Human Growth Ch. 5, 6, & 7
According to Vygotsky, what should a teacher NOT do in the classroom in helping a student learn new things? A. Ask the student how the teacher can help. B. Watch carefully and intervene when the student appears to struggle. C. Offer encouragement when the student hesitates in problem solving. D. Leave the student alone to figure things out by himself.
A. Ask the student how the teacher can help.
According to the dynamic systems theory, how do infants develop motor skills? A. Infants perceive something new in the environment that motivates them to act. They use their perceptions to fine-tune their movements. B. Motor development comes about through the unfolding of a genetic plan, or maturation. C. Motor skills are initially influenced by biology but become increasingly dependent on environmental factors. D. Infants take bits and pieces of data from sensations and build representations of the world in their minds.
A. Infants perceive something new in the environment that motivates them to act. They use their perceptions to fine-tune their movements.
Kate, a 12-year-old, and her granddaughter, Pamela, are taking a crocheting class together. Which of the following is a likely outcome? A. Kate is more likely to outperform Pamela. B. Pamela is more likely to outperform Kate. C. Kate and Pamela are likely to perform at the same level. D. It is more likely for Kate to develop nerve damage from overuse of her hands.
A. Kate is more likely to outperform Pamela.
The cognitive process of accommodation occurs when individuals A. adjust old schemes to fit new information. B. ignore information contradicting previous knowledge. C. try to balance conflicting information. D. use their existing schemes to deal with new information or experiences. Save
A. adjust old schemes to fit new information.
Infants start to be able to walk A. as soon as they can make alternating leg movements. B. before they can make alternating leg movements. C. as soon as they can produce forward stepping movements. D. only after they are able to balance on one leg long enough to swing the other leg forward and shift their weight without falling.
A. as soon as they can make alternating leg movements.
Piaget argues that the initial development of formal operations is largely dominated by _____. A. assimilation B. accommodation C. perceptual coupling D. centration
A. assimilation
Research indicates that babies are first able to use their sense of taste _____ birth. A. before B. right after C. by 1 weeks after D. by 6 weeks after
A. before
Being aware of options and available alternatives that allow for adaptation to situations is known as A. cognitive flexibility. B. the dual-process model. C. reducing interfering thoughts. D. focusing attention.
A. cognitive flexibility.
Dr. Cook encourages her students to wonder, probe, analyze, question, and reflect rather than learn facts by rote memorization. She values A. critical thinking. B. self inhibition. C. scientific reasoning. D. conceptual categories.
A. critical thinking.
What is the process by which information gets into memory? A. encoding B. attention C. thinking D. automaticity
A. encoding
Rita remembers when she received a school award for perfect attendance. What type of memory is this? A. episodic memory B. implicit memory C. semantic memory D. working memory
A. episodic memory
Mackenzie easily recalls events in her life, but has difficulty remembering the knowledge she learned in college. Mackenzie shows good _____ memory, but poor _____ memory. A. episodic; semantic B. procedural; declarative C. semantic; episodic D. explicit; implicit
A. episodic; semantic
The ability to consciously remember past events and experiences is a type of A. explicit memory. B. implicit memory. C. semantic memory. D. procedural memory.
A. explicit memory.
Which of the following influences what we can do with information according to the information-processing approach? A. information-processing speed B. the cognitive developmental stage the child is in C. the microgenetic method that is used D. whether the child has developed metacognitive abilities
A. information-processing speed
Sensation occurs when information A. interacts with sensory receptors, such as the eyes, ears, tongue, nostrils, and skin. B. is interpreted by the brain. C. affects organs such as the heart and lungs. D. interacts with the brain, but the brain can not make any meaning interpretations.
A. interacts with sensory receptors, such as the eyes, ears, tongue, nostrils, and skin.
Infants develop behavioral schemes, whereas children develop _____ schemes. A. mental B. adaptive C. physical D. active
A. mental
Attention in infancy to the "what" and "where" are examples of a(n) _____ process. A. orientating B. executive attention C. divided attention D. joint attention
A. orientating
Baby Ty reaches and grips a toy using his whole hand. This ability is called the A. palmer grasp. B. pincer grasp. C. gross motor skill. D. "sticky mittens" experience.
A. palmer grasp.
Brent talks himself through his math calculation homework, particularly when he does hard questions. This can be an example of A. private speech. B. egocentrism. C. scaffolding. D. the zone of proximal development.
A. private speech
All of the following are strategies to reduce suggestibility when interviewing children EXCEPT A. providing as much hypothetical details of the situation as possible. B. reducing the motivation for children to make false reports. C. limiting misleading questions. D. keeping a neutral tone.
A. providing as much hypothetical details of the situation as possible.
What mechanisms help infants survive before they have an opportunity to learn adaptive behavior? A. reflexes B. motor skills C. vision and hearing D. dynamic systems
A. reflexes
Piaget's cognitive developmental stages A. signify qualitative differences in cognition. B. signify quantitative changes in cognition. C. consist of six major different periods. D. consist of four major different periods that do not have a particular sequential order.
A. signify qualitative differences in cognition.
The Moro reflex is a response to _____, whereas the grasping reflex is a response to _____. A. sound or movement; touch B. touch; sound or movement C. smell; sight D. sight; smell
A. sound or movement; touch
Which reflex enables an infant to obtain nourishment? A. sucking B. Moro C. grasping D. rooting
A. sucking
Fifteen percent of people over 65 are legally deaf usually due to degeneration of the primary neural receptor for hearing in the inner ear, referred to as A. the cochlea. B. the eardrum. C. the retina. D. glaucoma.
A. the cochlea.
Mandler's main criticism of the Rovee-Collier studies on infant memory is that A. these infants display only implicit memory. B. the kicking was a reflex and shows no evidence of memory. C. these infants were merely excited to see the stimuli, without having remembered anything. D. these infants display only explicit memory.
A. these infants display only implicit memory.
As measured on the Snellen chart, a newborn's vision is estimated to be A. 20/100. B. 20/240. C. 20/150. D. 20/50.
B. 20/240
Most research shows that the majority of babies do not exhibit explicit memory until A. 3 to 6 months. B. 6 to 12 months. C. 18 months. D. 2 years.
B. 6 to 12 months.
Which of the following is TRUE of infants' auditory development? A. Infants are more sensitive to the pitch of a sound than adults are. B. Immediately after birth, infants cannot hear soft sounds as well as adults. C. Infants cannot distinguish the location from which a sound originates. D. A fetus can hear sounds during only the last 2 weeks of pregnancy.
B. Immediately after birth, infants cannot hear soft sounds as well as adults.
Baby Chloe startles when she hears a loud sound. She arches her back, throws back her head, and flings out her arms. Which reflex is she demonstrating? A. sucking B. Moro C. rooting D. grasping
B. Moro
What are the current findings of intermodal perception? A. Intermodal perception is developed early in infancy. B. Newborns are born with some intermodal capabilities, but they improve through experience. C. A person's intermodal perception is not coordinated until middle childhood. D. Experience is not essential to the development of intermodal perception.
B. Newborns are born with some intermodal capabilities, but they improve through experience.
Which of the following statements accurately describes processing speed? A. Processing speed decreases dramatically across the childhood years. B. Processing speed increases dramatically across the childhood years. C. Processing speed begins declining in adolescence. D. Processing speed peaks in older adulthood.
B. Processing speed increases dramatically across the childhood years.
Which of the following reasons BEST explains why 4-year-old Tanisha might knock over a tower of blocks she is building and start again? A. She fails to place a block squarely on the stack she is assembling. B. She tries too hard to place every block perfectly. C. She makes careless movements because she doesn't pay enough attention to what she is doing. D. Knocking the tower down is more interesting than building it up.
B. She tries too hard to place every block perfectly.
Which of the following statements is true regarding smell and taste in the elderly? A. These senses do not decline as we age. B. Smell declines more than taste. C. Healthy elderly adults are less likely to experience a decline in both smell and taste than unhealthy elderly adults. D. Smell declines, but taste becomes more sensitive as we age.
B. Smell declines more than taste.
Child A understands that people may have ambivalent feelings. Child B begins to understand that people's behaviors do not necessarily reflect their thoughts and feelings. Child C believes that if a person sits quietly, they are not thinking much. Child A is ____. Child B is _______. Child C is __________. A. 4 years old; 6 years old; a young adolescent B. a young adolescent; 6 years old; 4 years old C. a young adolescent; 4 years old; 6 years old D. 6 years old; 4 years old; a young adolescent
B. a young adolescent; 6 years old; 4 years old
Karl covers his stuffed toys before bedtime to make sure they are not cold. This is an example of A. egocentricism. B. animism. C. conservation. D. operations.
B. animism.
Which of the following do Neo-Piagetians argue should have more emphasis in cognitive developmental theory? A. social learning B. attention, memory, and strategy C. evolutionary adaptations D. critical periods
B. attention, memory, and strategy
Following the homecoming game, a group of senior high school students drank a lot of alcohol. After that, they still insisted that they could drive home themselves without any problem. This behavior is an example of A. psychological invulnerability. B. dander invulnerability. C. an imaginary audience. D. hypothetical-deductive reasoning.
B. dander invulnerability.
Ilene has difficulty negotiating steps and street curbs. She is having a problem with A. dark adaptation. B. depth perception. C. presbyopia. D. a growing blind spot.
B. depth perception.
Jake is 45 years old and wants to avoid losing his cognitive functioning when he is older. What can he do now to prepare? A. eat foods low in fat B. do crossword puzzles C. take a multivitamin supplement daily D. avoid mentally challenging tasks as much as possible
B. do crossword puzzles
According to Esther Thelen, motor behaviors are assembled for perceiving and acting. Her theory is called the _____ theory. A. bio-psycho-motor B. dynamic systems C. bio-behavioral D. perceptual systems
B. dynamic systems
Lane is learning to recognize lowercase letters. He is able to do this by ignoring the fact that some lowercase letters do not look like their uppercase counterparts. This is an example of A. decoding. B. encoding. C. automaticity. D. memory.
B. encoding.
When Derek writes his autobiography, he can just concentrate on recalling the events he experienced in the past, without thinking about the keystrokes he needs to hit. He uses _____ in recalling the past events, and ______ in hitting the right keystroke. A. episodic memory; semantic memory B. explicit memory; implicit memory C. semantic memory; implicit memory D. working memory; semantic memory
B. explicit memory; implicit memory
Eyedrops are used to treat A. macular degeneration. B. glaucoma. C. cataracts. D. prebyopia.
B. glaucoma
Compared to younger adults, older adults show _____ activity in the frontal and parietal regions while they are engaging in simple tasks. However, if the task requires more attention, older adults display _____ functioning in the frontal and parietal lobes that involve cognitive control. A. less; greater B. greater; less C. the same level of; less D. less; the same level of
B. greater; less
Monica rotates the presentation of her infant's toys every few minutes, because she doesn't want him to become bored or A. dishabituated. B. habituated. C. divided in his attention. D. overstimulated.
B. habituated.
Memory without conscious recollection is known as A. explicit memory. B. implicit memory. C. episodic memory. D. semantic memory.
B. implicit memory.
Third-grader Thania forms her cursive letters in small even rows. What BEST accounts for her improving dexterity? A. better developed gross motor skills B. increased myelination C. bone ossification D. increased muscle development
B. increased myelination
"Knowing about knowing" is called A. automaticity. B. metacognition. C. strategy construction. D. encoding.
B. metacognition.
In the Gibson-Walk experiment, most of the babies who were encouraged to crawl across the glass over the visual cliff would A. crawl across it without hesitation. B. not crawl across it. C. crawl across it if their mothers coaxed them. D. crawl across it, but showed a significant increase in heart rate indicating anxiety.
B. not crawl across it
Research shows that _____. A. even fetuses before birth show a limited type of memory B. only newborns right after birth show the earliest signs of memory C. infants do not show any sign of memory until after 2 months of age D. infants do not show any sign of memory until after 6 months of age
B. only newborns right after birth show the earliest signs of memory
Six-day-old Shayli who has been breast fed is presented with two nursing pads. One is soaked with her mother's breast milk and the other is clean. Shayli will MOST likely A. show no preference for smelling either nursing pad. B. prefer to smell her mother's nursing pad. C. prefer to smell the clean nursing pad. D. show no response to either nursing pad unless she is hungry.
B. prefer to smell her mother's nursing pad.
One of the significant developments in understanding others' desires by 18 months of age is A. being able to predict what others want. B. recognizing that someone else's desires may differ from one's own. C. verbalizing that others may have desires different from her own. D. convincing others to abandon their desires and adopt one's own.
B. recognizing that someone else's desires may differ from one's own.
When working with young children, adults often provide assistance, instruction, and other support. As children demonstrate they can do more for themselves, Vygotsky recommends that adults begin to withdraw these supports. This demonstrates the concept of A. the zone of proximal development. B. scaffolding. C. dialogue. D. inner speech.
B. scaffolding.
Peak physical performance usually occurs during A. adolescence. B. the 20s. C. the 30s. D. the 40s.
B. the 20s
Studies of theory of mind view the child as a(n) _____. A. sponge who is trying to absorb as much knowledge from others as possible B. thinker who is trying to explain, predict, and understand people's thoughts, feelings, and communications C. "island" that learns to satisfy desires and answer questions on his own D. scientist who experiments with the people and objects around him
B. thinker who is trying to explain, predict, and understand people's thoughts, feelings, and communications
Joint attention requires all of the following EXCEPT A. an ability to track another's behavior. B. verbal dialog between the two parties. C. one person directing another's attention. D. reciprocal interaction.
B. verbal dialog between the two parties.
Miri can walk quickly and run stiffly for a short distance. She loves to stand and kick her soccer ball. Miri is likely between the ages of _____ months. A. 9 and 12 B. 13 and 18 C. 18 and 24 D. 36 and 48
C. 18 and 24
Like Piaget, Vygotsky believed that children A. progress through strict age-related stages of cognitive development. B. learn from watching older, more experienced individuals. C. actively construct their knowledge and understanding. D. are biologically predisposed to achieve a certain level of cognitive development.
C. actively construct their knowledge and understanding.
Eighteen-month-old Bridger is running in the park when he reaches a steep embankment. He stops, looks up, and then drops to his hands and knees and begins crawling up. This illustrates the concept of A. sensation. B. perception. C. affordances. D. visual acuity.
C. affordances.
Which processes are required for effective information processing? A. metacognition and metamemory B. thought and behavior C. attention, memory, and thinking D. encoding, memory, and emotion
C. attention, memory, and thinking
When people recall important life events and experiences, they are engaging in A. implicit memory. B. working memory. C. autobiographical memory. D. witness testimony.
C. autobiographical memory.
In order for David to realize that he heard the train approaching fast, it has to involve the process(es) of A. sensation. B. perception. C. both sensation and perception. D. neither sensation nor perception.
C. both sensation and perception.
Animism and egocentrism represent limitations in the preoperational child's thinking, because they indicate an inability to A. think symbolically. B. center attention on one characteristic. C. distinguish among different perspectives. D. to be fanciful and inventive in their drawings.
C. distinguish among different perspectives.
Jon listens to his favorite CD while studying for tomorrow's exam. This is an example of _____ attention. A. salient B. selective C. divided D. sustained
C. divided
Jinni finds certain concepts from her human development class easy to remember, because she is able to associate the information with many of her own childhood experiences. What memory strategy is she using? A. rehearsal B. imagery C. elaboration D. repetition
C. elaboration
While reading a book for literature class, Kelly tried to relate to the character's struggles and note how they are similar and different from her own life so that she can remember the events in the book better. Kelly is using the ______ strategy. A. rehearsal. B. imagery. C. elaboration. D. repetition.
C. elaboration
The "sticky mittens" studies found that A. gross motor development determines fine motor development. B. experience is irrelevant to the development of fine motor skills. C. experience plays a role in the development of reaching and grasping. D. experience plays a role in grasping but not reaching.
C. experience plays a role in the development of reaching and grasping.
Activities that use large muscles develop: A. the grasping reflex. B. fine motor skills. C. gross motor skills. D. the sucking reflex
C. gross motor skills.
Which of the following is 70-year-old Leo LEAST likely to forget? A. names of high school classmates B. the life events he had in his 40s and 50s C. how to swim D. capital city names
C. how to swim
Janie is exhausting her father with a barrage of "why" questions. She is trying to figure out why things are the way they are. Janie is in Piaget's A. coordination of secondary circular reactions substage. B. symbolic function substage. C. intuitive thought substage. D. tertiary circular reactions substage.
C. intuitive thought substage
The research of Spelke and research of Baillargeon show that infants as young as 3 or 4 months old understand object permanence, because infants expect them to exist when the objects are hidden. However, critics question whether an infant's _____ is a valid measure of object permanence, because it merely demonstrates ______. A. lack of interest in the objects; cognitive competencies B. lack of interest in the objects; perceptual competencies C. longer looking time; perceptual competencies D. longer looking time; cognitive competencies
C. longer looking time; perceptual competencies
The disease marked by retina deterioration is called A. glaucoma. B. cataracts. C. macular degeneration. D. presbyopia.
C. macular degeneration.
By age 6, children know that recognition is easier than recall, short lists are easier to remember than long lists, and forgetting is more likely over time. They are developing A. scientific reasoning. B. expertise. C. metamemory. D. critical thinking.
C. metamemory.
Mrs. Marsden hears a student arranging story cards. "Hmm, I think this one goes first and next is that one. No, maybe that one." She is witnessing the student's A. scaffolding. B. speech for communication. C. private speech for problem solving. D. inner speech for problem solving.
C. private speech for problem solving
Baby Emily and her mother often engage in joint attention. Emily will most likely do which of the following? A. develop an attention deficit disorder B. have shorter long-term memory than her age peers C. say her first word earlier than her age peers D. develop a narrow vocabulary
C. say her first word earlier than her age peers
Changing the level of support in the zone of proximal development is labeled A. constructing. B. training. C. scaffolding. D. dialogue.
C. scaffolding
Nine-year-old AJ enjoys participating in organized sports. He is developing an idea of belonging to a team. AJ's concept of being a team member is an example of a(n) A. disequilibrium. B. accommodation. C. scheme. D. assimilation.
C. scheme.
Baby Mary recognizes the table as in the same shape, even though the table appears in different shapes depending on the angle from which it is observed. This is an example of A. size constancy. B. depth perception. C. shape constancy. D. accommodation of the eye.
C. shape constancy.
Piaget's theory of development centered on children's actions and interaction with the physical world, while Vygotsky's focused on A. conservation. B. memory and attention. C. social interaction. D. trial and error.
C. social interaction
The creation of a new procedure for processing information is A. encoding. B. automaticity. C. strategy construction. D. metacognition.
C. strategy construction.
Jillian feels like she is the center of attention and acts as though she were "on stage." This way of thinking is known as A. psychological invulnerability. B. hypothetical-deductive reasoning. C. the imaginary audience. D. the personal fable.
C. the imaginary audience
Some experts believe that young children should not testify in court because A. their short-term memory is completely unreliable. B. their working-memory is completely unreliable. C. they are highly susceptible to suggestion. D. they would reject any adult suggestion.
C. they are highly susceptible to suggestion.
DeCasper and Spence (1986) measured babies' sucking rates as they listened to a story they had heard in the womb (The Cat in the Hat) and to a story they had not heard (The King, the Mice, and the Cheese). The study concluded that A. amniotic fluid blocks sound waves from reaching the fetus. B.the fetus could not learn before birth, but infants can learn right after birth. C.the fetus could learn even before birth. D. the infants showed equal interest in both stories.
C.the fetus could learn even before birth.
The preoperational stage lasts from ages A. 3 to 5. B. 4 to 7. C. 2 to 4. D. 2 to 7.
D. 2 to 7.
Baby Karyn has just learned to sit independently. Approximately how old is she? A. 1 year B. 3 weeks C. 2 months D. 6 months
D. 6 months
What percentage of adults over 70 years of age has some type of hearing problem? A. 15% B. 22% C. 54% D. 63%
D. 63%
The concrete operational stage lasts from ages A. 9 through 16. B. 5 through 11. C. 8 through 14. D. 7 through 11.
D. 7 through 11.
Compared to younger drivers, older drivers A. show a decline in motion sensitivity. B. need to expend more cognitive effort when driving. C. overestimate the time needed for an approaching vehicle to reach its location. D. All of these answers are correct
D. All of these answers are correct
According to Piaget, which of the following is characteristic of a child in the preoperational stage? A. animism. B. egocentrism. C. centration. D. All of these answers are correct.
D. All of these answers are correct.
Children in Tools of the Mind classrooms exhibit more advanced skills in __________ than their peers in other early childhood programs. A. writing complex sentences B. spelling accurately C. understanding the concept of a sentence D. All of these answers are correct.
D. All of these answers are correct.
Eighty-year-old Betty believes in the concept of "use it or lose it." In which of the following activities should Betty engage in order to "use it" and reduce the rate of cognitive decline? A. Read daily. B. Complete crossword puzzles. C. Regularly attend lectures and concerts. D. All of these answers are correct.
D. All of these answers are correct.
Kyle has progressive presbyopia. What is likely to help correct this condition? A. bifocal glasses B. intraocular glasses C. laser surgery D. All of these answers are correct.
D. All of these answers are correct.
To foster infants' motor development, which of the follow practices would be effective? A. giving infants opportunities for exercise B. stroking, massaging, or stretching the babies C. frequently exercising the babies' trunk and pelvic muscles D. All of these answers are correct.
D. All of these answers are correct.
Which of the following methods should Dr. Kim use if she wants to determine whether infants can distinguish one stimulus from another? A. visual preference B. habituation-dishabituation C. high-amplitude sucking D. All of these answers are correct.
D. All of these answers are correct.
Which of the following is TRUE of children's effective problem solving? A. Most students today are given ample opportunities to practice strategic problem solving. B. The best strategy for solving a particular problem is normally discovered by children themselves while exploring the world independently. C. Children benefit least when using multiple strategies in problem solving. D. Children benefit most when using more than one strategy in problem solving, even if some didn't work or didn't work well.
D. Children benefit most when using more than one strategy in problem solving, even if some didn't work or didn't work well.
Ms. Whitaker incorporates peer tutoring in her classroom. With whose theory does this method fit? A. Freud B. Piaget C. The Neo-Piagetians D. Vygotsky
D. Vygotsky
Alene says, "If A is older than B, and B is older than C, then A must be older than C." Janis can not understand this. Alene explains, "If your friend John is older than you are, and you are older than your cousin Mary, then John must be older than Mary." Janis says, "I got it." In this example, Alene shows ______ thought, while Janis shows ______ thought. A. abstract; hypothetical B. concrete; abstract C. deductive; inductive D. abstract; concrete
D. abstract; concrete
Halene is sure that all her classmates are staring at her new haircut. This is an example of A. a personal fable. B. intuitive thought. C. hypothetical-deductive reasoning. D. an imaginary audience.
D. an imaginary audience
Stella has just returned from the doctor and was told she has cloudy areas in the lenses of her eyes. Stella has A. glaucoma. B. dark adaptation. C. macular degeneration. D. cataracts.
D. cataracts
If one adopts Spelke's Core Knowledge Approach, one would believe that A. children learn some basic knowledge that is applicable to all different domains during the first few months after birth. B. children are born with some innate basic knowledge that is applicable to all different domains. C. children learn some basic knowledge that is applicable to specific domains during the first few months after birth. D. children are born with some innate basic knowledge that is applicable to specific domains.
D. children are born with some innate basic knowledge that is applicable to specific domains
Marni thinks about how the world could be if everyone took more personal responsibility for the environment. Marni is in which of Piaget's stages? A. sensorimotor B. preoperational C. concrete operational D. formal operational
D. formal operational
While studying for a history exam, Michael finds it easier to recall details if he creates a mental picture relating to the information he is reviewing. What memory strategy is he using? A. rehearsal B. elaboration C. organization D. imagery
D. imagery
Josh has not been swimming for years. One day, he fell into the river, and he started to swim. Obviously he remembers his swimming skills. What type of memory is he using? A. short term B. working C. explicit D. implicit
D. implicit
Executive function _______________. A.involves goal-setting and cognitive flexibility B. includes executive attention C. involves cognitive inhibition and delay gratification D. involves all of these answers
D. involves all of these answers
In general, older adults are as accurate as younger adults in A. monitoring all aspects of information. B. monitoring source memory. C. estimating their memory abilities. D. monitoring the encoding and retrieval of information.
D. monitoring the encoding and retrieval of information.
Research found which of the following is NOT positively correlated with healthy executive function development. A. sensitive parenting B. school readiness C. mathematical skills in kindergartens D. parents without self-regulation and inhibition
D. parents without self-regulation and inhibition
Some adolescents engage in risky behaviors, because they believe they are invulnerable to the negative consequences of these actions. This is an example of A. intuitive thought. B. imaginary audience. C. hypothetical-deductive reasoning. D. personal fable.
D. personal fable.
Fifty-two-year-old Curtis is beginning to lose his ability to focus and maintain images on his retina. This condition is known as A. macular degeneration. B. cataracts. C. glaucoma. D. presbyopia.
D. presbyopia.
Adaptive, built-in reactions to stimuli are called A. fine motor skills. B. gross motor skills. C. Moro. D. reflexes.
D. reflexes.
Shawn is 5 years old and sucks his thumb. His mother is worried that thumb sucking will become a lifelong habit. A developmental psychologist would MOST likely advise Shawn's mother to: A. keep Shawn at home for another year before entering kindergarten. B. change her disciplining methods. C. develop a strict behavior intervention plan. D. relax because the behavior will most likely remit on its own.
D. relax because the behavior will most likely remit on its own.
Which of the following is the correct order of Piaget's cognitive developmental stages? A. preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational, sensorimotor B. concrete operational, sensorimotor, formal operational, concrete operational C. preoperational, formal operational, concrete operational, sensorimotor D. sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
D. sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
Stacy is vigilant in watching her baby for any change in her breathing. This is an example of _____ attention. A. executive B. selective C. divided D. sustained
D. sustained
Which of the following would be impossible without the understanding of the concept of object permanence? A. rehabituation after being presented with a new and interesting toy B. starting a habitual action without the stimulus in the original reflex C. intentional action such as using a stick to bring a toy close D. thinking of your mother while she is at work
D. thinking of your mother while she is at work
According to schema theory, people A. mold memories to fit information that already exists in their minds. B. store information as is without distortion. C. remember only what is salient to them. D. have a finite amount of brain storage space and must "weed out" old information to store new information.
a
Al avoids driving at night because it is difficult for his eyes to adjust after he passes oncoming cars. Al is having a problem with A. dark adaptation. B. depth perception. C. presbyopia. D. his blind spot
a
Baby Ty reaches and grips a toy using his whole hand. This ability is called the A. palmer grasp. B. pincer grasp. C. gross motor skill. D. "sticky mittens" experience.
a
Brent talks himself through his math calculation homework, particularly when he does hard questions. This can be an example of Question 5 options: private speech. egocentrism. scaffolding. the zone of proximal development.
a
Gabbi holds a piece of plastic toy, starts to produce the chewing action repeatedly, and says "I'm eating fish." Gabbi is in which sensorimotor substage? Question 10 options: internalization of schemes secondary circular reactions coordination of secondary circular reactions tertiary circular reactions Save
a
Infant boys often drift into a deep sleep after circumcision. This is most likely A. a mechanism to cope with the pain. B. an indication that infants don't feel pain. C. an indication that infants feel excessive pain in such surgeries. D. an indication that such surgery can sooth the infants.
a
Marta is developing new abilities, such as sitting and standing, but is not yet able to climb or ride on riding toys. Marta is in her first year. second year. prenatal stage. reflex stage.
a
Mr. Kaird incorporates peer tutoring in his classroom. This is an example of Question 5 options: scaffolding. zone of proximal development. dialogue. inner speech.
a
Playing organized sports can have which of the following negative effects on a child? A. undue pressure and stress to achieve and win B. overly developed muscle mass C. decreased cognitive functioning D. increased peer pressure for substance abuse
a
Research shows that adults remember more events from the second and third decades of their lives than from other decades. This is known as Question 7 options: the reminiscence bump. source memory. semantic memory. the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.
a
Sally tells a joke to her friend Helen. Helen smiles and responds, "I told you that joke yesterday!" Sally's embarrassment is due to her failure in Question 1 options: source memory. the reminiscence bump. prospective memory. short-term memory. Save
a
What mechanisms help infants survive before they have an opportunity to learn adaptive behavior? A. reflexes B. motor skills C. vision and hearing D. dynamic systems
a
What skills involve movements such as buttoning a shirt or typing? A. fine motor B. gross motor C. reflexes D. perceptual-motor
a
When people encounter information that conflicts with the schemes they have established, they experience ________. Question 4 options: disequilibrium equilibrium accommodation organization
a
Which of the following is a criticism of Piaget's cognitive development theory? Question 8 options: Some cognitive abilities emerge earlier and some later than Piaget thought. Adult cognition is far more advanced than Piaget theorized. An enriched environment and training have less developmental impact than Piaget thought. Social interaction is less vital to learning than Piaget believed.
a
Which statement summarizes what Perry (1970) believes about the cognitive level of a typical adolescent? Question 6 options: "Right is right, and wrong is wrong." "There are three sides to every issue: black, white, and gray." "We have to look for the underlying principle of truth in every situation." "We need to understand and operate from others' perspectives."
a
According to Esther Thelen, motor behaviors are assembled for perceiving and acting. Her theory is called the _____ theory. A. bio-psycho-motor B. dynamic systems C. bio-behavioral D. perceptual systems
b
According to Schaie (1977), as young adults begin working, cognitive development switches from Question 3 options: applying to acquiring knowledge. acquiring to applying knowledge. realistic to idealistic thinking. intuitive to logical thought.
b
According to Vygotsky, the range of tasks that are too difficult for the child to master alone, but that can be learned with guidance and assistance, is Question 8 options: scaffolding. the zone of proximal development. a cultural tool provided by society. inner speech. Save
b
Baby Jasmina is sitting in her high chair and picks up Cheerios using her thumb and forefinger. This newfound ability is due to the development of rev: A. the palmer grasp. B. the pincer grip. C. gross motor skills D. reaching ability
b
Dr. Smith believes that the ability to perceive the world in a competent, organized way is innate. Dr. Smith seems to uphold the A. empiricist view. B. nativist view. C. intermodal perception. D. ecological view.
b
Lexi calls every animal she sees a cat. This is an example of Question 5 options: disequilibrium. assimilation. accommodation. equilibration. Save
b
Many preschool children are _____, and first graders ______. farsighted; become more farsighted until late childhood. farsighted; can focus their eyes and sustain their attention on close-up objects. nearsighted; become farsighted until late childhood. nearsighted; can focus their eyes and sustain their attention on close-up objects.
b
Nathan and Sara are eating granola bars. Sara breaks her bar in half. Nathan gets upset because Sara has two granola bars. Nathan has not developed the concept of Question 10 options: centration. conservation. intuitive thought. symbolic function. Save
b
Ninety-year-old Ben enjoys talking about growing up on a corn farm in Illinois. Given his age, Ben's episodic memory is likely to be Question 8 options: more accurate than his procedural memory less accurate than his semantic memory more accurate than his semantic memory equally accurate as his semantic memory
b
Rooting and sucking occur during the first sensorimotor substage called Question 9 options: first habits and primary circular reactions. simple reflexes. complex reflexes. primary circular reactions. Save
b
When self-talk becomes second nature to children and they can act without verbalizing, they have begun to use Question 2 options: private speech. inner speech. dialogue. scaffolding.
b
Adam cries that the tree root tripped him. This is an example of Question 8 options: egocentric thought. conservation. animism. operations.
c
Eighty-year-old Kathleen, who is healthy, will show a steady decline in: Question 5 options: implicit and semantic memory. implicit and episodic memory. working memory and processing speed. procedural and working memory.
c
Evie knows the capital cities of every state. What type of memory is this? Question 6 options: episodic memory implicit memory semantic memory working memory
c
Piaget's theory of development centered on children's actions and interaction with the physical world, while Vygotsky's focused on Question 4 options: conservation. memory and attention. social interaction. trial and error.
c
The realization that people can have false beliefs is fully developed in a majority of children by what age? Question 4 options: 2 years old 3 years old 5 years old 8 years old
c
Tim understands that cars are vehicles. Later, he hears others refer to buses, trucks, or ships as vehicles, and starts to call them vehicles, too. This change is an example of Question 4 options: scheme. assimilation. accommodation. disequilibrium.
c
Which of the following BEST describes the relationship between sensation and perception? A. Sensation and perception are independent processes. B. Sensation occurs after perception. C. Perception cannot occur unless sensation takes place first. D. Perception involves information interacting with sensory receptors, while sensation involves meaningful interpretations.
c
Which of the following is NOT an element of postformal thought? Question 1 options: Solving a problem requires considering many different aspects. Correct answers to a problem may vary from one situation to another. Firm commitment to an absolute truth. The search for truth is a never-ending process.
c
Which of the following sets of categories would interest 2-year-old Robert most, according to the findings in gender difference research? Question 2 options: dress-ups, books/reading balls, books, dolls vehicles, machines, dinosaurs equal interest in books/reading and dinosaurs.
c
Which taste preference develops at about 4 months of age? A. sweet B. sour C. salty D. bitter
c
Working memory is synonymous with short-term memory. synonymous with long-term memory. the mental capacity where information is manipulated and assembled when people make decisions or solve problems. like a passive storehouse where information waits for long-term memory encoding. Save
c
"I had my first vacation to Manhattan, New York, in 1949, and stayed at the Casablanca Hotel," says Mabel, who is 77 years old. This is an example of A. semantic memory. B. implicit memory. C. visuospatial working memory. D. episodic memory
d
According to Piaget, adolescents capable of formal operational thinking differ from younger children in preoperational thinking in that younger children cannot Question 2 options: solve problems. understand the concept of conservation. deal with operations in concrete situations. systematically and mentally test hypotheses.
d
Allan is having laser surgery to repair the deterioration of his retina. He has glaucoma. presbyopia. cataracts. macular degeneration.
d
Baby Dennis sees a ball on the floor. He picks it up, looks at it carefully, and then bangs it on the ground. He picks it up again, holds it over his head, and drops it. Then, he picks it up and throws it. Dennis continues playing for several minutes. Dennis is in which of Piaget's sensorimotor substages? Question 3 options: primary circular reactions secondary circular reactions coordination of secondary circular reactions tertiary circular reactions Save
d
Children in Tools of the Mind classrooms exhibit more advanced skills in __________ than their peers in other early childhood programs. writing complex sentences spelling accurately understanding the concept of a sentence All of these answers are correct.
d
Josh has not been swimming for years. One day, he fell into the river, and he started to swim. Obviously he remembers his swimming skills. What type of memory is he using? Question 3 options: short term working explicit implicit Save
d
Tammy is middle-aged and walks daily with her friends. Research shows that she can expect which of the following in older adulthood? a higher risk of obesity arthritis in her knees and hips the same level of motor ability loss as her non-walking counterparts a lower level of motor ability loss
d
Which of the following characterizes the concrete operational stage? Question 7 options: Logical thinking occurs in abstract terms. Reasoning is dominated by intuition. Reasoning is dominated by centration. Logic replaces intuition if it can be applied to a visible example.
d
