Human Factors Test 2 Review

List each level of Situation Awareness: Level 1 ( ) Level 2 ( ) Level 3 ( )

Level 1 (Perception) Level 2 (Comprehension) Level 3 (Projection)

Phycologists propose that (b) is usually better than (a) because text is integrated with the associated part of the picture. which theory or principle supports this tendency? (You can write down either one.)

Cognitive load theory

By definition, higher level situation awareness can be achieved without lower level situation awareness. (True or False)

False

Internal data limit is related to the Ceiling Effect. (True or False)

False

Listening to music while reading a book is better time-shared compared to listening to an audio book while reading another book because of "modality" aspects according to Multiple Resources Theory. (True or False)

False

For older driver, useful field of view (UFOV) decreases as they get older. (True or False)

True

Information redundancy occurs when events are not equally probable or have sequential constraints. (True or False)

True

Using Alpha, Bravo, Charlie for a, b, and c in voice communications sacrifices economy for the sake of security. (True or False)

True

Fill in the blanks with a phycological (min) terminology that is a counterpart of physical (world) terminology in vision. Wavelength vs. ( ) Intensity vs. ( )

Wavelength vs. (Color) Intensity vs. (Light/brightness)

13. Which part of the eye provides nutrients to the eye? a. Choroid b. Cornea c. Aqueous humor d. Fovea e. Sclera

a. Choroid

18. Which is NOT a correct statement regarding problems of Multiple Resources Theory? a. There is no central mechanism to allocate attentional resources. b. Multiple resources theory adds artificial dichotomies. c. The dimensions are not completely orthogonal with each other. d. Empirical studies show that performance for dual tasks was poorer when performed together than when performed alone. e. Overt and hemodynamic behaviors show that the pattern of activation for both areas in dual tasks was as high as the activation in the single task.

e. Overt and hemodynamic behaviors show that the pattern of activation for both areas in dual tasks was as high as the activation in the single task.

24. Which is NOT a correct statement regarding Information Theory? a. When event probabilities are unequal, H_ave increases. b. In Information Theory, "information" is defined as reduction of uncertainty. c. Information Theory assumes that human being is an information channel. d. In English, there is 68% of redundancy. This means that many of the letters are not necessary for comprehension. e. Information dispersion is the sum of information loss, information transmitted by operator, and noise.

a. When event probabilities are unequal, H_ave increases.

17. Which is a correct statement about language and communications? a. Zipf's law describes that frequent words are long, and rare words tend to be shorter. b. Typefaces can be classified based on their shape and proportion. c. Lower case is better for isolated words and uppercase is better for sentences. d. Contracted abbreviations are usually better than truncated ones. e. When the length of the message is inversely proportional to the information content. it is more efficient/economic.

b. Typefaces can be classified based on their shape and proportion.

16. Which of the followings best describes icon and object recognition? a. According to Potter & Faulconer (1975), simple pictures of objects are always understood faster than words. b. Icons are discriminable based on fine detailed features, not the global shape. c. In interpretation of icons, there are two separate questions: "What are depicted objects on the symbol?" and "What does that depiction mean?" d. Adding verbal labels to icons will decrease redundancy, but the display could be more cluttered. e. If the object is context-appropriate, the performance rapidly declines with increased visual angle from fixation.

c. In interpretation of icons, there are two separate questions: "What are depicted objects on the symbol?" and "What does that depiction mean?"

23. Which is a correct statement regarding the long-term memory? a. The process of storing information in the long-term memory is called "training". b. Episodic memory belongs to semantic memory. c. Riding a bicycle is a type of implicit/procedural memory. d. Flashbulb memory is a type of declarative memory. e. The Ebbinghaus forgetting curve gradually declines initially, but rapidly declines after two days.

c. Riding a bicycle is a type of implicit/procedural memory.

What is the brain area to integrate the sensory information? ( )

Thalamus

When retrieving information from the long-term memory, if the question had options, it is ( ), and if the question is open-ended, it is ( ).

(recognition) (recall)

We have two receptors in our retina. ( ) are more relevant to our peripheral vision and where information. ( ) are more relevant to our focal vision and what information.

(Cones) are more relevant to our peripheral vision and where information. (Rods) are more relevant to our focal vision and what information.

Fill in the blanks with a name of the subsystems of Baddeley's working memory model. a. Spatial and visual information-storage system ( ) b. Links information across domains to form integrated units of information ( ) c. Verbal rehearsal and storage system ( ) d. The attentional control/allocation system with no storage ( )

Spatial and visual information-storage system (Visuo-spatial sketchpad) Links information across domains to form integrated units of information (Episodic buffer) Verbal rehearsal and storage system (Phonological loop) The attentional control/allocation system with no storage (Central-executive)

8. Which is NOT a correct statement about Signal Detection Theory (SDT)? a. SDT assumes that the same stimulus may not be detected from one trial to another. b. When a miss means the death of a person or a false alarm costs a company a ton of money, the ideal observer's threshold would be the best. c. Large d' means the observer is more sensitive. d. When C is negative (i.e., actual observer's threshold is smaller than ideal observer), there would be fewer misses and more false alarms. e. SDT is typically used when categorizing ambiguous stimuli such as detecting the enemy on the radar monitoring system.

b. When a miss means the death of a person or a false alarm costs a company a ton of money, the ideal observer's threshold would be the best.

9. Which of the followings does NOT have the same meaning? a. Divided attention b. Concurrent processing c. Distributed cognition d. Time-sharing e. All of the above have the same meaning

c. Distributed cognition

22. Which is NOT a correct statement regarding constructs relevant to the long-term memory? a. Long-term memory is composed of semantic networks. b. When designers' conceptual model matches well with users mental model, it is a good design. c. Schemas refer to a typical sequence of activities, e.g., the procedure in a restaurant. d. Mental models refer to a set of users' expectancies about how the system will work. e. Cognitive maps are mental representations of spatial information.

c. Schemas refer to a typical sequence of activities, e.g., the procedure in a restaurant.

15. Which of the followings best describes attention and multiple resources in Human Factors? a. Trying to juggle two tasks at once is more efficient than finishing one task before starting another. b. In Bottleneck Theory, the information to be attended is selected after the working memory process. c. There are separate limited resources for perception and response. d. Imagery/visualization in our brain is an example of sensation without perception. e. Text processing is considered verbal code and auditory modality.

c. There are separate limited resources for perception and response.

20. Which is NOT a correct statement about comprehension? a. Avoiding pronouns is one of the principles for better comprehension. b. Providing pictures or thematic titles of the overall activity before the verbal presentation is good. c. Under high stress and time pressure, status display is usually better than command display. d. If congruency is not met, the true statement is not necessarily faster than the false. e. "Do A, then do B" is better than "Prior to B, do A" because the former requires less cognitive load in working memory.

c. Under high stress and time pressure, status display is usually better than command display.

14. Which is NOT a correct statement about psychophysics? a. Weber's Law describes that the size of the detectable difference (DI) is a constant proportion (K) of the level of the stimulus (I). b. Fechner's Law describes that magnitude of subjective sensation (S) increases proportionally (K) to the logarithm of stimulus intensity (I). c. Just as with the absolute threshold, the difference threshold is defined by the point at which the change in stimulus can be detected 50% of the time. d. In Weber's Law, constant ratios describe our ability to detect change fairly well at extreme levels. e. Stevens' Power Law describes sensation (S) is related to the stimulus intensity (I) by an exponent (b).

d. In Weber's Law, constant ratios describe our ability to detect change fairly well at extreme levels.

7. Which is NOT a correct statement about psychophysical measures? a. Titchener used deep introspection, which means he studied himself as a participant. b. Participants can develop expectation and habituation in Method of Limits. c. Method of Constant Stimuli uses the random presentation order to avoid expectation. d. Methods of Adjustment can obtain the least variable and the most accurate data. e. In Magnitude Estimation participant assigns values according to perceived magnitudes of the stimuli.

d. Methods of Adjustment can obtain the least variable and the most accurate data.

21. Which is NOT a depth cue from the human visual system? a. Accommodation of lens b. Convergence c. Binocular disparity d. Motion parallax e. All of the above belong to depth cues from our visual system

d. Motion parallax

11. Figure I above depicts Tachistoscopic Word Recognition Demo results. The words refer to the prior content provided. Which of the followings is NOT a correct statement? a. The more prior words given, the higher percent correct achieved. b. The longer duration given, the higher percent correct achieved. c. The slope of the line for 8 words changes from steep to gradual as the flash duration increases. d. When redundancy is high, the quality of stimulus is more important than when redundancy is low. e. This graph shows the relationship between top-down processing and bottom-up processing.

d. When redundancy is high, the quality of stimulus is more important than when redundancy is low.

10. Which is NOT a correct statement about Performance Resource Function? a. Easy tasks demand less resources than hard tasks for the same level of performance. b. Easy tasks can achieve higher performance than hard tasks with the same level of resources. c. When adding more resources to a task does not improve performance, it is data limited. d. If two tasks demand more resources than available, as long as performance is resource-limited, an increase in performance in one task will lead to a drop in performance in the other task. e. Trying to understand an unfamiliar language is an example of external data limit.

e. Trying to understand an unfamiliar language is an example of external data limit.

19. Which is NOT a correct statement about working memory? a. It is a conceptual analogy of the working station in our office. b. In our working memory, the information is easily accessible and temporarily stored. c. To transmit the information to long-term memory, people do verbal rehearsal. d. In general, people can manipulate 2-3 bits of information in working memory. e. When exploiting chunking, numbers have superiority over letters.

e. When exploiting chunking, numbers have superiority over letters.

12. Which is a correct statement regarding visual perception? a. Illuminance is reflected light, which we typically see. b. Greater pupil dilation is associated with decreased processing demands in a task. c. Humans have more cones than rods in retina. d. All of protanopes, deuteranopes, and tritanope confuse red & green. e. When exposed to light, rhodopsin in rods is broken or bleached.

e. When exposed to light, rhodopsin in rods is broken or bleached.