human genome final (old test)

genes that encode proteins that are the direct target of a pharmaceutical drug are termed _______ genes

phrarmodynamic

sometimes when we perform genetic testing, we find a gene mutation that were not intentionally looking for. These results are called: (a) incidental finding (b) platforms (c) risk profiling (d) false positives (e) cofounding factors

(a) incidental findings

which of the following statements is true about nuclear DNA? (a) human chromosomes all contain the same relative amount of heterochromatin (b) large genes typically contain large introns and are transcribed slowly (c) protein-coding genes are evenly distributed along the chromosomes (d) the X chromosome is rich in heterochromatin (e) only protein-coding regions of the DNA are evolutionarily conserved

(b) large genes typically contain large introns and are transcribed slowly

genes that are a part of gene families : (a) are always located together on the same chromosome (b) may contain common amino acid motifs that confer limited functions such as protein interaction or DNA bonding (c) can rapidly evolve to produce pseudogenes (d) have a high degree of sequence divergence if they arose from a recent duplication (d) have a higher degree of sequence divergence if they arose from a recent duplication (e) all proteins in a gene family will have a similar function

(b) may contain common amino acid motifs that confer limited functions such as protein interaction or DNA bonding

miRNAs: (a) vary substantially in length (b) are created when the cell is infected (c) can base pair imperfectly with the mRNA they regulate (d) are highly specific, and target only one gene (e) bond to promoter of genes to prevent transcription of the gene

(c) can base pair imperfectly with the mRNA they regulate

when studying cancer mutations, scientists may want to visualize where a specific nucleic acid is located in the cell or on a chromosome. this technique is called (a) microarray (b) exome sequencing (c) fluorescent in situ hybridization (d) karyotyping (e) GWAS

(c) fluorescent in situ hybridization

which of the following is true of cancer cells? (a) most mutations in cancer cells confer a growth advantage (b) only mutations that occur in protein-coding regions are associated with cancer (c) most cancer cells contain only 1-2 mutations (d) most cancers contain multiple cell populations as a result of sequential expansions (e) targeted therapy for cancer results in the complete elimination of all caner cells

(d) most cancers contain multiple cell populations as a result of sequential expansion

all of the following are difference between nuclear and mitochondrial genomes EXCEPT: (a) multigenic transcripts are common in mitochondrial DNA but rare in nuclear DNA (b) nuclear DNA is compacted by histones but mitochondrial DNA is not (c) nuclear DNA is inherited from both parents but mitochondrial DNA is inherited from the mother only (d) nuclear DNA encodes genes on both DNA strands while mitochondrial DNA encodes genes on the Heavy (H) strand only (e) both strands of nuclear DNA are replicated at the same time while mitochondrial DNA strands are replicated at different times

(d) nuclear DNA encodes genes on both DNA strands while mitochondrial DNA encodes genes on the Heavy

which of the following is NOT true about the human genome project (HGP)? (a) genomic DNA was cloned to create a library with a high level of redundancy (b) the HGP used next-generation sequencing technology (c) the HGP sequenced the genomes of several model organisms, such as yeast and mouse (d) when the draft human genome was announced as completed, each nucleotide in the genome has been sequenced many times (20-30X) (e) the project was the first to perform large-scale analysis in a comprehensive and unbiased fashion

(d) when the draft human genome was announced as completed, each nucleotide in the genome has been sequenced many times

In Illumina next-generation sequencing: (a) multiple images are collected over time (b) nucleotides are synthesized and read one at a time (c) DNA is amplified and synthesized on the surface of a glass slide (flow cell) (d) clusters of DNA, all containing the same region of DNA, are sequenced (e) all of the above

(e) all of the above

which is true of the mutation present in cancer cells ? (a) they occur during development and replenishment of body tissues (b) the number of mutations can be increased by exogenous exposures (c) they occur randomly throughout the genome (d) the number of mutations is proportional to the number of times the cell has been divided (e) all the above

(e) all the above

which of the following is true of an individual's microbiome remains relatively stable over time compared to the variation in the microbiome between individuals (a) individuals are born with a diverse set of microorganism that don't change over time (b) different individuals have microbiomes that are very similar to each other (c) the alpha diversity of the microbiome is highest in the skin compared to other body sites (d) the microbiome is similar at all sites in the human body (e) an individual's microbiome remains relatively similar over time compared to the variation between individuals

(e) an individual's microbiome remains relatively similar over time compared to the variation between individuals

mutations that confer a growth advantage are termed ______ mutations, while those mutations that may present in cancer cells but don't confer a growth advantage are termed _____ mutations.

Driver, passenger

the autonomous retrotranspon that is currently capable of moving to a new locations in human cells is called _____ element. It is capable of moving in trans a non-autonomous retrotranspon termed _____ element.

LINE, SINE

the diversity of microorganisms between sites is termed _____ diversity, while the diversity at one site is termed _____ diversity.

beta, alpha

genomic loci that are associated with statistical significant changes to the expression level of a gene are termed ______.

eQTLs

instead of spending the money to sequence an entire genome, we can sequence only the protein coding regions of the genome, a process called _____ sequencing

exome

a _____ is a gorup of people who share a DNA sequence because their ancestory originated from the same maternal or paternal line

haplogroup

_____ is the proportion of variance in a trait that can be explained by genetic variance

heritability

when sequencing a genome, the _____ step is where you identify the relationship between genes on the chromosome (the position on the chromosome in base pairs).

mapping

cancer cells that acquire genetic changes at an elevated rate are termed to have a _____ phenotype

mutator

_____ analysis is used to identify common functions in a list of genes or gene variants

network

disease-causing microbes often contain unique genes that are responsible for their virulence; these genes are grouped together in the genome as _______ ________.

pathogenicity islands

by plotting the diversity of species (OTUs) against the number of sequences samples, we can creates _________ _________, which will indicate whether or not metagenomics sample has been adequately sequenced

rarefaction curves

chromatin _____ refers to the process that alters the distance between histones, allowing more or less access to the DNA sequence

remodeling

annotation of a genome belongs to the division fo _____ genomics

structural

an individuals genetic variants may affect their drug response in which of the following ways?

whether the drug us effective or not and whether the drug causes side effects or not