Human Biology Chapter 9 pt. 2

Which of the following leukocytes is most likely to be directly involved in the destruction of flukes (a parasitic flatworm)? B lymphocytes natural killer cells neutrophils eosinophils basophils

eosinophils

The primary immune response is __________. less effective than the secondary immune response faster than the secondary immune response longer lasting than the secondary immune response due to the presence of memory cells

less effective than the secondary immune response

Fever is caused when __________ release __________. macrophages; pyrogens infected cells; interferon eosinophils; histamines B cells; cytokines

macrophages; pyrogens

Fever is caused when __________ release __________. See Section 9.4 (Page 197) B cells; cytokines eosinophils; histamines infected cells; interferon macrophages; pyrogens

macrophages; pyrogens

activate the immune system when an antigen reenters the body

memory T cells

Which of the following is NOT a major factor affecting the danger of a pathogen? See Section 9.1 (Page 191) mode of transmission transmissibility mode of metabolism virulence

mode of metabolism

Which one of the following would result in passive immunity? stimulation of T cells and B cells by an antigen movement of antibodies across the placenta from mother to child vaccination past occurrence of an infection or disease production of memory cells

movement of antibodies across the placenta from mother to child

The spleen __________. See Section 9.2 (Page 193) cleanses the lymph is required in order to maintain life and health removes damaged red blood cells from circulation includes white pulp that contains macrophages

removes damaged red blood cells from circulation

removes microorganisms and old red blood cells from the blood

spleen

filters out microorganisms that enter the throat by food or air

tonsil

Specific defense mechanisms differ from nonspecific defense mechanisms in that only specific mechanisms __________. protect a localized region target particular antibodies utilize B cells and T cells involve complement protein

utilize B cells and T cells

Lymph nodes filter the blood and remove bacteria and other invading microorganisms that may have entered the blood stream.

False

Viral infections can usually be treated with antibiotics.

False

A specific antibody will bind to __________. a general class of antigens any antigen, because the heavy chains can accommodate any shape any antigen, because the binding sites are variable a specific antigen

a specific antigen

a desease caused by HIV infection; results in irreparable damage to the immune system

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome(AIDS)

an inappropriate response to a nonpathogenic substance

allergy

All of the following are involved in the inflammatory response EXCEPT mast cells antibodies phagocytes basophils histamine

antibodies

Lymphatic vessels are similar to veins in that they both __________. allow fluid to flow in two directions contain one-way valves to prevent the backflow of fluid have a single, unbranched structure have a thick layer of smooth muscle

contain one-way valves to prevent the backflow of fluid

migrate through blood and lymph, directly attacking and destroying foreign cells

cytotoxic T cells

The following are steps in phagocytosis: (1) Bacterium is digested by lysosomal enzymes; (2) phagocyte approaches bacterium; (3) phagocytic vesicle fuses with lysosome; and (4) phagocyte engulfs bacterium, forming a phagocytic vesicle. In which order do these steps occur? 4-2-3-1 4-1-3-2 2-4-3-1 2-3-4-1

2-4-3-1

Which of the following represents the first line of defense against unwanted pathogens? antibody-mediated immunity intact skin T cell-mediated immunity phagocytes

Intact skin

Which one of the following types of T cells is a critical component of the immune system because it stimulates and enhances the activity of other components of the immune system? T suppressor cell cytotoxic T cell T memory cell T helper cell natural killer cells

T helper cell

Which one of the following is TRUE regarding lymph nodes? Lymph flows from the lymph vessels to the urinary system. They remove microorganisms and abnormal cells from the lymph and return them to blood circulation. Macrophages but not lymphocytes can be found within lymph nodes. They are located only in the digestive tract and neck. They filter lymph fluid, trapping microorganisms and abnormal cells.

They filter lymph fluid, trapping microorganisms and abnormal cells.

The best way to defend the body from a viral infection is to prevent the infection by using a vaccine.

True

The thymus gland, which is responsible for the development of T cells, stops growing during adolescence and shrinks as one grows into adulthood.

True

All of the following represent physical and/or chemical barriers that form the body's first line of defense against pathogens EXCEPT which one? resident bacteria skin surface tears earwax antibodies

antibodies

Which of the following act(s) as a neighborhood watch group, looking for specific invaders in the blood or other fluids that have compromised the first two lines of defense? T cell-mediated immunity intact skin antibody-mediated immunity phagocytes

antibody-mediated immunity

Vaccines contain antigens of the pathogen antibodies of the pathogen memory cells against the pathogen lymphokines T cells programmed to attack the pathogen

antigens of the pathogen

Antibiotics are most likely to be effective in the treatment of infections caused by lice and ticks viruses parasitic worms prions bacteria

bacteria

n which of the following choices is the cell correctly matched with its function? eosinophil: produces antibodies TT lymphocyte: phagocytizes bacteria BB lymphocyte: directly attacks foreign cells basophil: secretes histamine

basophil: secretes histamine

Activation of a B cell leads to all of the following, EXCEPT __________. See Section 9.5 (Page 200) cloning of a B cell production of plasma cells destruction of cytokines production of memory cells

destruction of cytokines

Skin is able to prevent most microorganisms from entering the body by the adhesion junction in the skin preventing bacteria from entering producing alkaline secretions having keratin in the uppermost layer releasing macrophages on the skin surface production of antibodies

having keratin in the uppermost layer

primary target of HIV

helper T cells

stimulate the immune system by secreting lymphokines and interleukins; they activate B lymphocytes and macrophages

helper T cells

The advantage of having memory cells in specific defenses is that they produce antibodies and can become phagocytic they prevent production of other proteins so that antibodies can be produced they prevent viruses from entering the body a second time they remain in an active state, continuously producing antibodies if exposed to an antigen a second time, they quickly become plasma cells

if exposed to an antigen a second time, they quickly become plasma cells

an autoimmune disorder affecting connective tissue

lupus erythematosus

filters microorganisms and cellular debris from lymph

lymph node

transports lymph in the body

lymphatic vessel

Which of the following leukocytes kills its target cells, such as cancer cells or virus-infected cells, by releasing chemicals that break down the target cell membrane? B lymphocytes macrophages basophils natural killer cells T lymphocytes

natural killer cells

Living, and some non-living, entities that cause disease are called __________. See Section 9.1 (Page 191) bacteria pathogens mutations immunity

pathogens

Microorganisms that cause death and disease are called __________. pathogens antigens antibodies macrophages

pathogens

The spleen __________. removes damaged red blood cells from circulation cleanses the lymph includes white pulp that stores blood is required in order to maintain life and health

removes damaged red blood cells from circulation

an autoimmune disorder affecting the synovial membrane of the joints

rheumatoid arthritis

an inherited disorder characterized by insufficient numbers of lymphocytes to fight an infection

severe combined immunodeficiency disease(SCID)

Autoimmune disorders occur when __________. macrophages function only in nonspecific immunity the immune system fails to recognize "self" cells the immune system loses a large number of T cells the ability of B cells to produce antibodies is reduced

the immune system fails to recognize "self" cells

secretes hormones important in the maturation of T cells

thymus