Human Development Chapter 6 Study Guide

A child's ability to filter out extraneous information and focus on what he or she needs to know is called:

selective attention

Lee is 10 years old. According to Piaget, which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Lee's cognition? -He can think abstractly in a scientific way. -He has a realistic understanding of the world. -He can reason conceptually about concrete objects. -His thinking is similar to adults.

He can think abstractly in a scientific way.

The tendency of highly aggressive children to see motives and actions as threatening when they are actually benign.

Hostile attributional bias

Which statement about friends is false? -They protect children as they venture into the world. -They rarely disagree or fight, especially in Western cultures. -They teach children how to relate to others. -They help insulate children from being bullied.

They rarely disagree or fight, especially in Western cultures.

Childhood obesity is defined as having:

a BMI at or above the 95th percentile

Humans have _____ compared to other species. -smaller frontal lobes -a larger medulla -a larger cerebral cortex -smaller parietal lobes

a larger cerebral cortex

To promote realistic self-esteem, one must enhance children's self-efficacy and encourage:

accurate self-perceptions

John has sympathy for his friend Tom who recently went through a divorce. This means that John feels:

bad for Tom, without feeling his intense distress

Which neurotransmitter has been implicated in ADHD?

dopamine

Working memory _____ during preschool and early elementary school. -expands dramatically -decreases dramatically -expands slightly -stays the same

expands dramatically

Children with _____ act on their immediate emotions and behave aggressively.

externalizing tendencies

Selective attention refers to a person's ability to

focus only on the relevant information

Selective attention refers to a person's ability to:

focus only on the relevant information

The brain region involved in higher reasoning is the:

frontal lobe

This is the area at the uppermost front of the brain.

frontal lobe

If a child is being bullied, the child's BEST defense is to:

have a strong sense of self-efficacy

Obesity rates among children: -have doubled in the last 5 years. -decreased steadily in the 1990s. -have remained stable over the past 20 years. -increased dramatically in the 1980s.

increased dramatically in the 1980s

Erikson viewed the main goal of middle childhood as:

industry

The Erikson stage during which children test their abilities, such as climbing high in a tree, is called:

industry versus inferiority

Synaptogenesis refers to the process of:

making billions of connections between neurons

Effective interventions to reduce bullying center on: -making bullying a socially unacceptable activity. -changing the parents of the bully. -getting bullied children to stand up for themselves. -changing how the bully feels about himself or herself.

making bullying a socially unacceptable activity.

Brandon is in the third grade. What stage of development is he in?

middle childhood

During _________ we learn that the key to success lies in industry, managing our impulses, and working for what we want.

middle childhood

Rationalizing moral or ethical lapses by invoking justifications, such as "He deserved that"

moral disengagement

_____ children are frequently named in the most-liked category and never appear in the disliked group. They also stand out as being really liked by everyone.

popular

Long-term weight problems can be detected as early as:

preschool

Hurtful behavior that one initiates in order to get something or reach a goal is called _____ aggression.

proactive

This type of aggression occurs in response to being hurt, threatened, or deprived.

reactive aggression

Shame, or the feeling of being personally humiliated, makes one want to:

withdraw from others

_____ develop(s) quickly in children in early childhood because the neurons in the visual and motor cortex are in their pruning phase.

walking

Peter is at the peak age for physical aggression. Peter is about age:

2 1/2

Deficits in executive functions are the main symptoms of:

ADHD

What percentage of children are subjected to chronic harassment?

10-20 percent

Exceptionally aggressive children (with externalizing disorders) who repeatedly bully and get victimized.

Bully-victims

A situation in which one or more children harass or target a specific child for systematic abuse.

Bullying

___________, the ability to manage and control our feelings, is crucial to having a successful life.

Emotion regulation

_______________--- the ability to think through our actions and manage our cognitions--- dramatically improve during middle childhood.

Executive functions

The ideal discipline style for socializing prosocial behavior, which involves getting a child who has behaved hurtfully to empathize with the pain he has caused the other person.

Induction

According to _____, we think logically for the first time during _____. Erikson; early childhood Erikson; adolescence and emerging adulthood Piaget; concrete operations Piaget; formal operations

Piaget; concrete operations

Which statement is true about popular children as they move into middle school? -Popular middle-school children are those who are most liked. -Popular middle-school children may not be well liked. -Popular middle-school children rarely fit gender stereotypes. -Popular middle-school children become well-adjusted adults.

Popular middle-school children may not be well liked.

Rhashan, a 3-year-old, is continually testing his abilities in the wider world. Josh, a second grader, is learning that he has to work for what he wants. Pick Erikson's psychosocial stages for each boy.

Rashan- initiative Josh- industry

Theorists who chart the development of how memory, concentration, and one's ability to plan one's actions are using -an information processing perspective. -operant conditioning. -classical conditioning. -a Piagetian perspective.

an information processing perspective.

Children who pick on others, get picked on, and then pick on others again are:

bull-victims

Ian goes to school and pulls the hair of a younger child. When Ian returns home, his brother's friends push Ian around and pretend they are going to punch him. The next day at school, Ian trips another child on the school bus. Ian's behavior appears to be that of a(n):

bully-victim

Which behavior works BEST to decrease bullying? bystanders who laugh at the bullying victims who report the bully to a teacher victims who fight back bystanders who confront the bully

bystanders who confront the bully

Why does self-esteem decline during elementary school?

children can realistically compare their abilities to their peers

James is 9 years old. Which stage of development is he currently in, according to Piaget?

concrete operations

This is aggressive behavior that is repeatedly carried out via electronic media and is potentially more harmful than traditional bullying.

cyberbullying

Characterized by excessive restlessness and distractibility, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is MOST commonly diagnosed among _____ with _____ being affected MOST often. -elementary schoolers; girls -preschoolers; girls -elementary schoolers; boys -preschoolers ; boys

elementary schoolers; boys

Which of these is likely a risk factor for ADHD? obesity poverty punitive parenting environmental toxins

environmental toxins

Five-year-old Brenda is often loud, rude, aggressive, and disruptive. She probably has _____ tendencies.

externalizing

Disruptive and aggressive behavior in children may indicate:

externalizing tendencies

Tyrell disregards his academic failures and blames others for his problems. Tyrell's teachers should:

gently provide accurate feedback about his failures

Feeling upset about having caused harm to a person or about having violated one's internal standard of behavior.

guilt

Nine-year-old Nanette realizes that she is not a scholar, but she is a star athlete, which is the life domain she really cares about. Nanette MOST likely has: high, moderate, low, or no self-esteem

high self-esteem

When do MOST people master learning strategies such as rehearsal and selective attention?

in elementary school

According to Erikson, preschoolers face the challenge of:

initiative versus guilt

Pruning in the frontal lobes starts _____ in other brain regions.

later than

Children with internalizing tendencies are more likely to develop:

learned helplessness

This is a state that develops when a person feels incapable of affecting the outcome of events and gives up without trying.

learned helplessness

People who feel sympathy rather than empathy for others are _____ likely to help those in need because _____. -less; sympathy is not a strong enough emotion -less; empathy permits one to really feel another's pain -more; sympathy prevents people from thinking about their own problems -more; empathy can cause anxiety and the desire to run away

more; empathy can cause anxiety and the desire to run away

When asked to explain why Josie is her best friend, Shareese answers, "Because she makes me laugh and is nice to me." These girls are MOST likely _____ children, because they describe their friendship in terms of _____qualities.

older; internal

the frontal lobes help people consider

options and inhibit immediate responses

According to Susan Harter, children base their self-esteem on all of the following factors EXCEPT: -scholastic competence. -behavioral conduct. -organizational abilities. -physical appearance.

organizational abilities

Mr. and Mrs. Franklin are taking their son to see a psychiatrist who helps children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The psychiatrist might consider all of the following interventions EXCEPT: -recommending the child be exposed to demanding timed tasks. -encouraging physical exercise. -recommending the child be exposed to white noise while studying. -using psycho-stimulant medications.

recommending the child be exposed to demanding timed tasks.

Since she does not have a pen, paper, or GPS in her car, Deedra memorizes her friend's phone directions by repeating the turns and street names in her mind over and over. Deedra is using a learning strategy called:

rehearsal

_____ children land in the disliked category often and never appear in the preferred list. They also stand out among their classmates in a negative way.

rejected

Eleven-year-old Sarah loves to tattle on her older sister. Last week, Sarah told her sister's boyfriend that her sister had kissed another boy. Sarah showed _____ aggression.

relational

_____ is the ability to observe one's abilities and actions from an outside frame of reference and to reflect on one's inner state.

self-awareness

_____ is evaluating oneself as either good or bad as a result of comparing the self to other people.

self-esteem

A feeling of being personally humiliated is known as:

shame

Tamika felt humiliated when her teacher yelled at her in front of the class. Jebron felt terrible about insulting his younger brother. Tamika experienced _____, while Jebron felt _____.

shame; guilt

The frontal lobes develop _____ (slowly/quickly)

slowly

The cerebral cortex takes until _____ to physiologically mature.

the twenties

Who is the typical bullying target?

unpopular children

Basira runs into her old friend Gina from high school. Gina wants to give Basira her phone number but neither woman has a pen. Basira memorizes the number and calls Gina that evening. This means that Basira transferred the phone number from her _____ to more permanent memory storage.

working memory

When asked why Jorge likes his friend Victor, he replies, "Because we both love playing with swords." These boys are probably _____ children because they describe their friendships in terms of _____ qualities.

younger; external