Human Biology Chapter 20 (Cancer)

If a tumor suppressor gene becomes mutated, which of the following is not true? Apoptosis is less likely to occur. The cell cycle continues when it should not. A "gain-of function" mutation has occurred. Genes that encode enzymes that repair DNA are not turned on. Genes that stop the cell cycle are not turned on.

A "gain-of function" mutation has occurred. *A mutated tumor suppressor gene is a "loss-of-function" mutation. (Section 20.01)

What was the name of the first gene associated with breast cancer? RB RET p53 cyclin D BRCA1

BRCA1 *The first gene associated with breast cancer was discovered in 1990 and named BRCA1. (Section 20.02)

What do BRCA1 and p53 have in common? Both cause breast cancer. Both cause eye cancers. Both are oncogenes. Both are tumor suppressors. Both are inherited as autosomal dominant traits.

Both are tumor suppressors. *Both BRCA1 and p53 are tumor suppressors. It takes the inactivation of both copies to cause cancer. (Section 20.02)

Which of the following is not a characteristic of cancer cells that distinguishes it from normal cells? Cancer cells lack differentiation. Cancer cells have abnormal nuclei. Cancer cells utilize mitosis to divide. Cancer cells have an unlimited potential to replicate. Cancer cells form tumors.

Cancer cells utilize mitosis to divide. *Both cancerous and normal cells use mitosis to divide. (Section: 20.01)

Which of the following dietary changes will not reduce your risk of developing cancer? Increase your consumption of dark green, leafy vegetables, carrots, and various fruits. Avoid obesity. Decrease your consumption of high-fiber foods. Drink alcohol only in moderation. Avoid ham and sausage.

Decrease your consumption of high-fiber foods. *Studies show that a high-fiber diet may protect against colon cancer. (Section 20.02)

Cancer is a single disease that affects one in three Americans. True False

False *Each type of cancer is different. Cancer is over a hundred different diseases. Statistics say that it will affect one in three Americans. (Section 20:01)

A benign tumor is not dangerous because it cannot metastasize. True False

False *Even though a benign tumor cannot metastasize it can still cause damage if it presses on normal tissue or restricts the blood supply of normal tissue. (Section 20.01)

Tumor suppressor genes are often likened to the gas pedal of a car. True False

False *Tumor suppressor genes are often likened to the brake of a car because they inhibit acceleration through the cell cycle. Proto-oncogenes are likened to the gas pedal of a car. (Section 20.01)

Which of the following is not a protective behavior that will help prevent cancer? Don't use tobacco. Increase consumption of salt-cured, smoked, and nitrite-cured foods. Don't sunbathe. Avoid radiation. Increase consumption of vegetables from the cabbage family.

Increase consumption of salt-cured, smoked, and nitrite-cured foods. *One should decrease the consumption of salt-cured, smoked, and nitrite-cured foods. (Section 20.02)

Which type of test is particularly useful in analyzing tumors in tissues surrounded by bone? X-ray CAT scan MRI PSA Pap test

MRI *An MRI is a type of imaging technique that is particularly useful for analyzing tumors in tissues surrounded by bone, such as tumors of the brain or spinal cord. (Section 20.03)

Which of the following characteristics is not associated with metastasis? The internal cytoskeleton is disorganized. The cancer cells lack intact actin filament bundles. Invasive cancer cells are sperm-shaped. Cancer cells produce proteinase enzymes. The low oxygen content in the middle of a tumor may turn on genes for angiogenesis.

The low oxygen content in the middle of a tumor may turn on genes for angiogenesis. *Angiogenesis is not associated with the ability of a cell to metastasize, although it is an important aspect of cancer cells. (Section 20:01)

Thus far no evidence has been found that nonionizing radiation, such as the energy given off by cell phones, causes cancer. True False

True *Although there has been a great deal of public concern, no evidence has been found to link nonionizing radiation with cancer. (Section 20.02)

Which of the following is not one of the seven warning signs? a cut that bleeds change in bowel or bladder habits thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere indigestion or difficulty swallowing obvious change in wart or mole

a cut that bleeds *A sore that does not heal is one of the signs, but a cut that bleeds is normal. (Section 20.03)

Which of the following is not one of the things to watch for in a mole? asymmetry irregular border a solid color, usually brown larger than 6 mm elevated above the skin surface

a solid color, usually brown *Normally moles are a solid color. If the color varies from one area to another, this is a warning sign. (Section 20.03)

What type of test is a CEA test? self-examination a type of prostate cancer test a type of cervical cancer test a genetic test a tumor marker test

a tumor marker test *CEA stands for carcinoembryonic antigen test. It is a type of tumor marker test used to detect any relapses of colon cancer. (Section 20.03)

A mole becomes suspicious when it is greater than 6 mm in diameter. How big is 6 mm approximately? just barely visible, about the size of a pin prick about the same as one of the letters in this question about the size of a pencil eraser about the size of a nickel about the size of a quarter

about the size of a pencil eraser *The diameter of a pencil eraser is about 6 mm. (Section 20.03)

Which of the following factors can lead to cancer? radiation BRCA1 gene tobacco smoke radon gas all of these can lead to cancer

all of these can lead to cancer *All of these are factors that can lead to cancer depending upon the amount of exposure. (Section 20.02)

Which of the following is not a type of immunotherapy? cancer vaccines anti-p53 engineered adenovirus cytokine therapy monoclonal antibodies genetically engineered antigen presenting cells

anti-p53 engineered adenovirus *Anti-p53 engineered adenovirus is a type of gene therapy against cancer. (Section 20.04)

Which of the following is not found in tobacco smoke? vinyl chloride N-nitrosonornicotine asbestos benzo(a)pyrene mutagens

asbestos *Although asbestos can increase the risk of cancer, it is not found in tobacco smoke. (Section 20.02)

Which of the following tests is not used to screen for colon cancer? blood test digital examination flexible sigmoidoscopy fecal occult blood test double-contrast barium enema

blood test *A blood test is used to detect leukemia, but not colon cancer. All of the others are done to screen for colon cancer. (Section 20.03)

Which of the following is not a type of chemotherapy? alkylating agents antimetabolites antitumor antibiotics bone marrow transplants mitotic inhibitors

bone marrow transplants *Bone marrow transplants are often done in conjunction with chemotherapy, but they are not a type of chemotherapy. (Section 20.04)

The American Cancer Society publicizes seven warning signals, which spell out the word CAUTION. The "C" in CAUTION stands for change in skin coloring. bowel or bladder habits. sensitivity to heat or cold. sleep habits. eating habits.

bowel or bladder habits. *The "C" in CAUTION stands for a change in bowel or bladder habits. (Section 20.03)

Which is responsible for more cancer deaths in women: breast, colon and rectum, pancreas, or ovary? breast colon and rectum pancreas ovary

breast *Breast cancer accounts for 15% of cancer deaths in women. Colon and rectum accounts for 9%, while pancreas accounts for 6%, and ovary accounts for 5%. (section 20.01)

Cancers of epithelial tissues are called leukemias. sarcomas. carcinomas. lymphomas. blastomas.

carcinomas *Cancers of the epithelial tissues are called carcinomas. (Section 20.01)

A Pap test looks for what type of cancer? skin cancer esophageal cancer bladder cancer cervical cancer colon cancer

cervical cancer *A Pap test removes a sample of cells from the cervix to examine for cervical cancer. (Section 20.03)

Unfortunately, the cancer in Ted's body had spread to multiple sites. Which is the most viable treatment option to handle Ted's cancer? surgery radiation therapy chemotherapy herbal therapy immunotherapy

chemotherapy *Chemotherapy is the only treatment that will be able to address cancer in multiple sites throughout the body. Surgery will only remove cancer from a specific location. Radiation therapy targets cancer in specific locations. Herbal therapy is not used in cancer treatment. Immunotherapy is a type of vaccination to prevent the formation of various cancer types. (Section 20.04)

Proto-oncogenes code for proteins that promote the cell cycle. promote apoptosis. become tumor suppressor genes when mutated. are considered "loss-of-function" mutations. code for angiogenic growth factors.

code for proteins that promote the cell cycle. *Proto-oncogenes code for proteins that promote the cell cycle and prevent apoptosis. (Section 20:01)

Which of the following is not a stage in carcinogenesis? initiation promotion progression differentiation angiogenesis

differentiation *Cancer cells are undifferentiated. Differentiation is a stage in development, not carcinogenesis. (Section 20.01)

Which two tests are done for prostate cancer? mammography, fecal occult blood test digital rectal examination, Pap test PSA, testicle self-examination digital rectal examination, PSA testicle self-examination, fecal occult blood test

digital rectal examination, PSA *Screening for prostate cancer involves a digital rectal examination and a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test. (Section 20.03)

Which of the following is a side effect of radiation therapy that is not also a side effect of chemotherapy? nausea, vomiting dry, red, irritated skin and/or blisters diarrhea fatigue and weakness weight loss and hair loss

dry, red, irritated skin and/or blisters *Radiation therapy often causes dry, red, irritated skin and/or blisters at the site of treatment that is not part of chemotherapy. (Section 20.04)

A carcinogen is not a mutagen. True False

false *A mutagen is an agent that causes mutations. A carcinogen is a chemical that causes cancer by being mutagenic. So a carcinogen is also a mutagen. (Section 20.02)

Antiangiogenic drugs cause cytotoxic T cells to attack tumor cells. True False

false *Antiangiogenic drugs break up the network of new capillaries in the vicinity of a tumor. (Section 20.04)

If you receive the new vaccine against HPV, then you do not need to get Pap tests anymore. True False

false *Any woman who chooses to receive the new HPV vaccine should still get regular Pap tests because the vaccine does not protect against all types of HPV that cause cervical cancer, and the vaccine does not protect against any HPV infections she may already have. (Section 20.03)

If you only inherit one mutated copy of BRCA1 and the other copy is normal, you will not develop breast cancer. True False

false *BRCA1 is a tumor suppressor. It takes the loss of both copies of the gene to cause cancer. However, if each cell in the body already has one mutated copy of BRCA1, the likelihood of another mutation is increased. So, although the development of breast cancer is not guaranteed, it is more likely. It certainly is not impossible. (Section 20.02)

If someone has no genetic predisposition to cancer then environmental exposure to carcinogens will not cause them to develop cancer. True False

false *Cancer is caused by a combination of a person's genetics and environmental factors. Because you do not have a genetic predisposition to cancer does not mean that you are immune to carcinogens. (Section 20.02)

Currently most cancers are diagnosed before metastasis. True False

false *Diagnosis of cancer before metastasis is difficult. (Section 20.03)

Epstein-Barr virus is routinely isolated from cases of cervical cancers. True False

false *Epstein-Barr virus is associated with Burkitt lymphoma. Human papillomavirus is associated with cervical cancers. (Section 20.02)

When the p53 gene is overexpressed in normal cells, the cells are killed. True False

false *Expression of the p53 gene seems to trigger cell death only in cancer cells. Elevating the p53 level in a normal cell doesn't do any harm. (Section 20.04)

In the case of a proto-oncogene like Ras, both copies of the gene must be mutated to increase a predisposition to cancer. True False

false *In the case of proto-oncogenes, only one copy of the gene must be mutated to increase a predisposition to cancer. This is what is meant by a "gain-of-function" mutation. (Section 20.02)

If the gene for telomerase is turned off in a cell, this is an indication this is a cancer cell. True False

false *Telomerase, the enzyme that keeps telomeres a constant length in cells, is turned off in normal cells but is active in cancer cells. (Section 20.03)

If you have one of the seven warning signals in CAUTION, this means that you have cancer. True False

false *These signs do not necessarily mean that you have cancer. However, they are an indication that something is wrong and a medical professional should be consulted. (Section 20.03)

What type of screening test could be used to determine the likelihood that someone might develop cancer? PAP test PSA test CEA test genetic test tumor marker test

genetic test *A genetic test looks for mutations in proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes that increase the likelihood that someone will develop cancer. (Section 20.03)

Which of the following is not a standard therapy for cancer treatment? immunotherapy surgery radiation therapy chemotherapy all of these are standard therapies for the tretment of cancer

immunotherapy *Immunotherapy is considered a new advancement in the treatment of cancer. (Section 20.04)

When should screening for colorectal cancer begin? in 20s in 30s in 40s in 50s in 60s

in 50's *The various colorectal screening tests should begin at age 50 years. (Section 20.03)

What type of cancer causes the most deaths in males? prostate lung and bronchus colon and rectum pancreas esophagus

lung and bronchus *Lung and bronchus cancers account for 30% of cancer deaths in males. (Section 20.01)

Hodgkin lymphomas develop from cells of the liver and spleen. all types of white blood cells. B or T cells. mutated B cells. bladder epithelial cells.

mutated B cells *Hodgkin lymphomas develop from mutated B cells (Section 20.01)

How often should a woman do a shower self-examination of her breasts for lumps, knots, or changes? daily once a week once a month once every 6 months once a year

once a month *A woman should check her breasts for any lumps, knots, or changes once a month, about one week after her period. (Section 20.03)

Taxol is used to treat what type of cancer? leukemia lymphoma testicular cancer colon cancer ovarian cancer

ovarian cancer *Taxol is used to treat advanced ovarian cancers, as well as breast, head, and neck tumors. (Section 20.04)

What is the most common cancer found in males? colon and rectum urinary bladder melanoma of the skin oral cavity prostate

prostate *Prostate cancer accounts for 25% of cancers in males. (Section 20.01)

Which accounts for more cancer deaths in males: bladder, pancreas, esophagus, or prostate? bladder pancreas esophagus prostate all are equal

prostate *Prostate cancer accounts for 9% of cancer deaths in males. Pancreas accounts for 6%, esophagus accounts for 4%, and bladder accounts for 3%. (Section 20.01)

The ends of the chromosomes are "capped" with special repetitive DNA sequences called radiata. telomeres. centromeres. oncogenes. suppressor genes.

telomeres *Telomeres are repetitive DNA sequences that cap the ends of the chromosomes. (Section: 20.01)

Which of the following is not a type of proto-oncogene? the gene for cyclin D growth factor receptor genes the gene that codes for Ras proteins growth factor genes the gene for p53

the gene for p53 *The gene for p53 encodes a tumor suppressor, not a proto-oncogene. (Section 20:01)

Both heredity and environmental risk factors come into play in the development of cancer. True False

true *Although our understanding of cancer is incomplete, scientists know that both heredity and environmental risk factors play a role.(Section 20.02)

Ionizing radiation both causes cancer and can be used to treat cancer. True False

true *Ionizing radiation causes chromosomal breakage and cell cycle disruption. This can cause cancer, but it can also be used as a treatment for cancer cells. (Section 20.04)

Melanoma is the most serious form of skin cancer. True False

true *Of the various types of skin cancer, melanoma is the most serious form. (Section 20.03)

The earlier a cancer is detected, the more likely it can be effectively treated. True False

true *This is why scientists are working on ways to detect cancer earlier. (Section 20.03)

Which of the following is not a type of ionizing radiation? ultraviolet radiation radon gas nuclear fuel X-rays none of these are ionizing radiation

ultraviolet radiation *Ultraviolet radiation is not a type of ionizing radiation. (Section 20.02)

Contact inhibition means that there are more chromosomes within the nucleus than there should be. cells are able to divide without the presence of stimulatory growth factors. cells only divide a certain specified number of times and then quit. when cells come in contact with a neighbor, they stop dividing. cells have gained the ability to invade lymphatic and blood vessels.

when cells come in contact with a neighbor, they stop dividing. *Contact inhibition is a characteristic of normal cells. When they come in contact with a neighboring cell, they stop dividing. (Section 20:01)

How many Americans will deal with cancer in their lifetime? all 1 in 2 1 in 3 1 in 4 1 in 5

1 in 3 *One in three Americans will deal with cancer in their lifetime. (Section 20.01)

What is the survival rate for children with childhood leukemia? 10% 30% 50% 80% 99%

80% *The survival rate for children with childhood leukemia is 80%. (Section 20.04)