human growth and development ch 10 app state

101. In which individual is change in the Big Five most likely? a. 18-year-old Omar b. 30-year-old Jasmine c. 45-year-old Jeffrey d. 60-year-old Isabella

a. 18-year-old Omar

103. Self-awareness begins before age: a. 2 years old. b. 16 years old. c. 21 years old. d. 25 years old.

a. 2 years old.

74. _____ adolescents totally reject the religions in which they've grown up. a. Few b. About half of all c. About three-fourths of all d. Almost all

a. Few

22. Erik Erikson's sixth stage of psychosocial development is called: a. intimacy versus isolation. b. generativity versus stagnation. c. integrity versus despair. d. initiative versus guilt.

a. Intimacy versus isolation

29. Which scenario is typical of the industry versus inferiority stage? a. Sammy is having difficulty in learning math, but she continues to practice. b. Trevor says, "My parents never let me do anything!" c. Clayton says that his girlfriend, Claire, doesn't understand him. d. Eric decides to stop taking piano lessons.

a. Sammy is having difficulty in learning math, but she continues to practice.

99. Those who know her describe Paula as a kind, helpful, and easygoing person. She is high on which of the Big Five traits? a. agreeableness b. neuroticism c. openness d. conscientiousness

a. agreeableness

13. In Freud's theory, the _____ employs defense mechanisms, such as forgetting traumatic experiences or blaming someone else for one's own emotions. a. ego b. id c. superego d. identity

a. ego

8. Freud's term for the conscious self. a. ego b. id c. superego d. identity

a. ego

25. In Erikson's _____ stage of psychosocial development, attentive caregiving is crucial because a child who develops trust will become an adult characterized by hope for the future. a. first b. second c. third d. eighth

a. first

87. Ross is a retired stockbroker who enjoys tutoring children at the local YMCA after school. He is demonstrating the psychosocial stage of: a. generativity versus stagnation. b. integrity versus despair. c. identity versus role confusion. d. industry versus inferiority.

a. generativity versus stagnation.

56. According to Erikson, adolescents are in the stage of: a. identity versus role confusion. b. intimacy versus isolation. c. independence versus neediness. d. integration versus separation.

a. identity versus role confusion.

30. Belinda is in the third grade. She spends many hours rehearsing her math skills, reading books, and collecting bugs. According to Erik Erikson, Belinda is developing a healthy sense of _____ through these tasks. a. industry b. self-control c. autonomy d. egocentrism

a. industry

54. One important factor with respect to children coping with adversity is a child's: a. interpretation of the events. b. SES c. level of resiliency.. d. cooperation with others.

a. interpretation of the events.

81. Although Erik Erikson's stages of psychosocial development are sequential, the search for identity that begins in the stage of identity versus role confusion: a. is ongoing throughout adulthood. b. ends with the stage of intimacy versus isolation. c. ends with the stage of generativity versus stagnation. d. comes to fruition only after the stage of integrity versus despair.

a. is ongoing throughout adulthood.

62. Identity diffusion is typically characterized by: a. lack of focus on or concern about the future. b. foreclosure. c. following one's heart. d. commitment to a cause.

a. lack of focus on or concern about the future.

17. Possible outcome if Erikson's stage of autonomy versus shame and doubt is not successfully resolved. a. obsessively driven, single minded, not socially responsive b. suspicious of others c. anxious about close relationships, jealous, lonely d. self-critical of any endeavor, procrastinating, perfectionistic

a. obsessively driven, single minded, not socially responsive

112. The tendency for elderly people to perceive, prefer, and remember optimistic images and experiences more than negative ones is referred to as: a. positivity effect. b. happiness paradox. c. race crossover. d. stratification.

a. positivity effect.

113. Wayne is in late adulthood and has fond memories of his childhood and early adulthood but seems to have forgotten negative experiences. This can BEST be explained by: a. positivity effect. b. happiness paradox. c. race crossover. d. stratification.

a. positivity effect.

64. Seventeen-year-old James failed several classes, lost his job, and spends most of his time sleeping on the couch. When his parents voice their disapproval, he replies, "Whatever." James's response indicates: a. role confusion. b. identity achievement. c. identity foreclosure. d. moratorium.

a. role confusion.

32. Many recent studies have confirmed that personality begins with inborn _____, which are inborn differences between one person and another in emotions, activity, and self-regulation. a. temperament b. tendencies c. complexion d. disposition

a. temperament

11. Freud's term for the formation of a conscience that internalizes parental morals is: a. the superego. b. the ego. c. schema. d. identification.

a. the superego.

1. Personality is each individual's characteristic way of: a. thinking, feeling, and acting. b. rationalizing, judging, and analyzing. c. growing, looking, and behaving. d. communicating, discovering, and negotiating.

a. thinking, feeling, and acting.

95. The concept of the Big Five reflects which type of theory? a. trait b. humanism c. psychoanalytic d. information processing

a. trait

14. Erikson's first stage of psychosocial development is called: a. trust versus mistrust. b. autonomy versus shame and doubt. c. initiative versus guilt. d. industry versus inferiority.

a. trust versus mistrust.

93. A study found that people are increasingly happy as they get richer until they reach: a. $10,000. b. $100,000. c. $1,000,000. d. $10,000,000.

b. $100,000.

47. _____ are a range of potentially traumatic childhood stresses, including abuse, neglect, family disruption and dysfunction, and parental incarceration, that can have lasting, negative effects on health and well-being. a. Negative childhood experiences b. Adverse childhood experiences c. Acrimonious childhood experiences d. Damaging childhood experiences

b. Adverse childhood experiences

58. According to Erikson, the ultimate adolescent psychosocial goal is identity _____. a. diffusion b. achievement c. foreclosure d. moratorium

b. achievement

16. Erikson's second stage of psychosocial development is called: a. trust versus mistrust. b. autonomy versus shame and doubt. c. initiative versus guilt. d. intimacy versus isolation.

b. autonomy versus shame and doubt.

109. In older adults, a positive worldview _____ according to the socio-emotional selectivity theory. a. correlates with less well-being b. correlates with believing that life is meaningful c. is associated with increased family conflict d. is associated with increased responsiveness to regretful events

b. correlates with believing that life is meaningful

44. A person's view of themselves, whether they accept or like who they are, is called self-_____. a. control b. esteem c. comparison d. outlook

b. esteem

57. According to Erikson, the goal of adolescence is to: a. abandon parental goals. b. find one's own identity. c. attain independence from one's peer group. d. form an intimate relationship with a member of the opposite sex.

b. find one's own identity.

65. When a person adopts parents' or society's roles and values without questioning and exploring a personal identity, it is referred to as "identity _____." a. moratorium b. foreclosure c. diffusion d. achievement

b. foreclosure

10. It is most evident in infants, who demand food immediately, who move when and where they wish, and who grab and hit to get what they want. a. ego b. id c. superego d. identity

b. id

9. The ego controls the _____, which is what Freud called those instincts that humans share with all other animals, especially the drive for sex and the fear of death. a. ego b. id c. superego d. identity

b. id

28. According to Erik Erikson's theory, children in middle childhood tend to judge themselves as either: a. suppressed or superior. b. industrious or inferior. c. competent or awkward. d. intelligent or stupid.

b. industrious or inferior.

19. Erik Erikson's fourth stage of psychosocial development is called: a. autonomy versus shame and doubt. b. industry versus inferiority. c. trust versus mistrust. d. integrity versus incompetence.

b. industry versus inferiority.

18. Erik Erikson's third stage of psychosocial development is called: a. trust versus mistrust. b. initiative versus guilt. c. intimacy versus isolation. d. integrity versus despair.

b. initiative versus guilt.

24. The last stage of psychosocial development according to Erik Erikson is called: a. generativity versus stagnation. b. integrity versus despair. c. intimacy versus isolation. d. industry versus inferiority.

b. integrity versus despair.

72. Chad is serving a two-year mission for his church at the age of 19. When he returns home from his mission assignment, he will decide whether to attend college and will make decisions about career and family. Chad's current status is identity: a. foreclosure. b. moratorium. c. diffusion. d. achievement.

b. moratorium.

45. AJ beliefs that he is the best, the greatest, the most wonderful person in the world. He thinks that everyone else is less than him. This is an example of: a. high self-esteem. b. narcissism. c. low self-esteem d. high self-concept..

b. narcissism.

96. Juan seems to thrive on changing jobs, is artistic, and likes to try new things. He would be rated high on the personality dimension called: a. extroversion. b. openness. c. neuroticism. d. sociability.

b. openness.

26. If a toddler is never allowed to do what they want during Erikson's _____ psychosocial developmental stage, then the personality trait of self-doubt will dominate adulthood. a. first b. second c. fifth d. seventh

b. second

40. Tim, age 5, describes himself as a good soccer player with black hair who laughs a lot. Tim's description demonstrates his developing: a. emotional regulation. b. self-concept. c. self-deprecation. d. self-criticism.

b. self-concept.

114. The idea that a person has the power to control and change a situation is called: a. positivity effect. b. self-efficacy. c. happiness paradox. d. stratification.

b. self-efficacy.

41. Which of these is crucial during middle childhood? a. abstract thinking b. social comparison c. fitness d. the development of conservation

b. social comparison

111. James believes that he has a limited time left to live. He contemplates the meaning of life frequently and tries to spend as much time as he can with his family. Which theory would BEST predict this behavior? a. integrity versus despair b. socio-emotional selectivity theory c. stratification theory d. disengagement theory

b. socio-emotional selectivity theory

15. Possible outcome if Erikson's stage of trust versus mistrust is not successfully resolved. a. uncertain and negative about values, lifestyle, friendships b. suspiciousness of others c. obsessively drive, single-minded d. fearful, regretful

b. suspiciousness of others

71. During an identity moratorium, adolescents typically: a. ignore their future roles and responsibilities. b. take on temporary roles and postpone identity-achievement decisions. c. change their identities from that of their youth. d. adopt their parents' views after having tested them on their own.

b. take on temporary roles and postpone identity-achievement decisions.

33. Studies on temperament generally find _____ clusters of personality traits. a. two b. three c. four d. five

b. three

39. John is at a toy store and sees a construction set. He asks his dad if he can have it for his birthday. His dad asks him if he thinks he would be able to use it. John reminds his dad that he is good at building with blocks. What does this example demonstrate? a. John's dad is undermining his initiative. b. John needs to prove himself worthy to his father. c. John has a positive self-concept. d. John has a sense of shame and doubt.

c. John has a positive self-concept.

97. Darleen is very organized and self-disciplined. She conforms easily to standards set for her performance at work. She is high on which of the Big Five traits? a. agreeableness b. openness c. conscientiousness d. extroversion

c. conscientiousness

75. Jane is an adolescent. According to Erikson, her new identity will be established by: a. choosing an appropriate adult "hero figure." b. adopting values and goals opposite to the destructive identities of media stars. c. embracing some parental and societal values while abandoning others. d. deciding a sexual role and sticking with it, regardless of the consequences.

c. embracing some parental and societal values while abandoning others.

67. Juan readily adopted his parents' political beliefs without question. Happy and secure, he enjoys participating in political events with his parents. His identity status reflects: a. diffusion. b. achievement. c. foreclosure. d. moratorium.

c. foreclosure.

46. Children that are bullied by peers in school and siblings at home are _____ to develop serious psychological disorders by age 18. a. two times more likely b. three times more likely c. four times more likely d. ten times more likely

c. four times more likely

86. Which is one of Erik Erikson's stages of adulthood? a. trust versus mistrust b. initiative versus guilt c. generativity versus stagnation d. industry versus inferiority

c. generativity versus stagnation

23. According to Erik Erikson, the developmental crisis that occurs after intimacy versus isolation is: a. initiative versus guilt. b. identity versus role confusion. c. generativity versus stagnation. d. integrity versus despair.

c. generativity versus stagnation.

27. According to Erik Erikson, if children build a tower but someone knocks it down, draw a picture but someone discards it, try to dress themselves but someone takes over, saying they are doing it all wrong, during the third stage of psychosocial development, _____ is internalized. a. shame b. doubt c. guilt d. inferiority

c. guilt

21. Erik Erikson's fifth stage of psychosocial development is called: a. initiative versus guilt. b. industry versus inferiority. c. identity versus role diffusion. d. intimacy versus isolation.

c. identity versus role diffusion.

104. Erik Erikson called the final crisis of development: a. optimization versus compensation. b. generativity versus stagnation. c. integrity versus despair. d. activity versus disengagement.

c. integrity versus despair.

83. Erik Erikson's sixth stage of development involves a continuum between: a. integrity and despair. b. initiative and guilt. c. intimacy and isolation. d. industry and inferiority.

c. intimacy and isolation.

34. Studies on temperament generally find the following clusters of personality traits: a. positive mood, depression, and behavioral control. b. self-soothing, happiness, and shyness. c. negative mood, exuberance, and effortful control. d. aggression, laziness, and mania.

c. negative mood, exuberance, and effortful control.

85. According to Erik Erikson, the stage of "intimacy versus isolation": a. is followed by the search for identity. b. is characterized by a need for generativity. c. reflects the desire to share one's life with someone else. d. occurs only if one avoids stagnation.

c. reflects the desire to share one's life with someone else.

60. The identity status characterized by a lack of commitment to any goals or values is: a. achievement. b. foreclosure. c. role diffusion. d. moratorium.

c. role diffusion.

42. Assessing one's abilities, achievements, social status, and other attributes by measuring them against one's peers, is called: a. peer evaluation. b. cultural normalization. c. social comparison. d. parental assessment.

c. social comparison.

12. It develops primarily in the phallic stage, at age 5 or so. a. ego b. id c. superego d. identity

c. superego

94. A study found that people's happiness might actually decrease with income above: a. $100,000. b. $150,000. c. $200,000. d. $250,000.

d. $250,000.

63. Which adolescent appears to be experiencing identity diffusion? a. Jenny, who runs away from a pressured home environment and joins a commune. b. Thomas, who is pressured by his parents to become a doctor. c. Barbara, a college student who is majoring in psychology. d. Zachary, who spends most of his time watching TV, drinking, and avoiding responsibility.

d. Zachary, who spends most of his time watching TV, drinking, and avoiding responsibility.

43. According to Erikson, children have _____, and thus believe that they can achieve any goal. a. a sense of self-doubt b. a weak self-concept c. strong feelings of guilt d. an unrealistic self-concept

d. an unrealistic self-concept

49. Lifelong damage is most evident when a child experiences _____ adverse childhood experiences (ACEs). a. one or more b. two or more c. three or more d. four or more

d. four or more

89. The fact that people tend to choose mates similar to themselves is called: a. monogamy. b. polyandry. c. heterogamy. d. homogamy

d. homogamy

88. Tracey's grandmother, at age 80, is engaged in the personal journey of connecting her life with the historical and cultural purpose of human society. The grandmother is in which of Erik Erikson's psychosocial stages? a. identity versus role confusion b. industry versus inferiority c. generativity versus stagnation d. integrity versus despair

d. integrity versus despair

106. Wanda is 82 and looks back at her life with pride, even though some aspects of her personal history include errors on her part. Wanda is in the stage that Erik Erikson called: a. generativity versus stagnation. b. optimization versus compensation. c. activity versus disengagement. d. integrity versus despair.

d. integrity versus despair.

82. According to Erik Erikson, once an emerging adult has established a sense of identity, they need to resolve which crisis? a. trust versus mistrust b. generativity versus stagnation c. identity versus role confusion d. intimacy versus isolation

d. intimacy versus isolation

84. Now that he is in his 20s, Frank wants to find someone to share his life with. Erik Erikson would say that Frank is in the stage of: a. trust versus mistrust. b. generativity versus stagnation. c. identity versus role confusion. d. intimacy versus isolation.

d. intimacy versus isolation.

105. According to Erik Erikson, the dichotomy of integrity versus despair is the focus of: a. adolescence. b. early adulthood. c. middle adulthood. d. late adulthood.

d. late adulthood.

102. A study of well-being and self-esteem in 28 nations has found that people are happiest if their personality traits: a. evolve over time. b. change from one setting to the next. c. are identified early in life. d. match their social context.

d. match their social context.

70. The term for a pause in identity formation, when alternatives are explored before final choices are made, is: a. identity diffusion. b. role confusion. c. negative identity. d. moratorium.

d. moratorium.

100. Thomas is moody, anxious, and self-punishing. Thomas is high in: a. openness. b. extroversion. c. conscientiousness. d. neuroticism.

d. neuroticism.

37. Children's ideas about their intelligence, personality, abilities, gender, and ethnic background form their: a. industry. b. egocentrism. c. latency. d. self-concept.

d. self-concept.

38. Nine-year-old Tonya announces to her mother, "I am smart, nice, and friendly, and I am so good at painting that one day I am going to sell lots of pictures." Tonya is demonstrating: a. industry. b. egocentrism. c. latency. d. self-concept.

d. self-concept.

20. Possible outcome if Erikson's industry versus inferiority stage is not successfully resolved. a. fearful, regretful b. Anxious about close relationships c. obsessively driven, single-minded, not socially responsive d. self-critical of any endeavor, procrastinating, perfectionist

d. self-critical of any endeavor, procrastinating, perfectionist

79. David is 21 years old and is not sure what kind of work he would like to do after college. Like many Americans his age, David has not yet developed a(n) _____ identity. a. true b. political c. educational d. vocational

d. vocational