Human Migration

Describe Kennewick man's injuries.

Right hip bone has got an imbedded spearhead, 6 broken bones (5 on the right side), probably kicked, lived 20 years after injury

How does Eva's discovery make archaeologists question past ideas about the peopling of the Americas?

She was buried in the cave centuries before people were thought to be in North America. 15,000 years ago.

Why is Eva important?

She was the first and oldest bones to be found in the underwater caves beneath the Yucatán

Use "A.D." in a sentence.

Vesuvius erupted, devastating Pompeii in 79 AD.

How does having a better understanding of the past help us to better understand our future?

We hope to learn from it

What can YOU do to ensure that our environment will be able to sustain our increasing population?

Family planning, reduced consumption, pollution controls, and habitat protection

Anthropologist

A scientist who studies human development and culture

Ecologist

A scientist who studies the relations of organisms to one another and to their physical surroundings

Beringia

A land bridge that once connected Siberia and Alaska, enabling the migration of humans and animals to North America

Who is/was Kennewick man and why is he so important?

A man whose remains were discovered to be 8,500 years old. There was a 20 year long argument over who gets the bones; the Native Americans (to bury them), or the scientists (to study them)

Use "Paleoindian" in a sentence.

A paleoindian called Eva was found in an underwater cave under the Yucatán.

What is the kelp highway?

A quick route of transportation where kelp forests grew which allowed people to travel along the coast while not having to worry about food

Paleontologist

A scientist who studies fossils to learn about organisms that lived long ago

Clovis artifacts date back approximately _________ years.

13,500

About how long ago did humans begin to appear in Africa?

150,000 years ago

What is another theory that explains how humans came to the Americas?

16,000 years ago by boat; along the coast and along rivers

What do forensic anthropologists believe Kennewick man looked like?

160 lbs, 40 years old when he died, sturdy and strong, right-handed, 5 feet 7 inches, left-legged, wide body, probably used an atlatl

For every day digging at a site it might take ____ days back in the lab to catalog and analyze the materials.

20

What is a Clovis point and why is it special?

A Clovis point is a spearhead used by early humans we call the Clovis people 13,500 years ago.

Paleoindian

A classification term given to the first people who entered, and subsequently inhabited, the Americas during the final glacial episodes of the late Pleistocene period

What does the diversity of stone tools suggest about the people who settled in the Gault region?

A complicated or sophisticated culture; not just nomadic hunters; they may have settled

Define DNA evidence.

A forensic technique used to identify individuals by characteristics of their DNA

Chert

A hard, compact, fine-grained sedimentary rock formed almost entirely of silica.

Who was Eva?

A hunter-gatherer who was, supposedly, the first America

Define tundra.

A vast, flat, treeless Arctic region in which the subsoil is permanently frozen

Use "Anthropologist" in a sentence.

An anthropologist came to school today to study our educational culture.

Define Monte Verde, Chile.

An archaeological site in southern Chile

Describe the findings at Monte Verde, Chile.

An entire 14,500 years old prehistoric settlement including: mastodon bones, harths (remains of a fire pit), preserved berries and nuts, beams, logs, and animal hides for a long hut, a footprint, potato skins, outlines for huts

A.D.

Anno Domini

What evidence suggests that humans hunted mammoths?

Archaeologists found spearheads in close proximity to mammoth bones.

What continents did humans migrate to first?

Asia and Australia

Before 1000 CE where was the population the densest? Why?

Asia. Larger families? That was also the first place early humans migrated to after leaving Africa.

What continent as the highest population density today and in the near future?

Asia; mainly India and east China

B.C.

Before Christ

B.C.E.

Before Common Era

B.P.

Before Present

Tertiary source

Collection of primary and secondary sources

C.E.

Common Era

Use "B.C." in a sentence.

Early humans reached Australia around BC 48,000.

Name several reasons that scientists present that explain why humans have physically changed over thousands of years.

Eating different foods, living in cities, different kinds of survival skills, different kinds of intelligence

What in what ways is Eva like Kennewick man?

Eva's skull is long and narrow, like Kennewick man's; they both don't look like modern day Native Americans

Where is the Gault site?

Florence, Texas

Why do you think humans moved to south rather than north?

Followed the food

Use "Tertiary Source" in a sentence.

For our project, we're supposed to be gathering information from a tertiary source.

Why was Gault a good place to settle?

Good floral resources, lots to eat, springs that produce cool fresh water, large deposits of chert or flint-the rock they used to make their tools out of

Gault has exposed more than ___________ number of Clovis artifacts.

Half of the

Define inhospitable

Harsh and difficult to live in

Define bifacial.

Has two faces

Use "Geologist" in a sentence.

I called a geologist when it seemed the ground was sinking, making my house uneven.

Use "Secondary Source" in a sentence.

I found a cool secondary source to do my research on.

Use "Prehistory" in a sentence.

I just love learning about prehistoric times.

What were early humans isolated in the Beringia area from the rest of North America called?

Ice Age Refugees

What did the genetic study of Kennewick man suggest?

Kennewick man is related to modern day Native Americans

Where do scientists believe the first humans lived in Africa?

Kenya, Ethiopia, east Africa in general

Use "Primary Source" in a sentence.

In a couple of decades, my textbook may well be a primary source.

Where was Eva found?

In an underwater cave beneath the Yucatán

Secondary source

Information gathered by someone who did not take part in or witness an event

What is the significance of tundra?

It allowed early humans to travel to North America

Describe the ice-free corridor.

It was a pathway free of ice allowing early people's to travel south.

What is the significance of radio carbon dating?

It was used to find out how old found Clovis points were

Define serrated.

Jagged

How do you think the innovation of the bow and arrow improved the life of native peoples?

Lighter spearheads, smaller spearheads, less work, able to make more arrows than spears, you can reload a bow and arrow, easier to carry, more accurate, more force

What was so unusual about the skull found in Brazil?

Louisa, the skull, didn't have the high, wide cheekbones of other prehistoric skulls found in North America, she looked more Australasian. It is thought that she probably migrated north to the Beringia area before the high, wide cheekbones made an appearance in Asia.

Define flute or fluted.

Narrowish area

Use "B.P." in a sentence.

Neanderthals went extinct around BP 38,000.

Why is the Meadowcroft site important?

Oldest and longest used site found in North America, pre-Clovis, sparked the theory of multiple migrations, there were probably multiple visits to this site by early peoples, suggests that people were in the Americas before Clovis

Define coprolite.

Preserved human feces

What is the problem with the "Clovis First" Theory?

Recent evidence, mainly radiocarbon dating, suggests people were in the Americas long before the Clovis People.

Which was the last continent. To be inhabited by humans?

South America; technically, humans never inhabited Antarctica

What is the significance of coprolite?

Suggested that other humans were in the Americas long before Clovis People

What is the significance of DNA evidence?

Suggests that the last common ancestor of modern Native Americans and groups in Asia lived 16,000 and 20,000 years ago

Why couldn't/didn't early humans migrate to South America?

The Beringia area was isolated from the rest of North America by large ice sheets, glaciers, and steppes.

Use "C.E." in a sentence.

The Black Death broke out in Europe in 1347 CE.

Use "B.C.E." in a sentence.

The Roman Empire existed in BCE 300.

Use "Archaeologist" in a sentence.

The archaeologist didn't finish his report on the spearheads they found on time.

How has a mastodon bone discovered in Washington state made archaeologists further question the date at which humans first populated the Americas?

The bones suggest that mastodons were being hunted centuries before Clovis People arrive in North America.

What is the evidence that supports the Pacific Coast Theory?

The coastal corridor; pollen found in the pacific coastal area dating back to 17,000 years ago. 2 human femurs found on an island several kilometers away from the coast, mitochondrial DNA (specific to only 2% of modern people) found all along the pacific coast from Canada to the top of South America

Define radio carbon dating.

The determination of the age of organic material using the properties of radio carbon

How has studying dung helped scientists explain how and when humans first populated the Americas?

The disappearance of spores in the soil around 13,500 years ago means animals were being hunted hundreds of years earlier.

Use "Atlatl" in a sentence.

The early human raised his atlatl, swung his arm forward, and let the spear fly.

Use "Beringia" in a sentence.

The early humans crossed over to North America via Beringia.

Use "Ecologist" in a sentence.

The ecologist spent all day studying the organisms in the soil near the old human remains they found.

What is the problem with the Pacific Coast theory?

The evidence is underwater, they couldn't find any boats

What is the common belief about how and when the first Americans migrated to the Americas?

The first Americans migrated to the Americas across a land bridge, Beringia, through the ice-free corridor around 13,500 years ago.

What is the significance of Monte Verde?

The first campfires were lighted there

Define Last Glacial Maximum

The height of the last ice age

Define mandible.

The jaw or a jawbone

Use "Paleontologist" in a sentence.

The paleontologist found an old fossil of a fish.

What happened to the population when the bubonic plague struck?

There was a rare decline in world population and especially in Europe

What value do other scientists (besides archaeologists) bring to the study of the peopling of the Americas?

They bring different perspectives

How did the findings at Monte Verde, Chile further question the "Clovis First" Theory?

They completely ruled out the idea that the ice-free corridor was the first way into the Americas. They were too old to have come through the ice-free corridor.

Explain why "pay to dig" is not a good practice for studying archaeological sites.

They just scrape the surface, what's farther down is more important, artifacts are not preserved, big shovel fulls mix up stuff from different times

How did tools found near Santarem, Brazil put the "Clovis First" Theory into question?

They were made different, they showed that people were living in the caves where they were found and it wasn't Clovis People, suggested humans were there earlier, suggested a whole different lifestyle

Why do you think humans migrated to Europe later?

Too cold to move there at the time, so they moved later

What are several problems with the coastal route theory?

Where are the remains? Who were they? What happened to them? No boats found, evidence is underwater

Archaeologist

a scientist who learns about ancient people by studying the things they left behind

Geologist

a scientist who studies the forces that make and shape planet earth

Atlatl

a shaft of wood with a small cup or groove on the end generally used for throwing a spear

Primary source

an original document containing firsthand information about a subject

Prehistory

the period of time before written records