Human Geography 205 Final Exam

Pollution

that may result in global warming, acid rain, ozone layer destruction, tainted water

Different types of scales

1. Written scale one inch represents three miles. 2. Graphic scale 3. Fractional scale 1:190,080. *Always the same units. *Can use any units, unlike the other two. The first two often used on things like road maps because the fractional scale is not understood by the general public.

Culture

Definitions of culture vary, and no definition is simple: "Body of customary beliefs, material traits, and social forms that together constitute the distinct tradition of a group of people". Culture is learned through imitation, example, and instruction. is very complex and when viewing a culture that is unfamiliar we may only pay attention to a few obvious traits and thus get a distorted impression. Look very different from an outside view have spatial expression

Stage 4 (Bee Hive shape)

Delayed degenerative diseases. Life prolonged through medical advances.

Culture Hearths

Different cultures began to develop in key locations and spread to surrounding areas these locations are 'culture hearths'. The earliest culture hearths were in Mesopotamia (Iraq), Egypt, Indus (Pakistan), North China, as well as more minor ones S.E. Asia, W. Africa, Central America, and N.W. of S. America. All were urban-centered but based on agricultural activity. Cultural hearths were sources of civilization - ideas, innovations, ideologies. Modern cultural hearths are industrial - North America, Western Europe, Japan.

Rule of 70

Divide 70 by the rate of natural increase. If we know the rate of natural increase we can calculate an approximate doubling time for a population.

1 most populated

East Asia (China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan). 25% of world population. Over 70% in China. Is the country with the largest population. Clustered near Pacific coast. 160 cities over 1 million, was rural but now 54% urban. Population approximately 1.65 billion

Three pillars' of sustainability (U.N.)

Environment - conservation and preservation Society - consumer choices Economy - monetary value. The true costs.

1. LOCATION: Toponym

Ex: Chicago, IL

Stage 1 of demographic transition

High BR - High DR. Often vary greatly year to year but in the long term BR and DR are about equal. Very low natural increase. Often hunting and gathering or simple agricultural societies. The stage for much of human history. No countries in this stage today.

Population Increase: After 1950

In the late 1940's a third increase began which had a different basis. The medical revolution. Mortality rates are much lower than in the 1940s. Today the world's population is approximately 7.6 billion Population growth reached an historic peak of 2.2 percent in 1963. The historic peak of the number of people added to world population was about 88 million in 1988/89.

1. LOCATION: Absolute Location

Latitude/Longitude Township/Range

Five Themes of Geography

Location, Place, Human-Environment Interaction, Movement, Regions

Stage 4 of demographic transition

Low BR - Low DR. BR and DR about equal. Zero population growth. Some countries of northern and western Europe - Sweden, Germany, UK. USA not in stage 4 - higher BR in some groups. Social custom largely responsible. Women into the labor force. Economic goals incompatible with children. More income and leisure and may choose not to have children. Total population much higher than in stage 1. Population at its largest but is stable. Examples: Japan BR 9.37 DR 9.16; Poland BR 9.85 DR 9.89; Austria BR 8.76 DR 8.76;

census

Many countries only began to take population censuses in the 20th century. Even census counts can be very inaccurate - isolated areas, illiteracy, illegal aliens, hostility of people. The cost of doing a census is high

thematic map

Maps that present a specific category of data e.g. population, land use, climate.

Possibilism

New Cultural Ecology Having rejected the idea of environmental determinism and accepted possibilism, different cultures impact the environment differently.

Physiological density

Number of people per unit of arable land (suitable for agriculture). Egypt is a good example of where arithmetic density doesn't give an accurate picture. 95% of Egyptians live in the Nile valley and Delta

China

One country that has definitely not followed the stages of the demographic transition

Expansion Diffusion

People do not actually move but ideas/information does Contagious, Hierarchical

Stage 1 ()

Pestilence and Famine. Unchecked disease. Food insecurity. Ex: Black Death

Population Increase: 2. 8000 BC to 1750

Population did increase slowly from 5 to 800 million. This first period of population increase was due mainly to the 'agricultural revolution'. So for 10,000 years population grew slowly.

Population Increase: 1. Prior to 8000 BC

Population growth rate was extremely slow.

Stage 2 (Pyramid shape)

Receding pandemics. Improved sanitation, nutrition, medicine

Different types of Diffusion

Relocation, Expansion, Contagious, Hierarchical

cultural landscape

Result of Possibilism; composite of artificial features

Two effects of Social Interaction

Size Effect and Distance decay Effect

Sustainability

The ability to keep in existence or maintain. A sustainable ecosystem is one that can be maintained

Distance decay effect

The closer the distance the more the interaction. The further the distance the less interaction. Spatial interaction diminishes with increasing distance.

Agricultural Density

The number of farmers per area of land. Developed countries have lower agricultural densities because of technology and financing.

aritmetic density

The number of people living in a given unit area. Total people/total land area Arithmetic density often does Not tell the whole story and can be deceptive. Large areas of a country may be unsuitable for habitation.

Ecumene

The portion of the Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement. Has expanded over time.

natural increase

The rate of population increase is called____ and depends on both the birth rate and death rate. is the birth rate minus the death rate expressed as a percent. e.g. BR 40 DR 15. Natural increase 2.5 World natural increase is about 1.07 (18.5-7.8)/10

Human Geography

The study of location of people and activities across the Earth's surface and reasons for that distribution.

Projection

The system used to transfer from a sphere to a flat surface. Projections ALWAYS involve distortions. Either the shape or size (or both) of an area are distorted.

Population Structure

There are different population structures depending on what stage a society is in.

Cultural Ecology

This relationship between man and the environment. Environmental Determinism

Spatial distributions

Three Properties: Density Concentration Pattern

Actual time zones don't always follow the theoretical model

True

Human activities are not always compatible with sustaining the environment

True

In terms of geologic time the whole of human history has been very short Humans began as hunter-gathers and people lived in widely separated small groups. After the glaciers began to retreat human beings began agriculture and thus modifying the environment. People gathered in larger groups and developed more formal rules.

True

The smaller the scale the larger the area represented.

True, 1:1,000,000 is a smaller scale than 1:10,000 (think of fractions).

There are more people alive today than at any time during the past.

True: Guesstimate is that around 108 billion people have lived; about 7.5 billion are still alive. So around 6.5% of all people ever born are alive today. Average life expectancy for much of human history was around 10 years. The growth in human population in the 2nd half of the 20th century was faster than at any other time in history. Most population growth is in Less Developed Countries (LDCs)

However, physical distance may be less important in today's world

True: Space-time compression Transportation Communication

There is a disproportionate growth in the male population world wide

True; More males than females are typically born 105:100. However, cultural preferences, combined with the use of technology have impacted these numbers. This is a particularly acute problem in China and India. It ends up being a bigger problem as adult men can't find a woman to marry. The risks associated with childbirth and the general lack of healthcare women receive ends up with not only babies dying, but mothers too.

Obstacles to diffusion do exist

True; anything that hinders the flow of people or ideas.

Maps

Two dimensional (flat) representation of the Earth's surface or a portion of it. The science of map making is cartography.

Vernacular (perceptual) region

a region defined by widespread popular perception; vague boundaries, subject to individual interpretation

Dependency rate

also important. Either too old or young to work - usually said to be ages 0-14 and over 65. Different stages of the demographic transition are associated with different shaped pyramids.

Functional (nodal) region

an area that is integrated through a function (or functions) among places ex: Commuting among London and surrounding towns integrates Southeastern England into a mega-city region for jobs

Population pyramids

are one way to explore the structure of a population. Shows the percentage of people in each 5-year age group and gender ratios - the distribution of males and females. Shape largely depends upon the birth rate - high BR then lots of young children.

Spatial data

can be displayed in layers

Human beings ---- be studied in isolation from the environment (studied in Physical Geography)

cannot

World population is

clustered. Two-thirds of world population is in just 4 regions. So population is very clustered - not dispersed.

Cultures may show related complexes of cultural traits that result in identifiable

cultural regions and realms e.g. N. America; European; Islamic; Latin American; Black African.

the epidemiologic transition

distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition

Dot map

each dot represents a certain quantity of occurrence in it's approximate location

Pattern

geometric arrangement of objects. e.g. Linear, as in streets.

environmental factors

influence the distributions of human beings and their activities; some of the major ones are Climate. Climate is long term weather. Vegetation - influenced by climate. Soil - again influenced by climate and also a product of parent material and time. Help to explain both population and economic activity. not the main focus in human geography

Time

is a function of longitudinal location. At every longitude there is actually a slightly different time. A standardized time system only developed after the railroads started making coordination of times (timetables) necessary - 1884. 24 time zones were established. 360 degrees of longitude (one complete circling of the planet by the Sun) occurs in 24 hours so 15 degrees of longitude are spanned in one hour. Each time zone is 15 degrees wide. The Prime Meridian (zero degrees longitude) is the center of one time zone. Every multiple of 15 also the center of a zone - these are called standard meridians (180W/E 165W 150W 135W 120W 105W 90W 75W 60W 45W 30W 15W 0 15E 30E 45E 60E 75E 90E 105E 120E 135E 150E 165E) Time zones extend 7.5 degrees each side of the standard meridians. So, for example: The time zone centered on 0 degrees spans from 7.5W to 7.5E The time zone centered on 90W spans from 97.5W to 82.5W The day changes when you cross midnight and the International Date Line (IDL) at 180 degrees. The IDL is where new days enter and old days leave. Because the Earth rotates on its axis towards the east it gets later as you go east and earlier as you go west.

Spatial interaction

is part of the concept of movement. Relationships among locations (among places and regions) Exists at various spatial scales - local, regional, national, international

Scale

is relationship between the length of an object on the map and it's actual length on the Earth's surface.

Birth rate

is the number of births per 1000 population Varies from 7 to 51 worldwide. Niger - 51.26 Monaco 6.72. Japan 7.93 US was 13.3 this is the same rate as China (13.3) World average is 18.5

Death rate

is the number of deaths per 1000 population. Varies from about 1.5 to 18 - much less variation than birth rate. South Africa 17.5 Ukraine 15.7 Qatar 1.5 and UAE 1.97 The US was 8.4 this is a higher rate than China (7.2) World average around 7.8 High DR in developed countries because of a much higher percentage of older people. In less developed countries the people who die are more often children rather than old people.

Mercator

often used in school and is responsible for misconceptions. Africa 11,730,000 sq mi; Greenland 836,300 (1/14th)

Raster data

pixels or cells that each have a value (from satellite images)

Vector data

points and lines (e.g. cities and roads)

Renewable

produced more rapidly in nature than consumed by people

Nonrenewable

produced more slowly in nature than consumed by people

Equal area or Equivalent projections

retain correct relative size - coin placed anywhere on the map covers same area. Shape is distorted

Conformal map

retains correct shape, but area is distorted. e.g. Greenland/Africa on the Mercator projection.

Region

shares characteristics and differs in some ways from other regions. Different types: Formal, Functional, Venacular

To investigate WHY we get varying distributions we must go back to the idea of cultural ecology

spatial association between human beings and the environment.

Hierarchical Diffusion

spread of things according to the size of places

Concentration

spread over a given area. A. Clustered - bunch up into tight groups; not evenly spread. B. Dispersed - spread out and not in groups. *Not the same thing as density.

Choropleth map

the average value in a given area; shaded or colored to suggest magnitude.

Demography or Demographics

the scientific study of population

Cultures do not remain static

they change. 1. Innovation- change within 2. Diffusion from outside

Contagious diffusion

things (often ideas) spread from one place to neighboring places

Human adaptation

within these physical constraints can cause problems

Latitude (side to side)

- Since the Earth rotates on its axis there is a natural starting point. - The Equator is zero degrees latitude. - Latitude measures distance north and south of the equator. - Measured in degrees, minutes, seconds (like time,60 minutes in a degree). - Maximum is 90 degrees to the north and south at the poles. - Lines of latitude are called parallels. - They remain the same width - Each degree is about 69 miles

Longitude (up and down)

- There is no natural starting point. - The Prime Meridian is zero degrees. - Prime Meridian chosen because it goes through Greenwich, England where the Royal Observatory was located. - Longitude measures distance east and west of the Prime Meridian. - Measured in degrees, minutes, seconds. - Each degree is about 69 miles at the Equator. How many miles will each degree of longitude be at the north pole? As lines of longitude converge towards the poles each degree becomes a smaller distance. - The maximum longitude is 180 degrees. - 180 degrees (E and W) is directly opposite the Prime Meridian - 180 degrees is called The International Date Line - Lines of longitude are called meridians.

#2 most populated

2. South Asia (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka) 25% of world's population. Over 70% in India. Almost as large as China. 27 cities over 1 million, mostly rural; 66% rural. Population approximately 1.88 billion

#3 most populated

3. Europe. Third largest cluster. 10% of world's population. .743 billion Unlike Asia, 74% urban. Three largest clusters account for 60% of the world population.

#4 most populated

3. Europe. Third largest cluster. 10% of world's population. .743 billion Unlike Asia, 74% urban. Three largest clusters account for 60% of the world population.

Population Increase: 3. 1750 to 1950

After 1750 population began to increase much more rapidly. In the 200 years from 1750 to 1950 population went from 800 to 2500 million (2.5 billion). This second period of increase was a result of the industrial revolution.

Formal Region

An area that shares one or more distinct characteristics. Example: Countries, States, Counties.

Geographic Information Systems (GIS)

Analysis of data gathered by satellites (remote sensing) and through other technology. Captures, stores, queries, and displays geographic data. has many applications in a wide variety of settings, and people with a background in geography, who also have skills in GIS have many job options.

township and range system

Another grid system is used for land description outside the original colonies. Township/Range system. Uses base lines and principal meridians. Six mile strips of land N and S of a base line are called townships. Six mile strips E and W of a meridian are called ranges. Get six mile square (36 square miles) called a township range. Each township-range is divided into 36 sections each 1 square mile mile (640 acres). Numbered from 1 in top right to 36 in bottom right. Sections subdivided into quarter sections (160 acres) and into quarters of quarters (40 acres). 160 acres or quarter section was often given to pioneers as a homestead

Movement

Change in locations of things or people across space: migration, commuting, flow of goods and information, spread of diseases, etc.

Isoline map

Connect points registering equal values. e.g. Isotherm, Isobar, Contour

Stage 3 (Pyramid shape)

Degenerative diseases. Chronic disorders associated with aging

1. LOCATION: Situation (Relative Location)

Ex: 1 Hour North of St. Louis

Stage 3 of demographic transition

Falling BR - Low DR Population still increasing but at a slower rate than in stage 2 because the gap between BR and DR is narrowing. Early 20th century Europe and North America. Some Asian, African, Latin American in this stage - others in stage 2. BR drops because of change in social custom. Choose to have fewer children. Response to lower infant mortality. Also in cities large children may not be such an asset as on a farm.

Stage 2 of demographic transition

High BR - Falling DR. Birth rate stable but the death rate falls. High natural increase. 18th and 19th century Europe and N. America 20th century Asia, Africa, and Latin America. Increased food supply and disease control.

Size effect

Larger places generate more movement and connections with other places; smaller places generate less

Relocation diffusion

People move from one place to another

Information can be presented on maps in different ways

True

Questions to ask

Where? and Why?

Denisty

frequency in a given area. e.g. people per square mile