Human Geo
Many companies moved their operations from New England and the Midwest to locations in the South because A the South had less expensive site factors than northern regions B southern regions had better access to deep water ports C the South had more advantageous relative locations D the southerly climate was an environmental push factor E southern culture was a social pull factor
A
Often a manufacturing company will attempt to merge with another company that possesses forward or backward links in the supply or production process. Which of the following terms best describes this type of strategy? A Vertical integration B Transnational corporation C Privatization D Agglomeration E Economies of scale
A
The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals do not mention population growth, but most of the goals will affect population growth. Which of the following statements correctly explains a link between the Sustainable Development Goals and population growth? A Reducing infant mortality rates can lead to a desire to have a smaller family. B Reducing poverty and hunger increases population growth as it makes larger families possible. C Gender equality and empowering women leads to fewer women in the paid labor force. D Combating communicable diseases and improving maternal health means more potential mothers survive and have additional children. E Economic development strategies make it possible to support larger families.
A
The country of Costa Rica has protected 25 percent of its land in the form of national parks or other protected areas. Which of the following best explains the desired effect of Costa Rica's process of land preservation? A Costa Rica's national parks and preserved areas are intended to promote international ecotourism and support the country's sustainable local economic development. B Costa Rica's national parks and preserved areas are designed to attract multinational corporations, providing Costa Rica with economic sustainability. C Costa Rica preserved these areas to meet the requirements to join the Central American Common Market, which funds environmental sustainability initiatives in member countries. D Costa Rica preserved these areas to establish special economic zones for the exportation of manufactured products to the United States. E Costa Rica is predominately an agricultural nation and preserved these areas for the future expansion of global agricultural commodity chains.
A
The maquiladoras of northern Mexico are A manufacturing outsourcing plants B illegal migrant-labor camps C border squatter settlements D organic agricultural cooperatives E commercial produce farms
A
The state of Florida earns greater revenues from the export of oranges than does the state of Georgia. This can be attributed to which of the following? A Florida has a comparative advantage as a producer of oranges. B Georgia has a comparative advantage as a producer of oranges. C Florida's economy is primarily based on agricultural production. D Georgia's economy is focused on tourism and manufacturing. E Unlike Florida, Georgia has no coastal port facilities.
A
Which of the following best explains the importance of climate to agricultural practices? A Midlatitude climates tend to support similar agricultural crops and practices, such as wheat farming in the United States and China. B Agricultural crops are successful only in midlatitude climates, where any crop can be grown. C Tropical climates support plant-based agriculture, but animal-based agriculture is not successful in tropical areas. D The sparse vegetation in arid or semiarid climates does not support animal-based agriculture. E Cold midlatitude climates are associated with plantation agriculture and pastoral nomadism.
A
Which of the following best explains the potential impact of rising global temperatures on agricultural regions? A The wheat belt will shift northward. B Mediterranean agriculture will expand southward. C Polar regions will dry out, making cultivation impossible. D Nomadic herding will end as conditions become too harsh. E Centers of market gardening will shift to the Arctic Circle.
A
Which of the following concepts explains the decision to relocate market-oriented factories in the United States from the Midwest and Northeast to locations in the southern United States or Mexico? A Comparative advantage, because products can be made more efficiently in the southern United States and Mexico. Operating costs and wages are lower, and the manufactured products are easily transported to major United States markets. B Growth poles, because governments in southern United States cities and Mexico strive to stimulate economic development by providing a guaranteed market for all products manufactured at these locations. C Just-in-time delivery, because the United States population is shifting to the south and west, and the Mexican population is growing. It is critical to produce goods closer to the consumer base to reduce shipping times. D Complementarity, because the regional economy of the midwestern and northeastern United States is shifting to the service sector. There is little interest in maintaining manufacturing at these locations. E Post-Fordist production, because traditional midwestern and northeastern manufacturing centers in the United States are unable to keep up with the technological changes of modern industry.
A
Which of the following has fostered the most significant economic growth by eliminating import tariffs between member states? A European Union (EU) B Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) C North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) D Association of Caribbean States (ACS) E United Nations (UN)
A
Which of the following sectors of the economy has grown the fastest in the United States since the mid-1970s? A Service B Agriculture C Retail D Manufacturing E Military
A
Break-of-bulk point
A location where large shipments of goods are broken up into smaller containers for delivery to local markets.
Gender Inequality Index (GII)
A measure of the extent of each country's gender inequality Indicators are reproductive health, empowerment, labor market participation of women. GII scores 0-1.
Modernization Model
A model of economic development most closely associated with the work of economist Walter Rostow. The modernization model (sometimes referred to as modernization theory) maintains that all countries go through five interrelated stages of development, which culminate in an economic state of self-sustained economic growth and high levels of mass consumption.
Core-Periphery Model
A model of the spatial structure of development in which underdeveloped countries are defined by their dependence on a developed core region.
A clustering of doctor's offices and pharmacies near hospitals is BEST explained by the benefits of A decentralization B agglomeration C intervening opportunity D balkanization E enfranchisement
B
Dependency Model
*Countries do not exist in isolation but are part of an intertwined world system in which all countries are dependent on each other
Debt-for-nature swaps are financial transactions in which a portion of a developing country's foreign debt is forgiven in exchange for local investments in environmental conservation measures. Which of the following explains the significance of debt-for-nature programs? A The programs utilize a dependency theory-based approach to improve local economic development. B The programs provide a sustainable-development approach to reducing uneven levels of development between countries. C The programs combat the economic decline of deindustrialization and improve service and technology development. D The programs provide improvements in environmental health and sanitation that reduce mortality and epidemic disease rates. E The programs invest in environmental education that informs youth populations about preserving economic resources for future use.
B
Economic complementarities between two places tend to A reflect only differences in resource base B occur when each place specializes in commodities demanded by the other C occur when the places specialize in the same commodities D reflect the minimization of distance E reflect the maximization of scale
B
It is generally agreed that the current trend in climate change is caused by A sea-level rise B increased use of fossil fuels C reduction in biodiversity D tilt of Earth's axis E changes in the velocity of ocean currents
B
Outsourced industrial production in less-developed countries often relies on female labor because A men are engaged mainly in agriculture B wage rates for women are much lower than for men C women are more skilled at operating machinery than men are D social taboos prevent women from working in the service sector E women are not protected by international labor laws
B
Which of the following best describes Alfred Weber's analysis of location decisions? A It seeks to evaluate the impact of a single factor of production on location. B It seeks to minimize costs among multiple inputs of production. C It is applicable only in postindustrial economies with predictable spatial patterns. D It depends on the availability of a single node, link, and input of production. E It is applicable only in industrial economies with predictable spatial patterns.
B
Which of the following best describes the roles of women in the rural, agricultural economies of sub-Saharan Africa? A Salaried workers in large-scale commercial agriculture B Nonwage workers on small, family-run farms C Hourly workers in seasonal migratory farm work D Landowners of export-oriented farms E Drivers and operators of agricultural equipment
B
Which of the following can be categorized as a primary activity? A Engineering B Coal mining C Teaching D Car manufacturing E Politics
B
Free-trade zones such as the countries of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) are established to increase the ease and volume of international trade by A increasing diplomatic relations between member states B opening borders to migrant guest workers from member states C establishing a common monetary unit among member states D offering large economic-development loans to poorer member states E eliminating tariffs on goods that cross borders between member states
A
Which of the following has contributed most to the deindustrialization of regions like the English Midlands and the North American Manufacturing Belt? A The increased percentage of women in the labor force B Competition from foreign imports C Environmental legislation D The formation of free trade associations E The decline of labor unions
B
Which of the following statements explains a weakness in Rostow's stages of economic growth model? A The model is based on the principle of initial advantage that highlights the importance of an early start in economic development for all countries in the world. B The model is based on successive stages that countries must pass through independently until they reach high mass consumption without taking into account that countries are interdependent. C The model is based on the permanent classification of countries into the core, semiperiphery, and periphery, and countries are unable to move up or down from one category to another. D The classification for a country pertains to the entire country with no condition for variation in the level of development within a country. E The model is based on the premise that development in one place requires underdevelopment in another place.
B
Which of the following variables has an inverse or negative relationship with the level of economic development of a country? A Literacy rate B Birth rate C Percent of labor force in tertiary sector of economy D Life expectancy E Percent of urban population
B
Which statement explains one way in which the transformation of India's economy contradicts Wallerstein's world system theory? A As a British colony, India functioned as a peripheral region supplying resources to benefit the core. B Using a development strategy to avoid economic dependency, India has been able to develop its own industries and participate fully in the global economy. C The outsourcing of high-tech jobs with high wages to India by U.S. companies is not economic exploitation because the jobs are high paying. D India's ethnically, linguistically, and religiously diverse populations serve as centrifugal forces, preventing India from participating in the global economy. E India's emphasis on nonalignment with and isolation from the Heartland has limited the country's role in supranational organizations and international decision-making.
B
Women played a crucial role in the domestication of plants because they A were interested in varying the diets of their families B were engaged in collecting plant resources C were agile climbers on the hillsides of the Fertile Crescent D knew how to achieve control over their environment E traveled long distances from their home base
B
Stages of Economic Growth Model
By WW Rostow: stage 1: traditional society - (periphery country) limited technology, not advanced. limited socio-economic mobility, depends on primary sector. eg. English colonies 2 pre-condition for take off - (periphery) Better infrastructure, exporting goods, improve farming and begin to switch from subsistence to commercial farming. eg. US in 19th century 3take off - (semi-periphery) Starts industrialization, urbanization, begins self-sustaining growth. eg. US in mid 19th century. 4 drive to maturity - (core country) Creates new industries, improve energy and transportation, economic growth eg US late 19th century 5 high mass consumption (core) spends money on non-essential goods, supports strong tertiary sectors. eg US 1920-present
Core-periphery models are generally based on the idea that A all world regions are equally well developed B levels of social and economic development are fairly uniform between core areas and peripheral areas C sharp spatial contrasts in social and economic development exist between economic heartlands and outlying subordinate areas D the growth and prosperity of core countries has not been achieved at the expense of peripheral countries E the economic and social heart of a territory should be at its geographic center
C
Quaternary economic activities are those that A extract natural resources from the environment B transform raw materials into finished products C involve the collection, processing, and manipulation of information D involve the exchange of goods and the provision of services E involve the production of fresh produce for urban markets
C
The popularity of which of the following is an example of the trend toward ecotourism? A Time-share condominiums on the coast of Spain B Ski resorts in Chile C National parks in Costa Rica D Recreational canals in Florida E Artificial lakes in Texas
C
Which of the following best explains a trading relationship between two countries based on comparative advantage? A One country exports raw materials and the other country exports manufactured goods, resulting in a global economic balance. B One country implements tariffs on goods that are imported from another country because the importing country will benefit from profits on the sale of the goods. C Each country specializes in the type of good for which it has the lowest opportunity cost, resulting in a higher global output of both types of goods. D Two countries trade in luxury items, but the volume of trade is limited by the highest cost of long-distance trade. E Each country exports the same type of good because the countries are similar in terms of natural resources and labor costs.
C
Which of the following best explains the degree to which the Human Development Index (HDI) accurately calculates a country's level of economic development? A The HDI is a simplified means of comparing gross national income per capita in an indexed score that is on a 0 to 1.0 scale. B The HDI is a simplified means of combining life expectancy and education levels in an indexed score that is on a 0 to 1.0 scale. C Although the HDI factors in gross national income per capita, it also calculates indicators for health care and education to estimate the social aspects of development. D Although the HDI factors in gross national income per capita, it also calculates the impact of exports and imports on the domestic economy. E The HDI is a simplified means of ranking countries into distinct levels of development based on the total size of a country's national economy. Answer C Correct. The HDI combines life expectancy and years of schooling as indicators of health care and education with gross national income per capita to produce an indexed score.
C
Which of the following industries will most likely locate closest to its raw material sources? A Soft-drink bottling B Brewing C Nickel smelting D Baking E Automobile assembly
C
Human Development Index (HDI)
Indicator of level of development for each country, constructed by United Nations, combining income, literacy, education, and life expectancy low HDI in developing countries medium in newly industrialized high in post industrial countries
All of the following statements about worldwide patterns of development are correct EXCEPT: A Per capita income in the United States is higher than in China. B The gap in per capita income between rich and poor countries has increased over time. C On average, population growth is higher in peripheral countries than in core nations. D The largest concentration of the least-developed countries in the world today is in Latin America. E Several Asian countries, so-called Asian Tigers, made enormous strides in per capita income and levels of development in the past 30 years.
D
As a less developed country's economy evolves, the size of the primary sector, the size of the secondary sector, and the size of the tertiary sectors fluctuate. Which of the following statements best describes the highest level of job-opportunity change as countries shift from the periphery to the semiperiphery level of development? A Primary sector employment increases as the country's domestic demand for food and energy increases. B Primary sector employment increases as the country's economy becomes increasingly export oriented. C Tertiary sector employment grows more quickly than any other sector because of foreign direct investment. D Secondary sector employment increases as the demand for manufactured products increases. E Secondary and tertiary sector employment declines as factories and offices are increasingly automated.
D
Economic activities that involve the extraction of natural resources, such as lumbering, fishing, mining, and agriculture, are called A subsistence activities B organic activities C secondary economic activities D primary economic activities E tertiary economic activities
D
Rostow's modernization model is concerned with which of the following concepts? A Dependency B Structuralism C Core-periphery relations D Economic development E Neocolonialism
D
The classic model of industrial location theory suggests that the primary consideration in the location of an industrial site is which of the following? A The institutional structure of the firm B The cost to produce the product C The cost of raw materials D The cost of transportation E The location of the market
D
The high-tech firms of Silicon Valley in California are clustered together to take advantage of A cheap labor B economies of scale C access to markets D agglomeration effects E high-speed transportation
D
What would be the most profitable location for an ethanol manufacturing plant that converts corn into alcohol for use as an additive for gasoline? A Near a large university to facilitate recruitment of highly trained chemists B Near a break-of-bulk point for ease of transportation C Near a navigable river to reduce transportation costs to distant markets D Near a prime corn-producing area to minimize transportation costs of raw materials E Near a large metropolitan area to serve a major market
D
Which of the following correctly explains the placement of an agricultural product within von Thünen's agricultural land-use model? A Beef cattle are raised close to the market because meat spoils quickly. B Grain is grown close to the market because it is bulky to transport. C Firewood is harvested far from the market because the best agricultural land is closer to the market. D Tomatoes are grown closest to the market because they spoil quicker than beef or grain. E Beef cattle are raised close to the market because land is cheapest closer to the market.
D
NGO
Several programs enacted by governments and international non-profit agencies helped with gender equality and women getting jobs outside of the home
comparative advantage
The ability of a country to produce a good at a lower cost than another country can. Encourages trade
Which of the following explains a limitation of the three-tiered structure of Wallerstein's world systems theory? A The model does not provide for countries outside of the core to accomplish any of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. B The scale of the model does not pertain to individual countries but rather to regions in the global contexts of core, semiperiphery, and periphery. C Individual countries can score higher on certain indicators of development and lower on other indicators as they shift from the periphery to the core. D The model locks most countries into the development model of core, semiperiphery, and periphery with little opportunity for peripheral economies to advance into the wealthy core. E The three-tiered system of the model cannot be mapped; therefore, the model has no spatial application.
D
Which of the following is an advantage for Japanese corporations that locate their manufacturing plants in the United States? A Freedom from Japan's overprotected distribution networks B A wider variety of climate conditions in the United States C Less competition in the United States than in most other countries D Lower transportation costs and greater access to markets E The better educated labor force in the United States
D
Which of the following pairs of agricultural types occupies the largest percentage of the world's total land area? A Plantation agriculture and specialized horticulture B Cattle ranching and Mediterranean agriculture C Wheat farming and dairying D Shifting cultivation and nomadic herding E Intensive rice cultivation and subsistence farming
D
Which of the following explains a negative effect that can occur in countries that depend on ecotourism as a pathway to sustainable economic development? A A well-developed ecotourism industry can limit the amount of foreign currency entering a country's economy, reducing funds available for local infrastructure projects. B The development of an ecotourism industry can result in a decrease in the number of tourist visits to a country because of limitations on tourist visas. C Fees generated by ecotourists can contribute to income inequality in less developed countries. D The development of an ecotourism industry can reduce income opportunities for local workers by converting farms to parks. E The development of ecotourism can attract multinational tourism corporations that take their earnings out of the country while attracting tourists who impact the local environment.
E
Which of the following has brought significant numbers of foreign visitors and currency to Costa Rica, Ecuador, Nepal, and Belize? A Casino gambling B Vacation cruising C Offshore banking D Factory outlet shopping E Ecotourism
E
PPP - Purchasing Power Parity.
Evens exchange rates between currencies. Compares goods to other countries' goods.
Immanuel Wallerstein
Geographer and dependency theorist who explained economic development in 1974 using a model of capitalist world economy. (Core-Periphery model; divided the world into three types according to how they fit into the global economy)
Japanese manufacturing in the US
Good product and efficient factories gave Japan big market share in US for autos and electronics. This triggered deindustrialization in US.
Asian Tigers
Group of new industrial countries comprising Japan, Taiwan, South Korea, Hong Kong, and Singapore.
World Systems Theory / core periphery model
Theory originated by Immanuel Wallerstein and illuminated by his three-tier structure, proposing that social change in the developing world is inextricably linked to the economic activities of the developed world (countries all depend on each other and are intertwined): periphery country: Least developed, low skill jobs that focus on extracting raw materials, provides core with inexpensive raw materials. eg. Afghanistan, Peru, Kenya. semi-periphery country: Middle income countries, emerging economies, provides core countries with manufactured goods. eg. India, Mexico, China. core country: economically advantaged countries, higher skill, promotes capital accumulation, dominates the other two tiers, HQ for the largest business. eg US, UK, Japan
Asian economic crisis
There was a credit crisis that led to investors pulling their money. This triggered deindustrialization of the Old Tigers and caused Japan to begin a major focus on service-based industries.
core
a center of a loop or whorl
gender gap
a distinctive pattern of voting behavior reflecting the differences in views between women and men
Gini Index
a mathematical formula that measures the amount of economic inequality in a society
Core Dominance
core countries achieved their initial dominance through the industrial production of goods, which led to political control through colonization End of colonization Core still control production through neo-colonialism working with multinational corporations
W. W. Rostow
in 1960 proposed a widely cited model for economic advancement. Generalizing on the "sweep of modern history," he theorized that all developing economies may pass through five successive stages of growth and advancement.
per capita
per person
Semiperiphery
places where core and periphery processes are both occurring; places that are exploited by the core but in turn exploit the periphery
trade and interdependence
the advancement of internet technology and television lead to a major increase in international trade
periphery
the outermost part or boundary
GNI (Gross National Income)
the total domestic and foreign output claimed by residents of a country
GDP - Gross Domestic Product-
the total value of all final goods and services produced in a country in one year
Microcredit
the use of very small loans to small groups of individuals, often women, to stimulate economic development
GNP (Gross National Product)
total value of goods & services produced by a country in one year, equal to the GDP and net income from foreign investments.
Ecotourism
tourism that attempts to protect local ecosystems and to educate visitors about them
complementary advantage
when both parties have goods or services that the other party desires
0/1 MC point Which of the following explains a significant obstacle to sustainable development in more developed countries? A The reliance on fossil energy sources for electric generation and vehicle fuel has depleted resources globally and contributed to atmospheric pollution in cities. B The reliance on renewable energy for local electric generation and home heating creates significant risks, as alternative energy storage is more expensive than using fossil fuels. C High energy prices and low energy consumption have reduced the need for the development of additional sources of renewable energy for individual vehicles and homes. D Low population growth in more developed countries has reduced the need for the development of additional sources of renewable energy for individual vehicles and homes. E Increased economic productivity in less developed countries has moved investment funding away from the development of new sources of renewable energy for individual vehicles and homes.
A
sustainable development
Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
China's economic transition
Due to cheap labor and China's free market, productivity in China tripled and then China became a global power on the world economy.
Based on von Thünen's model of rural land use in an isolated state, which statement explains the most suitable place for a farmer to purchase a large parcel of land necessary for raising livestock? A The ring closest to the market, because livestock are perishable goods and need to reach the market quickly. B The ring closest to the market, because the land is more fertile for growing feed for livestock compared to other areas. C The second ring, because livestock are heavy and more expensive to transport to market. D The third ring, because the livestock would be closer to the suburban market areas with moderate transportation costs. E The ring farthest from the market, because the land is less expensive and outweighs transportation costs to get the livestock to market.
E
If a manufacturing company uses a single, weight-losing raw material to manufacture its finished product, then most likely the company will A locate several manufacturing plants close to consumers B use a ubiquitous raw material C choose to outsource its labor component D agglomerate close to similar factories E locate its manufacturing plant at the raw material site
E
