Human Biology Exam Study

Whereas the sense of taste is based on ________ (how many?) classes of taste receptors, the sense of smell has over ________ (how many?) different receptors for chemicals associated with odor.

5 ; 1,000

The central nervous system is composed of which of the following?

Brain and Spinal Cord

Which one of the following conditions results when the transparency of the lens decreases?

Cataracts

Which one of the following types of receptors are most likely to be classified as "silent" receptors?

Chemoreceptors

Insufficient production of growth hormone by the anterior pituitary may result in

Dwarfism

All cells that make up the nervous system have excitable membranes.

False

The functional barrier between blood and the brain is cerebrospinal fluid.

False

The responsiveness of cells to calcitonin increases as an individual ages; maximum responsiveness occurs in elderly individuals as a mechanism to improve the stability and strength of bones.

False

The strength and duration of a stimulus determine the amplitude of an action potential.

False

FSH is a hormone important to the proper functioning of the ovaries and testes. This hormone will not be released from the anterior pituitary until ________ is released from the hypothalamus.

GnRH

From an evolutionary standpoint, which of the following structures is considered the oldest, most primitive division of the brain?

Hindbrain

During times of stress, which one of the following glands releases CRH to stimulate the anterior pituitary to release ACTH?

Hypothalamus

Which one of the following parts of the brain links to the endocrine system?

Hypothalamus

Uptake of blood glucose by liver cells is stimulated by

Insulin

Which one of the following is required in the diet in order for active thyroid hormones to be produced?

Iodine

Which one of the following hormones stimulates the production of testosterone in males?

LH (Luteinizing Hormone)

Which one of the following parts of the eye is affected by cataracts?

Lens

Which of the following parts of the brain is associated with emotions and behavior?

Limbic System

The "blind spot" is associated with which one of the following?

Optic Disk

Both voluntary and involuntary skeletal muscle movement are controlled through which one of the following divisions of the nervous system?

Somatic Divisioin

Thyroxine is released from the thyroid gland in response to the presence of

TSH (Thyroid-stimulating hormone)

All of following statements are TRUE regarding estrogen and progesterone, EXCEPT which one?

They are peptide hormones that activate target cells through the cyclic AMP second messenger mechanism.

A student noticed that every time he smelled a certain perfume in the hallway, it reminded him of his mother. This is due largely to the activity of the limbic system.

True

Both eyes have a blind spot, an area where there are no photoreceptors. When an image is focused on the blind spot, it cannot be "seen."

True

Disorders associated with the endocrine system can be caused by problems with hormone production or lack of receptors for the hormones on the target cells.

True

Motor neurons of the peripheral nervous system transmit impulses away from the central nervous system.

True

Pressure in the middle ear is equalized with the external air pressure through the auditory tube.

True

Steroid hormones bind to receptors in the nucleus to activate or deactivate genes.

True

Taste hairs contain chemoreceptors that are specific for specific chemicals or tastants.

True

The absolute refractory period characteristic of neurons is important in ensuring that action potentials travel in only one direction.

True

The human body may stop responding to a stimulus even though the original stimulus is still present; this is a process referred to as receptor adaptation.

True

The retina is composed of four layers of cells, which are the pigmented cells, photoreceptor cells, bipolar cells, and the ganglion cells. Axons of the ganglion cells become the optic nerve.

True

The loudness (intensity) of a sound is specifically associated with the

amplitude of the sound waves

Vibration of the ________ bends hairs of the hair cells, which ultimately generate impulses in ________.

basilar membrane ; sensory neurons

LASIK treatment functions to improve eyesight by

changing the shape of the cornea

Hyposecretion of ADH results in

diabetes insipidus

The vestibule contains two fluid-filled chambers, called the utricle and saccule, which are alike in that

each has a gel-like substance on the inside

The three main anatomical and functional divisions of the brain are the

forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

Convergence occurs when several presynaptic cells

form a synapse with a single postsynaptic cell

All of the following may result from untreated diabetes mellitus EXCEPT which one?

increased susceptibility to cancer

Short-term memory is associated with the ________, whereas long-term memory is associated with the ________.

limbic system ; cerebral cortex

Which one of the following nonhormonal chemical messengers is important in local control of blood flow and blood clotting?

prostaglandins

Slow pain originating from an internal organ is often perceived as coming from an area of the body totally unrelated to the source. This is known as

referred pain

Saltatory conduction is

the process of conduction leaping along myelinated neurons

Olfactory receptors are located in which one of the following?

upper part of nasal passages