Human Development Test Questions (Chapter 12)

Which of the following statements about the factors related to depression is true?

Genes can induce depression by affecting the balance of neurotransmitters in the brain

Adolescents in moratorium resemble identity-achieved individuals in using a(n) ________________ cognitive style when making personal decisions and solving problems.

active, information-gathering

Which of the following statements about adolescent friendships is true?

close friendships provide a foundation for future intimate relationships

Mr.Dunn is concerned about his 17-year-old daughter, who has been exchanging text messages with one particular boy. You should tell him that

close romantic ties promote sensitivity, empathy, self-esteem, social support, and identity development

Which of the following is characteristic of late-onset delinquency?

conduct problems arising from the peer context of early adolescence

Which of the following is linked to a variety of positive outcomes, such as prevention of delinquency, reduction in sexual activity, improved school performance, and positive psychological being?

consistent parental monitoring of daily activities, through a cooperative relationship in which the adolescent willingly discloses information

Sixteen-year-old Max has been introspective lately. He has been wondering who he really is, thinking about his values, and pondering the direction he will pursue in the future. Max is

constructing his identity

Once formed, identity

continues to be refined in adulthood as people reevaluate earlier commitments and choices

Thirteen-year-old Sarah describes herself as "shy" and "outgoing". She also says she is a "smart airhead". These disparities probably result from the expansion of Sarah's social world, which

creates pressure to display different selves in different relationships

An improved ability to reason about social relationships leads teenagers to

deidealize their parents

Ken, age 14, has trouble concentrating, sleeps excessively, eats little, and has low energy. These might be symptoms of

depression

The most common psychological problem of adolescence is

depression

Jacob has begun to question his parents' political beliefs and has attended several rallies to find out about alternatives. He is characterized by identity

moratorium

Both identity __________ and __________ are psychologically healthy routes to mature self-definition.

moratorium; achievement

The reduced time that Western teenagers spend with their parents most likely results from

the large amount of unstructured time available to teenagers

Throughout adolescence, __________ is the single most consistent predictor of mental health.

the quality of the parent-child relationship

Which of the following statements about adolescent depression is true?

the stereotypical view of adolescence as a period of storm and stress leads many adults to minimize the seriousness of adolescent depression

Teenage girls are ______ as likely as boys to report persistent depressed mood.

twice

At Kohlberg's Stage 2 of moral development, children

view right action as flowing from self-interest and understand reciprocity as equal exchange of favors

___________ is a powerful predictor of movement to Kohlberg's Stage 4 or higher

years of schooling

Individuals at Kohlbergs _______________ level move beyond unquestioning support for their own societys rules and laws

postconventional

At Kohlberg's ______ level, morality is externally controlled

preconventional

_________ is the preferred means of electronic interaction between teenage friends

texting

Among U.S. teens, __________ percent have had one or more major depressive episode.

15 to 20

Among college-educated young adults, Kohlberg's Stage _____ reasoning is the typical response.

4

Which of the following statements about the influence of schooling on moral reasoning is true?

College students who report more perspective-taking opportunities tend to be advanced in moral reasoning

Frank and Derol are both college students. Derol is functioning at a higher moral reasoning level than Frank. Which of the following statements is the most likely to be true?

Derol is more likely than Frank to defend victims of injustice

Which of the following statements about adolescent suicide is true?

Gay, lesbian, and bisexual youths are at a high risk for suicide

Which of the following statements about sex differences in adolescent depression is true?

In developing countries, rates of depression are similar for males and females

Which of the following, teenagers is at the highest risk for suicide?

Lou, a Native American boy

Which of the following statements about dating is true?

Secure attachment to parents in infancy and childhood, together with recollections of that security in adolescence, predicts quality of teenagers' romantic ties

__________ rises over the adolescent years

Self-disclosure between friends

Gilles finds it difficult to consider two points of view when presented with the Heinz dilemma. Instead, he focuses on fear of authority as a reason for behaving morally. Gilles is at which of Kohlbergs stages of moral development?

Stage 1: The punishment and obedience orientation

In response to the Heinz dilemma, Marlee says, No one will think you are bad if you steal the drug, but your family will think you are an inhumane husband if you dont. If you let your wife die, youll never be able to look anyone in the face again. Marlee is at which of Kohlbergs stages of moral development?

Stage 3: The " good-boy-good-girl" orientation

In response to the Heinz dilemma, Dolph states, Even if his wife is dying, it is still Heinzs duty as a citizen to obey the law. If everyone started breaking the law, there would be no civilization. Dolph is at which of Kohlbergs stages of moral development?

Stage 4: The social-order-maintaining orientation

In response to the Heinz dilemma, Ruby explains, It doesnt make sense to put respect for property above respect for life itself. Respect for human life is absolute. Ruby is at which of Kohlbergs stages of moral development?

Stage 6: The universal ethical principle orientation

High school seniors Geoff and Joy have been dating steadily for eight months. This is the first romance for each of them. How many relationships like theirs survive high school graduation?

about 50 percent

Roni is an adolescent from an immigrant family. He is committed to obeying his parents and fulfilling family obligations, while also fitting in with his peers in school. As a result, Roni may experience

acculturative stress

Laurent plans to major in engineering in college. When asked if he might change his career path, he responds, "I might, but I doubt it. I've spent a lot of time studying my options. I'm pretty sure engineering is right for me." Laurent is demonstrating identity

achievement

Travis and Chase, both age 13, are best friends. Their discussions probably focus on

achievements in school

According to Erikson, teenagers in complex societies experience

an identity crisis

Teenage boys who are __________ are just as likely as girls to form intimate same-sex ties.

androgynous

Identity-diffused individuals

are apathetic, lacking both exploration and commitment.

Which of the following contributes to the sharp rise in suicide from childhood to adolescence?

belief in the personal fable

Which of the following statements about bicultural identity is true?

biculturally identified adolescents tend to have especially favorable relations with members of other ethnic groups

As interest in dating increases

boys' and girls' cliques come together

Schools can foster students' opportunities to experience and explore moral emotions, thoughts, and actions through

civic engagement

When asked about her political beliefs, Blair responds, "Oh, I don't know. It doesn't make much difference to me." Blair is demonstrating identity

diffusion

Which of the following statements about persistent adolescent delinquency is true?

early-onset youths seem to inherit traits that predispose them to aggressiveness

Current theorists agree that for most young people, identity development is not traumatic and disturbing but, rather, a process of __________ followed by ___________.

exploration; commitment

Jesses is an adolescent who is identity-foreclosed. As such, he will tend to

fear rejection by people on whom he depends for affection and self-esteem

Adolescents who _______ tend to be in a state of moratorium or identity achievement

feel attached to their parents but also free to voice their own opinions

Although Kohlberg proposes six stages of moral development,

few people move beyond Stage 4

Shelby accepts her family's religious beliefs without question. She is characterized by identity

foreclosure

Identity-foreclosed individuals

have committed themselves to values and goals without exploring alternatives.

According to Erikson, the major personality achievement of adolescence is development of

identity

Adolescents who assume that absolute truth is always attainable tend to be

identity-foreclosed

At Kohlberg's conventional level,

individuals believe that actively maintaining the current social system ensures positive relationships and societal order.

Mild family conflict

informs parents of the changing needs and expectations of their children, signaling that adjustments in the parent child relationship are necessary.

Early dating

is related to drug use, delinquency, and poor academic achievement.

_________ individuals are the least mature in identity development

long-term diffused

Matthew, age 14, is likely to report that the most important characteristic of friendship is

psychological closeness

At Kohlberg's Stage 5 of moral development, individuals

regard laws and rules as flexible instruments for furthering human purposes

Which of the following is a strategy for helping minority adolescents resolve identity conflicts constructively?

respecting native languages and unique learning styles in school

Both police arrests and self-reports show that delinquency

rises over early and middle adolescence and then declines

According to Erikson, if the psychological conflict of adolescence is resolved negatively, a young person experiences

role confusion

Changes in _____ and ______ set the stage for developing a unified personal identity.

self-concept; self-esteem