Human Development #4 exam

1:25 (4%)

In the US, what is the ratio of single fathers who have physical custody of his children and raises them without their mom or a new wife?

comorbidity

Presence of two or more disease conditions at the same time can occur in the same person

differential susceptibility

Stress hypotheses might be used to explain their different life outcomes to potentially negative environmental influences (two sisters are born two years apart, grew up in an impoverished, violent neighborhood-as adults one is chronically jobless and addicted to drugs while the other is an instructor of economics at a community college)

childhood obesity

having a BMI above the 95th percentile, more than half of todays children will be obese adults (harvard med school-many 6-11 year olds eat too much, exercise too little, and become overweight or obese as a result, 18% of US 6-11 year olds were obese)

trends in math and science study (TIMSS)

higher achievement related to teacher education, autonomy within classroom, buildings designed to foster collaboration (Finnish study) gender differences among 4th grader math have narrowed or disappeared

family structure

includes nuclear family, extended family, stepfamily and others- refers to the legal and genetic relationships of people in a household (family function is MORE important than this)

hidden curriculum

unofficial, unstated or implicit rules, patterns, and priorities within a school that influence the academic curriculum and every other aspect of learning in a school

social comparison

Crucial during muddle childhood Assessing one's abilities, achievements, social status, and other attributes by measuring them in contrast to one's peers

types of bullying

Physical (hitting), verbal (name-calling), relational/social (destroying friendship), cyberbullying (using electronics to harm another)

english as a second language (ESL)

US approach to teaching english that gathers all of the non-english speakers together and provides intense instruction in english. students first languages are never used, goal is to prepare them for regular classes in english

mulitfinality

a child can have autistic symptoms for many reasons

poverty and language

a child's achievement seems more influenced by income and ethnicity in the US than others, achievement in middle childhood is influenced by teachers and parental expectations

Individual educational plan (IEP)

a document that specifies specific educational goals and plans for a child with special needs

extended family

a family of three or more generations living in one household, often both poor and conflicted, often poor and conflicted, the two conditions known to harm children no matter what the family structure (10% of US school children)

single-parent family

a family that consists of only one parent and his or her children

least restrictive environment (LRE)

a legal requirement that children with special needs be assigned to the most general educational context in which they can be expected to learn

achievement tests

a measure of knowledge mastery or proficiency in reading, mathematics, writing, science, or some other subject such as calculus or chemistry

four general principles

abnormality is normal, disability changes year by year, life may get better or worse as the person ages, diagnosis and treatment reflect the social context

SES (poverty and language)

affects cognitive and brain development, poor and slower language mastery, smaller vocabularies and impaired grammar than those from higher-SES families

two-parent family

all children having two parents around everyday makes it more likely that someone will, read to them, check their homework, invite their friends over, buy them new clothes, and save for their education (NOT guarantee good care)

Finland

among the highest scoring nations and the US is middling (slightly below overall average), only top 3% of high school students gain admittance to teachers colleges, teachers are encouraged to foster collaboration among students and work collaboratively with teachers

response to intervention (RTI)

an educational strategy intended to help children who demonstrate below average achievement in the early grades using special intervention

childs interpretation of events

attributional/explanatory styles- optimistic (in the face of adversity, can you see past the present moment and know things will get better?) pessimistic (blame yourself when faced with obstacles and failure)

piaget in middle childhood

by age 11 children use mental categories and subcategories flexibility, inductively, and simultaneously, unlike at age 7

children of the same sex, age ethnicity, and socioeconomic status (boys-better at joint excitement, and girls-sympathetic reassurance)

by the end of middle childhood, close friendships are almost always between ______

resilience

capacity to adapt well to significant adversity and to overcome serious stress (is dynamic but not a stable trait, positive adaption to stress, adversity must be significant)

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

characterized by poor social interaction (ignoring, no eye contact), need for sameness (difficult to change routine), strong reactions to unexpected sensory stimulation, impaired language (doesn't initiate convo but repeats others), unusual interest in objects, repetition, and patterns of play (fascinated with spinning tops), and unusually intense and prolonged emotional reactions (age 4 or later)

healthy habits

children develop during the middle childhood years are related to their health in adolescence and adulthood

friendships

children help each other learn academic and social skills and feel happier when they have friends, children value personal _____ more than peer acceptance

english language learners (ELL)

children in the US whose proficiency in english is low, usually below a cutoff score on an oral or written test. many children who speak non-english language at home are also capable in english, they are NOT ELLs

maturation and culture

children were more generous in the richer nations (Canada, US, and China) than poorer ones (Turkey and South Africa)

Equifinality

children with autism can have symptoms for many reason no single gene causes this disorder, idea that each person has neurological strengths and weaknesses that should be appreciated

information processing

compares human thinking processes by analogy, to computer analysis of data, looking at sensory input, connections stored memories, and output (Robert siegler)

Asthma

correlates with being overweight as a child, high blood pressure, elevated cholesterol, loneliness, chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways that make breathing difficult, sufferers have panic attacks, sometimes rushing to the hospital emergency room (US childhood rates have tripled since 1980)

culture and esteem

culture and families differ in which attitudes and accomplishments they value, emerging self-perception benefits academic achievement (important for developing self esteem during middle childhood) and social competence

poverty

cumulative, both family function and family structure are affected by poverty, damage is only done if it increases family stress (adults stressful reaction to poverty is crucial in determining the effect on the children)

3 moral imperatives

defend your friends, don't tell adults about children's misbehavior, conform to peer standards of dress, speech, and behavior

scanning the brain (4)

demonstrate maturation and classification proposed by Piaget---hubs, links between hypothalamus and amygdala, neurological pathways, and maturation (not accurate at diagnosing cognitive disorders)

aggressive-rejected

disliked by peers because of antagonistic, confrontational behavior; may come bully victims

withdrawn-rejected

disliked by peers because they're timid, withdrawn, and anxious behavior, most likely the victim of bullying

postconventional moral reasoning

emphasizes moral principles stage 5-social contract-obey social rules b/c they benefit everyone and are established by mutual agreement. if rules become destructive or one party doesn't live up to the agreement the contract is no longer binding (can be disobeying the law) stage 6- universal ethical principles, ethical values (such as life is sacred) are established by individual reflection and religious ideas

preconventional moral reasoning

emphasizes rewards and punishments, stage 1-might makes right, most important value is to maintain appearance of obedience to authority, avoiding punishment while still advancing self interest, don't get caught! stage 2- look out for number one, everyone prioritizes their needs, the reason to be nice to other people is so they're nice to you

conventional moral reasoning

emphasizes social rules, following what parents, teachers, and peers do stage 3- good girl and nice boy, please other people, social approval is more important that reward stage 4- law and order, abiding citizen even when no police are nearby

knowledge base

extensive, makes it easier to master new, related information

nuclear family

family that consists of a father a mother and their biological children under age 18, MOST common type for 6-11 year olds in the US

pragmatics

formal code used with teachers and other adults, informal code used with their peers and friends, linguistic code involve in text messages and emails (LOL, BTW, and RU) (ability to use words and devices to communicate in various context)

self-concept

formed by children's ideas about their personal intelligence, personality abilities, gender, and ethnic background (a nine year old announces to her mother "i am smart nice and friendly and I am so good at painting and one day I am going to sell lots of pictures)

industry versus inferiority (competent or incompetent)

fourth of Eriksons eight psychosocial crises, characterized by tension between productivity and incompetence (student in the 3rd grade, spends hours rehearsing her math skills, reading books, and collecting bugs- developing healthy sense of industry through these tasks)

popular children in the US

friendly, cooperative, and aggressive, a peer who is always friendly. when someone tells her a secret she does not tell other friends. she also is helpful and cooperates with others to get class projects done. other students like working with this student

I.Q. tests

general intelligence, 100 is exactly average because when mental age was the same as chronological age

progress in international reading literacy studies (PIRLS)

girls are ahead of boys in reading in every nation

child culture

has distinct values, behaviors, and beliefs-customs, rules, rituals, appearance, independence from adults (independence from adults is most important- classmates that pitty boys whose parents kiss them, tease the teachers pet, tattletales, or spend too much time with adults)

childhood overweight

having a BMI above the 85th percentile

family-stress model

illustrates that the reaction to family poverty is crucial, two factors increase the likelihood of dysfunction in every structure, ethnic group, and nation, low income/poverty, high conflict

classmates

independence from adults is most important- classmates that pity those (boys) whose parents kiss them, tease the teachers pet, tattletales, or spend too much time with adults

efforts to eliminate bullying

involving a whole school strategy not just the identified bullies (change the school culture)

lawrence kohlbergs theory (of moral development)

judged moral development not by the answers but by the reasons for the answers, stages of morality stem from 3 levels of moral reasoning with two stages at each level (6)

developmental psychopathology

links the usual with unusual development, especially when the unusual results in special needs

grandparents

live with their children who and grandchildren tend to be more stressed, less healthy, and more depressed

international testing

longitudinal data finds that if achievement rises the national economy advances, more than 100 nations have participated in at least one massive international test of education achievement

Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA)

measures the ability to apply learning to everyday issues. East Asian nations always rank high, and scores of more than a dozen nations (some in europe on asia) surpassed the US

children's morality

middle childhood is prime time for moral development children show a variety of skills, influences on moral development in middle childhood

Lev Vygotsky

morality can be scaffolded with mentors using moral dilemmas to advance moral understanding, empathy, and moral regulation

cohort changes

more single parent households, more divorces and remarriages and fewer children per family than in the past, US has MORE single parents than any nation

hurray for teachers

more students in US are bilingual and more speak english well, 40% of the bilingual children in 1980 to 82% in 2011 (US 1/4 speaks another language, less than 5% of children under age 11 study other than english)

Flynn effect

most nations have exhibited substantial increases in IQ scores during the past century

Unpopular children in the US

neglected, not rejected children, aggressive-rejected children, withdrawn rejection

how to teach morality

once children understand moral equity, they may be more ethical than adults (retribution, restitution)

national assessment of education progress (NAEP)

ongoing national and federally sponsored, representative measure of US children's achievement in reading, math, and other subjects over time-"nations report card", disparities between national and state scores, latino, African, and European, American 4th grade reading and math scores, high school graduation rates

factors influencing knowledge base

past experiences, current opportunity, personal motivation

middle childhood

period between early childhood and early adolescence approximately from ages 6-11

concrete operational thought

piagets term for the ability to reason logically about direct experiences and perceptions (ex: considering) weight vrs appearance

vygotsky and culture

play with peers, screen time, dinner with families, neighborhood play-every experience from birth on, teaches a child. children learn whatever their culture teaches (guiding each child using scaffolding through the zone of proximal development is crucial)

aptitude tests

potential to master a specific skill or to learn a certain body knowledge

ADHD (Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder)

problems with inattention, impulsiveness, and activity, no biological marker, relationship with brain regulation, often comorbid, increasing incidence concerns-misdiagnosis, drug abuse, normal behavior considered pathological

Schooling in the US

public schools-91% of all US children attend public schools, private- 9% of all US children attend private schools

bullying

repeated, systematic efforts to inflict harm through physical, verbal, or social attacks on a weaker person

developing a sense of pride

research has suggested that ________ is one of the most effective means for developing self-confidence among children (rather than directly preparing children for prejudice)

teacher expectations

research indicates that achievement in middle childhood is inluenced by parent and ________

support of family and community

research suggests that family is a strong buffer during times of severe stress or trauma (Brenda's family is experiencing multiple problems, including her mother's illness, her father's loss of employment, and two relatives moving into their home. Despite the stress of home life, Brenda does attend weekly church and feels welcomed by the congregation. Overall, Brenda seems to be doing fairly well despite her home life. Brenda may be using RELIGION as a source of support)

conflict

researchers found that although genes had some influence, witnessing conflict was crucial, causing externalizing problems in boys, and internalizing problems in girls

wealth

score gap between schools with high- and low- income children, is larger in the US than in other nations

immersion

strategy in which instruction in all school subjects occur in the second/majority language that the child is learning

bilingual education

strategy in which school subjects are taught in both the learners original language and the second/majority

inclusion class

student is taught in a regular classroom with additional appropriate support and assistance (LRE), appropriate aids and services-resource room

neurodiversity

the idea that each person has neurological strengths and weaknesses that should be appreciated, especially relevant to children with disorders on the autism spectrum

multiple intelligences

the idea that human intelligence is comprised of a varied set of abilities rather than a single, all-encompassing one

Classification

the logical principle that things can be organized into groups (categories or classes) according to some characteristics they have in common

family function

the way a family cares for its members (functions-develop self respect, nurturing friendships with peers, encouraging learning, and promoting harmony and stability (during middle childhood-provides basic physical necessities, encourage learning, helping develop self respect, nurturing friendships, fostering harmony and stability)

Seriation

things can be arranged in a series, is crucial for understanding the number sequence and logical series (ex: largest to smallest)

metacognition

thinking about thinking, analyzing your thought processes

Metamemory

this self awareness of memory has important implications for how people learn and use memories

reaction time

time it takes to respond to stimulus either physically (with a reflexive eye movement-blink) or cognitively (with thought), improves physical play and maturation (3 year old has a harder time catching a ball whereas a 9 year old has an easier time)

empathy

understanding of the basic humanity of other people

2/3rds (higher income)

what fraction of all US school age children live with two parents?

Parentification

when a child acts more like an adult and tries to take care of everyone, acting more as a parent than as a child (personal strengths of creativity and intelligence)

United states

which country has the highest educational gap between high and low income children?

national wealth had a greater impact than ideology

which factors impact moral development and generosity during childhood?

Jean Piaget

who most strongly influenced kohlberg?

brain development

with physical activity and embedded cognition (PA-associated with cerebral blood flow and NT and better moods, EC-connection between body movement and thinking