Human Nutrition Chapter 2

Variable

A factor that can change in an experiment

A Hypothesis is A. A possible explanation for an observation B. Not based on scientific evidence C. The last step in designing an experiment D. A random guess

A.

Derek takes protein supplements before and after his workouts. He told his workout partner that he became 200% stronger within a couple of months after he added the supplements to his diet. His report about the effects of the supplements is an example of a(n) A. Anecdote B. Case report C. Variable D. Factoid

A.

Pragmatic Trials A. Used to look at health outcomes in real-world conditions B. Highly controlled intervention studies C. Performed in a lab D. Observational Studies

A.

Scientists who investigate lifestyle factors that influence the prevalence of obesity among different population groups are conducting a(n) ________ study. A. Epidemiological B. In vitro C. Technological D. Pathologica

A.

Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT)

Are the gold standard of human research

The ________ is responsible for ensuring the safety and effectiveness of medications. A. EPA B. FDA C. NRC D. FTC

B.

Which of the following statements is true? A. Medicinal herbs must undergo testing for safety and effectiveness by the FDA before they can be marketed. B. Most dietary supplements have been thoroughly researched and critically evaluated by scientists. C. The FDA can recall a dietary supplement when there is evidence that it is harmful. D. The EPA regulates the labeling of dietary supplements.

C.

Which of the following study types is considered to be the gold standard for human research? A. Observational Studies B. Epidemiological Studies C. Randomized Controlled Trials D. Pragmatic Trials

C.

Pragmatic Trails

Clinical trials that measures the relative effectiveness of treatment strategies in real-world conditions

Control Group

Controlled group that does not receives a treatment

Vitro

Describes experiment on cell or living organisms

Vivo

Describes experiment that uses living animals

What is Hypothesis?

Possible explanation for an observation that guides scientific research

Anecdotes

Report of personal experience

Prospective cohort study

Study in which a group of initially healthy people are followed over a time period and any diseases that eventually develop are recorded

Expermental (Treatment) Group

Controlled group that receives a treatment

Actress Lotta Talent appears in commercials endorsing the herbal supplement Hoodia for weight loss. Lotta Talent describes her own weight-loss successes with the supplement. Her endorsement is an example of a(n) ________. A. Anecdote B. Factoid C. Purport D. Testimonial

D.

Retrospective cohort study

study in which researchers collect information about a group's past exposures and identify current health outcomes

Scientists enroll 500 healthy adults in a study and collect dietary and other lifestyle information about the group. After 6 years, the scientists determine that study participants who ate at least 5 servings of fruits and vegetables daily were less likely to develop high blood pressure than participants who ate fewer than 5 servings of these foods daily. This study is an example of a(n) ________ study. A. Prospective B. Introspective C. Retrospective D. Nutritive

A.

Which of the following statements is true? A. A scientist's professional affiliations and sources of financial support may influence his or her research findings. B. Since 1995, nutrition information has undergone few updates, because scientists have discovered all of the nutrients and determined their functions. C. The results of one study are usually enough to convince the majority of nutrition scientists to adopt new ideas about nutrition-related topics. D. Dietary recommendations are generally based on the findings of one well-respected team of nutrition researchers.

A.

A team of scientist observe a large population of college students over 4 years to determine which of their dietary practices is associated with weight gain. This study is an example of an __________ study? A. Case-Control B. Prospective C. Retrospective D. Experimental

B.

Which of the following kinds of studies would be the best to use to identify lifestyle factors that may be related to the development of liver cancer in an adult population? A. Double-blind study B. Retrospective study C. Single-blind study D. Experimental study

B.

Which of the following websites is least likely to provide unbiased and reliable nutrition information? A. Eatright.org B. Nutritionhealthandfitness4you.com C. Usda.gov D. Psu.edu

B.

Which of the following websites is most likely a source of biased and unreliable nutrition information? A. Stanford.edu B. Dietsnomore4u.com C. Eatright.org D. Choosemyplate.gov

B.

A group of scientists suspects that certain dietary practices are partially responsible for different rates of hypertension among adults of different ethnic/racial groups. To test their hypothesis, the researchers examine data concerning the different population groups' hypertension rates and their past dietary practices. This research is a ________ study. A. Case-control B. Hypothetical C. Retrospective D. Prospective

C.

A testimonial is an A. Unbiased report about a product's value B. Scientifically valid claim C. Personal endorsement of a product D. Form of scientific evidence

C.

An online magazine article about weight-loss diets includes false information about the process of digestion that uses scientific-sounding terms to make it seem factual. The faulty information is an example of A. Mislabeling. B. Bias. C. Pseudoscience. D. Hypothesizing.

C.

Dylan takes garlic pills to lower his blood cholesterol level, and he recommends the pills to his friends, because he thinks the supplement is helpful. Dylan's nutrition-related advice to his friends is an example of a(an) A. Introspection B. Subjective bias C. Anecdote D. Peer review

C.

Generally, epidemiological studies A. Establish Causation B. Are performed on Animals C. Have human subjects D. Are interventions trials

C.

In epidemiological studies, healthy-user bias refers to A. Inaccurate reporting of lifestyle practices B. The consumption of a plant-based diet by healthy people C. Healthy activities unrelated to a diet that confound studies D. The use of clinical interventions in these studies

C.

Personal reports concerning a treatment's effectiveness are A. Experiments B. Controlled Trials C. Anecdotes D. Variables

C.

Comparing the diets of individuals with iron deficiency anemia to the diets of people who have very similar characteristics but are healthy is an example of A. A prospective study B. An anecdotal study C. A retrospective study D. A case-control study

D.

Test tubes studies are performed A. In vitro, in a living organism B. In vivo, in a living organism C. In vivo, outside of a living organism D. In vitro, outside of living organism

D.

The first step of the scientific method usually involves A. Gathering Data B. Developing a Hypothesis C. Identifying Relationships Between Variables D. Making Observation

D.

Which of the following is not a characteristic of animals studies? A. They are inexpensive B. They are performed in living organisms C. They are well-controlled D. They are always applicable to humans

D.

In experimental studies, the purpose of the control group is A. To have a group of people who make decisions about every part of the study B. To have a group of people or animals that are not exposed to the treatment C. To have a group of people or animals on which to test the protocol D. To have a group of people or animals that do not participate in the study

B

Compared to a direct correlation, an inverse correlation occurs when? A. Two variables increase or decrease in the same direction B. Two variables increase or decrease in opposite directions C. A causal relationship is established D. The result of a study is a coincidence

B.

Scientists study 200 adults who have type 2 diabetes, and 200 adults who have similar characteristics but do not have the disease. For 18 months, the researchers collect lifestyle information on all the study participants. According to the study's findings, the adults with type 2 diabetes were 25% less physically active than their counterparts who did not have type 2 diabetes. This is an example of a(n) ________ study. A. Inverse relationship B. Case-control C. Prospective D. Anecdotal

B.

The professional football star Andro "The Man" McGraw claims the dietary supplement AminoProFix helped him build muscle mass quickly and safely. His endorsement of the product is an example of A. Unbiased reporting B. A testimonial C. Peer review D. A scientifically valid claim

B.

The professional football star Andro "The Man" McGraw claims the dietary supplement AminoProFix helped him build muscle mass quickly and safely. His endorsement of the product is an example of ________. A. Unbiased reporting B. A testimonial C. Peer review D. A scientifically valid claim

B.

Which of the following statements is false? A. The Internet is generally a reliable source of nutrition information because information posted at websites has been peer-reviewed. B. Websites with .edu in their addresses often provide reliable nutrition information. C. When evaluating claims for dietary supplements that appear at a website, be wary of products that include promises for quick remedies. D. In general, personal websites, such as blogs, are not reliable sources of nutrition information.

A.

A teaspoon of sugar supplies about 16 kcals, which is the same as ________ calories. A. 1600 B. 160,000 C. 1.6 D. 16,000

D.