defective alleles with normal ones.
22. Blood from the body is first received by the heart in the a. coronary vein. b. left atrium. c. right ventricle. d. right atrium. e. left ventricle.
d. right atrium.
Recombinant DNA technology a. uses bacteria to make copies of the desired product. b. splices DNAs together. c. is possible only between closely related species. d. uses bacteria to make copies of the desired product and splices DNAs together. e. uses bacteria to make copies of the desired product and splices DNAs together, but is possible only between closely related species.
d. uses bacteria to make copies of the desired product and splices DNAs together.
During the passage of a nerve impulse a. sodium ions pass through gated channels. b. positive feedback causes more sodium ions to enter the cell. c. the interior of the cell becomes positive. d. changing voltage increases the number of open gates. e. all of these
e. all of these
Neuroglial cells a. metabolically support other neurons. b. form sheaths around neurons and control the rate of impulse transmission. c. form more than half of the volume of the brain. d. provide physical support. e. all of these
e. all of these
When a neuron is at rest a. there is a voltage difference across the membrane of about -70 millivolts. b. the interior is negatively charged. c. it is not responding to a stimulus. d. the fluid outside the membrane has more sodium and less potassium than the cytoplasm. e. all of these
e. all of these
Transmitter substances a. are expelled from the presynaptic cells. b. tend to destroy acetylcholine. c. enter the presynaptic cell to continue the passage of the impulse. d. interact with membrane receptors of the postsynaptic cells. e. are expelled from the presynaptic cells and interact with membrane receptors of the postsynaptic cells.
e. are expelled from the presynaptic cells and interact with membrane receptors of the postsynaptic cells.
Active transport a. helps establish the resting potential of a neuron. b. counters the process of diffusion. c. allows transport of atoms across the plasma membrane of the neuron against the concentration gradient. d. both helps to establish the resting potential of a neuron and counters the process of diffusion. e. helps to establish the resting potential of a neuron, counters the process of diffusion, and allows transport of atoms across the plasma membrane of the neuron against the concentration gradient.
e. helps to establish the resting potential of a neuron, counters the process of diffusion, and allows transport of atoms across the plasma membrane of the neuron against the concentration gradient.
Once a threshold is reached, a. the number of sodium gates that open depends upon the strength of a stimulus. b. a graded local potential will be unable to spread to a trigger zone of the nerve membrane. c. the resting potential of a neuron is restored. d. the potassium channels in the input zone open. e. the opening of sodium gates and the accompanying flow of sodium ions is an example of positive feedback.
e. the opening of sodium gates and the accompanying flow of sodium ions is an example of positive feedback.
Which cell produces the fibrin used in blood clots? a. lymphocytes b. Basophils c. erythrocytes d. Neutrophils e. Platelets
e. Platelets
10. Restriction enzymes a. often produce staggered cuts in DNA that are useful in splicing genes. b. are like most enzymes in being very specific in their action. c. are natural defense mechanisms evolved in bacteria to guard against or counteract bacteriophages. d. are used along with ligase and plasmids to produce a DNA library. e. all of these
e. all of these
17 Multiple copies of DNA can be produced by a. cloning a DNA library. b. genetic amplification. c. the use of reverse transcriptase. d. the action of DNA polymerase. e. all of these
e. all of these
6. Plasmids a. are self-reproducing circular molecules of DNA. b. are sites for inserting genes for amplification. c. may be transferred between different species of bacteria. d. may confer the ability to donate genetic material when bacteria conjugate. e. all of these
e. all of these
New genetic combinations result from a. crossing over. b. sexual reproduction. c. mutations. d. exchange of genes between different species. e. all of these
e. all of these
Recombinant DNA a. has occurred in sexually reproducing forms. b. can be produced with new biological techniques. c. occurs with viral infections of various forms of life. d. has produced changes that resulted in evolution. e. all of these
e. all of these
8. The fragments of chromosomes split by restriction enzymes a. have fused ends. b. have specific sequences of nucleotides. c. have sticky ends. d. form a circle. e. have specific sequences of nucleotides and sticky ends.
e. have specific sequences of nucleotides and sticky ends.
16 For polymerase chain reaction to occur, a. isolated DNA molecules must be primed. b. all DNA fragments must be identical. c. the DNA must be separated into single strands. d. a sticky end must be available for the ligase enzyme to function. e. isolated DNA molecules must be primed and the DNA must be separated into single strands.
e. isolated DNA molecules must be primed and the DNA must be separated into single strands.
31 What is the name given to bits of RNA that act like enzymes to cut up specific mRNA sequences before they can be translated? a. restriction enzymes b. cloning vectors c. RNA ligase d. exons e. ribozymes
e. ribozymes
5. A tangelo is a combination a. orange and lemon. b. orange and tangerine. c. navel orange and tangerine. d. tangerine and cantaloupe. e. tangerine and grapefruit.
e. tangerine and grapefruit.