Human Growth and Development Final Exam

_____ is expert knowledge about the practical aspects of life that permits practical judgment about important matters.

Wisdom

Which of the following organizations created a legal document that reflects the patient's advance care planning?

Choice in Dying

_____ is a term that is used to describe the midlife transition in which fertility declines.

Climacteric

During which period of development is the unborn baby MOST at risk of developing a structural defect due to the effects of a teratogen?

During the embryonic period

Which of the following statements about the relationship between semantic memory and aging is true?

Episodic memory declines more than semantic memory in older adults.

Which of the following is Erikson's fifth developmental stage?

Identity versus identity confusion

_____ is increasingly recognized as a risk factor for Alzheimer disease.

Mild cognitive impairment

_____ is a hormone associated in boys with genital development, increased height, and deepening of the voice.

Testosterone

Which of the following statement about the care of a dying older person the U.S. today is true?

The care of a dying older person has shifted away from the family.

Which of the following is true of social smiling?

The external stimulus is typically a face, in the case of young infants.

Babies have three types of cries. Which of the following is NOT one of them?

The hunger cry

There has been _____ in the number of cohabiting U.S. couples since 1970.

a dramatic increase

When women experience stress, they are more likely to engage in:

a tend and befriend pattern.

Kübler-Ross describes the _____ stage as the end of the dying struggle.

acceptance

Alzheimer disease involves a deficiency in an important brain messenger chemical _____.

acetylcholine

Reductions in _____ have been linked to small declines in memory functioning and to the severe memory loss associated with Alzheimer disease.

acetylcholine

Schemes are:

actions or mental representations that organize knowledge.

Jean Piaget believed that children:

actively construct their own cognitive world.

Prejudice against others because of their age, especially prejudice against older adults, is known as _____.

ageism

A parent who encourages his/her children to be independent but still places limits and controls on their actions is a(n):

authoritative parent.

Erik Erikson describes the second stage of personality development as the stage of _____ versus shame and doubt.

autonomy

Caregivers of _____ babies tend to be unavailable or rejecting.

avoidant

Nowadays, the main causes of death in middle adulthood in the United States are:

chronic diseases.

Prolonged grief disorder is also known as _____.

complicated grief

All of the following are peer statuses EXCEPT _____.

conforming

In the development of language and thought:

external speech precedes internal speech.

If passion and commitment are present but intimacy is not, Sternberg calls the relationship _____ love, as when one person worships another from a distance.

fatuous

When men face stress, they are more likely to respond in a:

fight-or-flight manner.

According to John Horn, _____ steadily declines from middle adulthood onward.

fluid intelligence

Selective attention is _____, whereas divided attention is _____.

focusing on one thing; focusing on many things

Erikson proposed that middle-aged adults face a significant issue which he termed _____.

generativity versus stagnation

Identity development:

gets done in bits and pieces.

The cerebral cortex has two _____, each of which is further divided into four _____.

hemispheres; lobes

For Erikson, delinquency is an attempt to establish _____, even if it is a negative one.

identity

Remembering how to ride a bike without having to consciously think about it is a part of an individual's _____ memory.

implicit

Adeline, age 90, still drives her car to the senior center every Friday. Last week she tells you that someone you know from her church died. When you ask her for the person's name, she says, "I can't remember her name. She sits near the front and always has a hat on". Clearly Adeline has better _____ memory than _____ memory.

implicit; explicit

One of the benefits of a good marriage is:

increased longevity.

Your ability to process language in the left hemisphere and spatial thinking in the right hemisphere is due to _____.

lateralization

Hospices are a relatively recent approach developed to:

make the end of life as free from pain and anxiety as possible.

The Strange Situation is an observational measure of infant attachment developed by Mary Ainsworth. It requires the infant to:

move through a series of introductions, separations, and reunions with his/her mother and a stranger.

The understanding that objects and events continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard, or touched is called:

object permanence.

Today, death occurs most often among:

older adults.

Mentally adding and subtracting numbers are examples of _____.

operations

Jean Piaget's concept of grouping isolated behaviors into a higher-order system is called _____.

organization

Turning off a respirator or a heart-lung machine is an example of _____ euthanasia.

passive

According to Erikson, _____ are keys to establishing a basic trust in infants.

physical comfort and sensitive care

An intermittent, recurrent wish or need to recover the deceased person is known as_____.

pining

The stress of caring for a spouse who has a chronic disease can:

place demands on intimacy.

Recent studies have led researchers to conclude that the emotional life of older adults is more _____ than once thought.

positive

The _____ is one area that shrinks more than others with aging.

prefrontal cortex

The _____ is the area of the brain where higher-level thinking and self-regulation occur.

prefrontal cortex

Vygotsky argued that _____ represents an early transition toward becoming more socially communicative.

private speech

Deaths that are sudden, violent, or traumatic are likely to:

produce more intense feelings in survivors than if the person died of a long illness.

The _____ pattern of growth is the sequence in which growth starts at the center of the body and moves toward the extremities.

proximodistal

Puberty refers to a period of:

rapid physical maturation involving hormonal and bodily changes that occurs primarily during early adolescence.

One study revealed that an important factor among older adults who showed a higher level of emotion regulation and successful aging was:

reduced responsiveness to regrets.

Secure attachment to parents during childhood correlates with:

secure attachment to romantic partners in adulthood.

A toddler is likely to learn something in the zone of proximal development (ZPD) if:

the task is more difficult than the child can do alone.

Adult daughters are _____ times more likely than are adult sons to give parents assistance with daily living activities.

three

The cephalocaudal pattern is the sequence in which the earliest growth always occurs at the:

top—the head—with physical growth and differentiation of features gradually working their way down from top to bottom

The sensorimotor stage of development lasts from birth until about:

two years of age.

Exercise is linked to the prevention or delayed onset of chronic diseases, such as _____.

type 2 diabetes

Child-directed speech is the:

unique way that parents (and others) talk to babies.

An advanced directive/living will must be signed when:

when an individual is able to think clearly.

In the United States, in 2007, _____ percent of corpses were disposed of by burial.

66

Sometimes euthanasia is called:

"mercy killing".

Six months after their loss, approximately _____ percent of survivors have difficulty moving on with their life, feel numb or detached, believe their life is empty without the deceased, and feel that the future has no meaning.

10 to 20

The major shift to autonomy does not occur until about age _____ or later.

12

The second Piagetian stage of development is the preoperational stage, which lasts from approximately _____ years of age.

2 to 7

According to Piaget's theory, from _____ years of age, children are in a transition showing some features of the first stage of moral reasoning and some stages of the second stage, autonomous morality.

7 to 10

As many as _____ of older adults with depressive symptoms receive no treatment at all.

80 percent

In 2008, _____ percent of older adults in the United States still were living in poverty

9.7

What causes the autism spectrum disorders?

A brain dysfunction with abnormalities in brain structure and neurotransmitters

Which of the following is Kübler-Ross' fifth stage of dying?

Acceptance

_____ love is also called companionate love.

Affectionate

According to the Big Five factors of personality, which of the following personality supertrait describes a person as either helpful or uncooperative?

Agreeableness

_____ refers to a progressive, irreversible brain disorder that is characterized by a gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and eventually, physical function.

Alzheimer disease

In assessing the health of newborns, the _____ identifies high-risk infants who need resuscitation.

Apgar Scale

_____ is the most common chronic disorder in late adulthood.

Arthritis

Which parenting style is demanding and controlling, while also being accepting and responsive?

Authoritative

_____ are cognitive groupings of similar objects, events, people, or ideas.

Concepts

According to Robert J. Sternberg, which of the following is the strongest and fullest form of love

Consummate love

When all three dimensions of Sternberg's triarchic theory of love are present in a relationship, what type of love are people experiencing?

Consummate love

According to Elisabeth Kübler-Ross, which of the following is the first stage of dying?

Denial and isolation

For a terminally ill person, which of the following can be the most useful benefit of denying one's imminent death?

Denial can help to insulate the dying person from coping with intense feelings of anger.

Which of the following is Kübler-Ross' fourth stage of dying?

Depression

According to Jean Piaget, which of the following types of thought is the most abstract?

Formal operational thought

According to John Bowlby, at what age do infants/children begin to take into consideration the feelings of others before acting?

From 24 months on

_____ encompasses adults' desire to leave legacies of themselves to the next generation.

Generativity

Prenatal development can be divided into three periods, which of the following is in the correct order from conception to birth?

Germinal; embryonic; fetal

_____ is the emotional numbness, disbelief, separation anxiety, despair, sadness, and loneliness that accompany the loss of someone we love.

Grief

_____ motor skills are skills that involve large-muscle activities, such as moving one's arms and walking.

Gross

_____ is a program committed to making the end of life as free from pain, anxiety, and depression as possible.

Hospice

According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, during which of the following stages do people pursue their own interests but also let others do the same?

Individualism, instrumental purpose, and exchange

Which of the following is an example of active euthanasia?

Injecting a lethal dose of a drug

Which of the following is Erikson's eighth stage of development?

Integrity vs. despair

_____ is characterized by self-disclosure and the sharing of private thoughts.

Intimacy in friendships

According to Erik Erikson, which of the following is the sixth developmental stage?

Intimacy versus isolation

Which of the following statements about the empty nest syndrome is true?

It involves a decline in marital satisfaction after children leave the home.

Who is the founder of the present field of cognitive development?

Jean Piaget

_____ is the number of years that the average person born in a particular year will probably live.

Life expectancy

Which of the following is prominent in Erikson's final stage of integrity versus despair?

Life review

_____ refers to a legal document that reflects the patient's advance care planning.

Living will

Which of the two personality traits in the Big Five factors of personality are associated with mortality (an earlier death)?

Low conscientiousness and high neuroticism

Which of the following statements about romantic love is true?

Males show lower anxiety about romantic love than females.

The healthcare needs of older adults are reflected in _____, the program that provides health-care insurance to adults over 65 under the Social Security system.

Medicare

_____ involves the retention of information over time.

Memory

_____ involves knowing about knowing.

Metacognition

Which parenting style is undemanding and uncontrolling, but is also rejecting, and unresponsive?

Neglectful

Which of the following Big Five personality factors describes an individual as either self-satisfied or self-pitying?

Neuroticism

Which of the following statements is NOT true of crying?

Newborns respond with positive facial expressions when they hear other newborns cry.

Which of the following statements about a living will is FALSE?

Only the terminally ill can write one.

Active euthanasia is legal in the state of:

Oregon.

_____ involves an extensive loss of bone tissue.

Osteoporosis

What types of behaviors in caregivers create a sense of shame and doubt in children?

Overprotectiveness and criticism

Which of the following is the best description of scaffolding?

Parents time interactions in such a way that the infant experiences turn-taking with the parents.

Which of the following would Erik Erikson be MOST likely to recommend about soothing a crying infant

Pick up the baby and soothe him/her so that a healthy sense of trust develops.

Which of the following statements about infants and REM sleep is true?

REM sleep might promote the brain's development in infancy.

_____ is the belief that "I can"; helplessness is the belief that "I cannot".

Self-efficacy

_____ is also called self-worth or self-image.

Self-esteem

_____ refers to global evaluations of the self.

Self-esteem

_____ occurs when information interacts with sensory receptors—the eyes, ears, tongue, nostrils, and skin.

Sensation

In which of the following states is active euthanasia not considered a crime?

Washington

Brain death occurs when:

all electrical activity of the brain has ceased for a specified period of time.

Researchers have found that poverty in late adulthood is linked to:

an increase in physical and mental health problems in older adults.

Crystallized intelligence is:

an individual's accumulated information and verbal skills.

According to Kübler-Ross, during the _____ stage of dying the realization of loss is great and those who symbolize life, energy, and competent functioning are especially salient targets of the dying person's resentment and jealousy.

anger

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs):

are contracted primarily through sexual contact.

Children with high self-esteem typically:

are prone to both prosocial and antisocial actions.

The focusing of mental resources on select information is called _____.

attention

Especially in infancy, emotions play important roles in:

behavioral organization.

A teratogen is any agent that can cause:

birth defects.

With age:

both brain weight and brain volume decrease.

Shaken baby syndrome may cause several symptoms including:

brain swelling and hemorrhaging.

In Piaget's theory, failing the conservation-of-liquid task demonstrates:

centration.

Aging expert Laura Carstensen concluded that people:

choose close friends over new friends as they grow older.

Separation protest is characterized by:

crying when the caregiver leaves.

Alzheimer disease is a form of:

dementia.

After accepting the certainty of death, a period of _____ or preparatory grief may appear.

depression

The "visual cliff" experiment was used to measure:

depth perception.

Caregivers of _____ babies often neglect or physically abuse them.

disorganized

Anorexia nervosa is a(n):

eating disorder that involves the relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation.

Erik Erikson's fourth stage of development, appearing during middle and late childhood, is called:

industry versus inferiority.

According to Erik Erikson, the psychosocial stage that characterizes early childhood is:

initiative versus guilt.

Insecure avoidant babies show:

insecurity by avoiding the caregiver.

Self-disclosure and the sharing of private thoughts are hallmarks of _____.

intimacy

Development in early adulthood involves a balance of:

intimacy and commitment on the one hand with independence and freedom on the other.

Noam Chomsky said that children are born into the world with a _____, a biological endowment that enables the child to detect certain features and rules of language, including phonology, syntax, and semantics.

language acquisition device

Bulimia nervosa typically begins in:

late adolescence or early adulthood.

Most of the _____ emotions occur for the first time at some point in the second half of the first year through the second year.

self-conscious

Albert Bandura states that _____ is a critical factor in whether or not students achieve.

self-efficacy

A person's knowledge about the world is called _____ memory.

semantic

Children's friendships are typically characterized by:

similarity.

Vygotsky believed that children construct knowledge through:

social interaction.

According to the cellular clock theory, after about 70 or 80 replications, the cell no longer can reproduce and the _____ are dramatically reduced.

telomeres

"Easy", "difficult", and "slow-to-warm-up" are three basic types of _____ identified by psychiatrists Alexander Chess and Stella Thomas.

temperament

According to Freud, infants become attached to the person or object:

that provides oral satisfaction.

Piaget concluded that the changes in moral reasoning in children come about through:

the mutual give-and-take of peer relations.

Zone of proximal development (ZPD) is Vygotsky's term for:

the range of tasks difficult for a child to master alone but that can be learned with help from adults.

Anorexia and bulimia nervosa affect:

women more than men.