Human Growth Chapter 3

What types of things are looked at during a prenatal checkup?

*Monitor general health*: -weight gain -capacity of uterus and cervix to support fetus -growth of the fetus -Test for BP, drug abuse, and physical abuse *Treat complications* like diabetes and pre-eclampsia

What are the 3 stages of childbirth? -1: What is it and how long? -2: What is it and how long? -3: What is it and how long does it follow?

-1: *Dilation and effacement of the cervix*: lasts an average of 12 to 14 hours with initial birth and 4-6 hours for those with later births. This period causes cervix to widen and thin forming a channel to birth canal. -2: *Delivery ofthe baby*: Lasting from 50 minutes to 20 minutes for subsequent births. Strong muscle contractions and mother's urge to push force baby down and out. -3: *Delivery of the placenta*: Placenta delivery follows in 5 to 10 minutes.

How does Nutrition affect unborn babies?

-A healthy diet helps ensure the health of the mother and baby. -Prenatal malnutrition can cause serious damage to the baby's central nervous system and can also distort the structure of the liver, kidneys, pancreas, and other organs -Pregnant women may not consume an adequate amount of iron if they do not take iron supplements during pregnancy, leading to Iron Deficiency, especially during the first trimester.

What populations are most likely to have infants die in the first year of life? Why?

-African American and Native American who are nearly twice as likely as white infants to die in the first year of life. -Widespread poverty leads to low birth-weight infants which is the second leading cause of infant death

-Being underweight before pregnancy may give birth to? -Obese women are at increased risk of?

-Being underweight before pregnancy may give birth to an infant with low birthweight -Obese women are at increased risk of pre-eclampsia, gestational diabetes, cesarean delivery, and failure to initiate breastfeeding

What do Brain damaged or birth trauma infants often have? What does it lead to?

-Brain damaged or birth trauma infants often have disturbed NREM/REM sleep patterns. Can lead to disorganized behavior and learning difficulties.

Harm done by teratogen's are affected by what?

-Dose (meds) [larger dose for larger time] -Heredity (Genes) -Age (Age of fetus when exposed to teratogen) -Other negative influences ( Poor nutrition, lack of medical care, stress, drugs, alcohol)

What are Teratogenic Substances?

-Drugs (Prescript, Nonprescipt, illegal) -Tobacco -Alcohol -Radiation -Environmental pollution -Infectious disease

What are the Newborn reflexes?

-Eye blink -Rooting -Sucking -Moro -Palmar grasp -Tonic neck -Stepping -Babinski (Video on blackboard)

What's the difference between Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) and Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)?

-Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) refers to the range of physical, mental, and behavioral outcomes caused by prenatal alcohol exposure. -Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) distinguished by slow physical growth, three facial abnormalities, and brain injury, typically occurs when a woman drinks heavily throughout pregnancy.

What do High levels of stress hormones do in terms of giving labor?

-Help baby withstand oxygen deprivation -Prepare babyto breathe -Arouse infant into alertness -Send extra blood to the brain and heart

Infant States of Arousal: -Non-rapid-eye-movement (NREM) sleep -Rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep -Drowsiness -Quiet alertness -Waking activityand crying

-NREM regular sleep, no eye movement, 8-9 hours, regular breathing -REM irregular sleep, occasional stirring, facial grimaces, irreg breathing 8-9 hours -Drowsiness Infant is either falling asleep or waking up -Quiet alertness body inactive, eyes open attentive, 2-3 hours -Waking activity and crying 1-4 hours breathing irregular

What are some interventions for Preterm infants?

-Temperature (controlled isolette) -Special stimulation: -gentle rocking -visual or auditory stimulation -touch, such as skin-to-skin kangaroo care -Parent training in infant caregiving

Newborn Senses of Taste and Smell: -Have preference for what taste at birth? -Odor? -Mothers smell? -Taste especially sensitive to?

-have a preference for sweet tastesat birth can readily learn to like new tastes -have odor preferences at birth -can locate odors and identify mother by smell from birth -Taste is especially sensitive to sweet taste of breast milk

What happens during the 3rd month of pregnancy?

-organs, muscles, and Nervous System start to become organized and connected. -Lungs begin to expand and contract

What 3 Hormones facilitate caregiving?

-oxytocin -prolactin -estrogen

What are the 3 periods of neonatal development?

1. The zygote period [2 weeks (from fertilization until the cell mass attaches itself to the uterine wall)] 2. The Embryo period [6 weeks (from 2nd through 8th week of pregnancy)] 3. Fetus Stage [from 9th week to the end of pregnancy]

What is the age of viability?

Between 22 and 26 weeks

What is Colic? What causes it? Usually ends between...?

Colic is a term for persistent crying and tends to be high pitched or harsh sounding. Cause is unknown but may be due to unpleasant stimuli. Usually ends between 3 and 6 months.

Explain Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

Distinguished by slow physical growth, three facial abnormalities, and brain injury, typically occurs when a woman drinks heavily throughout pregnancy.

Which prenatal period contains the ectoderm folding over to form the neural tube (primitive spinal cord)?

Embryo Period (Week 2 to 8)

Embryo Period: -Time period -Key events

Embryo Period: -Time period: 6 weeks (from 2nd through 8th week of pregnancy) -Key events: *Groundwork laid for all body structures and internal organs* -Week 3: three cell layers develop and give rise to all parts of the body -Ectoderm folds over to form the neural tube, or primitive spinal cord. At 3.5 weeks the top swells to form brain. heart begins to pump, muscle, backbone, ribs, and digestive tract appear,

T/F: About 1 in 20 American infants is born underweight

False (About 1 in 13 American infants is born underweight)

T/F: Research shows that healthy women in their thirties have higher rates of pregnancy complications as those in their twenties.

False (Research shows that healthy women in their thirties have about the same rates of pregnancy complications as those in their twenties.)

T/F: Only a few organs are well developed by 20 weeks.

False T/F: *Many* organs are well developed by 20 weeks.

Explain Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) refers to the range of physical, mental, and behavioral outcomes caused by prenatal alcohol exposure.

Fetus Period -Time period -Key event

Fetus Period -Time period: From week 9 to birth/end of pregnancy -Key event: "Growth and finishing" phase

When is the period of the fetus?

From the ninth week to the end of pregnancy.

How do high doses of caffeine affect a developing child?

High doses of caffeine increase the risk of low birth weight.

How does emotional stress affect unborn children?

Intense anxiety during pregnancy, especially during the first two trimesters, is associated with miscarriage, prematurity, low birth weight, and colic.

What's a teratogen?

It refers to any environmental agent that causes damage during the prenatal period.

How does a fetus change during the third trimester?

It's responsiveness to stimulation, including pain increases, and the fetus begins to distinguish the tone and rhythm of different voices and sounds. Fetus also receives Ab from mother's blood.

How does low birth weight affect their disease risk in adulthood?

Low birth weight (less than 5.5 lbs) infants have higher risk for Hypertension, Heart disease/stroke, and diabetes.

What are the effects of smoking during pregnancy?

Low birth weight and increased chances of miscarriage, prematurity, blood vessel abnormalities, and asthma and cancer later in childhood.

How can environmental pollution (like exposure to lead, mercury, or PCB's) affect a prenatal baby?

May produce multiple cognitive and physical developmental problems.

New Family Adjustment: -Hormonal effects may depend on experience Challenges of early weeks: -new roles -changed schedule

New Family Adjustment: -Hormonal effects may depend on experience Challenges of early weeks: -new roles (mother/father (shared responsibility) -changed schedule (feeding at night, household tasks may change, shared responsibilities)

Newborn Sense of Hearing: -can hear a wide variety of sounds -prefer complex sounds to pure tones -can distinguish between a variety of sound patterns when only a few days old -listen longer to human speech than to nonspeech sounds -can detect the sounds of any human language

Newborn Sense of Hearing: -can hear a wide variety of sounds -*prefer complex sounds to pure tones* -can distinguish between a variety of sound patterns when only a few days old -*listen longer to human speech than to nonspeech sounds* -can detect the sounds of any human language

Newborn Sense of Vision: -Least developed sense at birth -Limited visual acuity -Actively explore environment: -scan for interesting sights -track moving objects -Not yet good at discriminating colors

Newborn Sense of Vision: -Least developed sense at birth -Limited visual acuity -Actively explore environment: -scan for interesting sights -track moving objects -Not yet good at discriminating colors

How do Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID's) like ibuprofen, Advil, Aleve, and Aspirin affect a developing child?

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID's) like ibuprofen, Advil, Aleve, and Aspirin can cause serious blood flow problems in the baby if used during last 3 months of pregnancy.

How does persistent intake of antidepressant medication affect a developing child?

Persistent intake of antidepressant medication is linked to an elevated incidence of premature delivery and birth complications.

What determines what a premature baby is?

Premature babies are those who are born 3 weeks or more before the end of a full 38-week pregnancy or who weigh less than 5½ pounds at birth.

How can radiation exposure affect an unborn child?

Radiation exposure can cause miscarriage, an underdeveloped brain, physical deformities, and slow physical growth.

What effects happen to a baby born to users of cocaine, heroin, or methadone during pregnancy?

Risk for prematurity, low birth weight, physical defects, breathing difficulties, and death around the time of birth.

How can infectious diseases like rubella affect an unborn child?

Rubella (measles) can cause a wide variety of defects, including organ damage, especially when it occurs during the embryonic period

Where are infants sensitive to touch?

Sensitive to touch: -around mouth -on palms and soles of feet

-Severe pain leads to: -Severe pain can be relived with:

Severe pain leads to: -overwhelms nervous system with stress hormones Severe pain can be relived with: -can be relieved with local anesthesia, sugar solution, or physical touch

Soothing a Crying Baby: -Talk softly or play rhythmic sounds -Offer pacifier -Massage baby's body -Swaddle -Hold on shoulder, rockor walk -Go for car ride or swing in cradle -Combine methods -Let cry for short time

Soothing a Crying Baby: -Talk softly or play rhythmic sounds -Offer pacifier -Massage baby's body -Swaddle -Hold on shoulder, rockor walk -Go for car ride or swing in cradle -Combine methods -Let cry for short time

What is The Apgar Scale and what are the categories?

The Apgar Scale is used to assess the infant's physical condition based on five criteria. -*A*ppearance: Color -*P*ulse: heart rate -*G*rimace: Reflex Irritability (sneeze, cough, grimace) -*A*ctivity: Muscle tone -*R*espiration: respiratory effort [7 or better means good physical condition.] [4 to 6 means baby needs assistance in establishing breathing or other vital signs] [3 or lower means infant is in serious danger and requires emergency medical attention]

What's the average newborns length and weight?

The average newborn is 20 inches long and 7 1⁄2 pounds in weight; boys tend to be slightly longer and heavier than girls.

The effects of teratogens illustrates ____________ influences between child and environment.

The effects of teratogens illustrates *bidirectional* influences between child and environment.

What's the greatest predictor of survival and healthy development of a newborn?

The greatest predictor of survival and healthy development of the newborn is the infant's *birth weight*

What happens during the middle of the second trimester (between 17 and 20 wks)?

The mother can fell the movements of the fetus. Body position changes as often as 25 times per hour. Baby can be stimulated as well as irritated by sounds.

The optic nerve development of an infant will not be adult-like for?

The optic nerve development will not be adult-like for *several years*

During which trimester does the fetus receive antibodies from the mother's blood?

The third trimester

During which trimester does the fetus take on beginnings of personality?

The third trimester

When is the CNS one of the most sensitive systems to outside agents?

Throughout the first 16 weeks of pregnancy.

T/F: Infectious Diseases are an example of a Teratogenic Substance

True

T/F: Most of the brain's neurons are in place in the 2nd trimester

True

T/F: Fathers as well as mothers have hormonal changes around the time of birth

True (*Changes are induced by contact with the mother and the baby, can predict positive reaction to newborn and paternal care giving.*)

T/F: The appearance and behavior of preterm babies can lead parents to be less sensitive in caring for them.

True (The appearance and behavior of preterm babies (tiny, sleepy, and unresponsive) can lead parents to be less sensitive in caring for them.

Where does the U.S. rank in the world in terms of infant mortality?

United States ranks near the bottom in infant mortality

What's the last sensory organ developed at time of birth?

Vision

What's the least developed sense at birth?

Vision (Limited visual acuity, Images are blurred. The infant is not able to distinguish colors at this stage)

Explain Rh factor incompatibility. What can result from it?

When a mother is Rh-negative (lacks the Rh blood protein) and the infant inherits the Rh-positive blood type from the father; however, a vaccine can prevent Rh incompatibility in most cases. -If Rh blood incompatibility does occur, it can result in mental retardation, miscarriage, heart damage, and infant death.

What's a sensitive period?

When a part of the body is prepared to develop rapidly, it is especially sensitive to its surroundings.

How does Maternal Age affect unborn children?

Women who delay childbearing until their thirties or forties face increased risk of infertility, miscarriage, and babies born with chromosomal defects.

Zygote Period: -Time period -3 key elements

Zygote Period: -Time period: 2 weeks (from fertilization until the cell mass attaches itself to the uterine wall) -3 key elements: -*Fertilization* -*Implantation*: When the blastocyst burrows deep into the uterine lining and amnion membrane enclosed in amniotic fluid to help maintain temp. -*Start of Placenta*: Placenta brings the embryo's and mothers blood close together so that the umbilical cord connected to the placenta delivers blood with nutrients, oxygen, and hormones to the fetus and remove waste products.