human nutrition chapter 4

Which of the following are major storage sites for glycogen?

Liver and muscle

Where does the enzymatic digestion of carbohydrates begin?

Mouth

Is milk a natural source of sucrose?

No, it is the natural source of Lactose

Which of the following are benefits of including some insoluble fiber in the diet? Reduces transit time of feces Reduces constipation Reduces blood glucose Reduces blood cholesterol

Reduces transit time of feces Reduces constipation

The treatment for metabolic syndrome is essentially the same as the treatment of what other disease?

Type 2 diabetes

Which description best describes a starch?

a carbohydrate made of multiple units of glucose attached together in a form the body can digest

A whole grain is defined as a grain that contains the whole grain seed or kernel. The three components of a grain seed or kernel include the

bran. germ. endosperm

Anna's blood test showed that her fasting blood sugar was 150 mg/dl. According to these results, she is

hyperglycemic.

Alternative (or artificial) sweeteners

include saccharin, aspartame, and sucralose. sweeten foods while providing few or no calories.

glucagon

increases blood glucose

The key element that underlies all the conditions of the metabolic syndrome is

insulin resistance.

Lactose _________ is a condition in which significant symptoms, such as abdominal gas and bloating, appear after ingestion of foods containing lactose.

intolerance

Name the disaccharide that is also known as "milk sugar."

lactose

Once carbohydrates have been absorbed into the blood, where are they taken to first in the body?

liver

The ______ works together with the pancreas to regulate blood glucose levels.

liver

Many patients with type 2 diabetes can improve blood glucose control by

losing a moderate amount of weight.

Hypoglycemia is a ______ blood glucose level.

low

Refined grains are ______ in fiber than whole grains.

lower

What are some natural food sources of sucrose?

maple sugar, sugar beets

What is a major food source of lactose?

milk

Type 2 diabetes can often be effectively managed through

moderate weight loss. physical activity. diet.

The main function of glucose is to

supply energy

Type 2 diabetes

A form of diabetes characterized by insulin resistance and often associated with obesity.

If a person consumes a large amount of fiber without adequate fluid, which of the following may happen?

Blockages in the intestine

What is the risk of not eating lactose-containing foods?

Calcium deficiency

Foods in the Dairy group are rich sources of fiber.

FALSE

Which macronutrient provides 9 kilocalories per gram?

Fat

Which of the following are easy ways to increase your dietary fiber intakes to meet the AIs?

Choose vegetables Choose whole grains Choose fiber-rich fruits

Which of the following are easy ways to increase your dietary fiber intakes to meet the AIs? Choose white rice Choose whole grains Choose vegetables Choose fiber-rich fruits

Choose whole grains Choose vegetables Choose fiber-rich fruits

What is the adequate intake level for fiber in adult women?

25 grams

What is the Adequate Intake level of dietary fiber for men?

38 grams

According to the Food and Nutrition Board, carbohydrates should provide ____% to ____% of total calories in the diet.

45 to 65

What percent of calories in the diet should come from carbohydrates?

45-65%

Which blood glucose measurements indicates hypoglycemia?

47

The World Health Organization suggests that added sugars provide no more than 10% of total daily intake. Based on a 2000 kcal diet, this is approximately

50 grams

The threshold for diagnosis of diabetes is a hemoglobin A1c level greater than

6.5%.

What is the guideline that is set at a level 100 times less than the level at which no harmful effects were noted in animal studies?

Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI)

Which of the following food choices comply with the recommendations of the Dietary Guidelines? Add baked acorn squash as a side dish with dinner. Choose frozen blueberries with with no added sugars instead of sweetened frozen berries. Start the day with a fortified breakfast cereal made with refined grains and added sugars. Choose brown rice instead of white rice in a recipe.

Add baked acorn squash as a side dish with dinner. Choose frozen blueberries with with no added sugars instead of sweetened frozen berries. Choose brown rice instead of white rice in a recipe.

Which of the following statements about fiber are true? Adds bulk to feces A substance found in plants Can be digested by human enzymes Is a complex carbohydrate

Adds bulk to feces A substance found in plants Is a complex carbohydrate

Which of the following is an example of an artificial sweetener that is currently available in the United States?

Aspartame

Why is it not a good idea to consume excessive amounts of sugar alcohols?

Because it can cause diarrhea

Which macronutrients provide 4 kilocalories per gram?

Carbohydrates

Which of the following measurements could be used to identify a person with prediabetes? Fasting blood glucose from 100 to 125 mg/dl HbA1c between 5.7% to 6.4% HbA1c above 7% Fasting blood glucose above 125 mg/dl

Fasting blood glucose from 100 to 125 mg/dl HbA1c between 5.7% to 6.4%

Which regulatory agency in the United States determines the Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) guidelines for alternative sweeteners?

Food and Drug Administration

What is the difference between functional fiber and dietary fiber?

Functional fiber has been added to foods for its beneficial health effects; dietary fiber is naturally present in foods.

Which MyPlate food groups provide many high-fiber foods?

Grains Fruits Vegetables

What is the technical term for high blood sugar?

Hyperglycemia

What is the main health benefit of nonfermentable (insoluble) fiber?

Improves gastrointestinal health

Which is a type of simple sugar?

Monosaccharide

What is a fiber that is not easily metabolized by intestinal bacteria called?

Nonfermentable fiber

Which of the following is the best source of soluble fiber?

Oats

Gestational diabetes

Occurs in some pregnant women and resolves after delivery of the baby.

Patients with metabolic syndrome may need to increase which type of fat?

Omega-3 fat

Which of the following are sources of starch in the diet? Steamed shrimp Potatoes Whole wheat bread Pasta

Potatoes Whole wheat bread Pasta

______ are carbohydrates that are not well digested by human enzymes, but they can be fermented by beneficial bacteria in the large intestine.

Prebiotics

______ is a condition characterized by moderately high fasting blood glucose (100 to 125 mg/dl).

Prediabetes

Which of the following are possible fates of carbohydrate once it has been absorbed?

Producing fat Released directly into the bloodstream for use by organs Producing glycogen

If you do not consume adequate carbohydrates, what other dietary components can supply energy? B vitamins Protein Fat Fiber

Protein Fat

______ fiber is readily fermented by bacteria in the large intestine.

Soluble

Select all of the following that are nutritive sweeteners. Sorbitol High-fructose corn syrup Sucralose Sucrose

Sorbitol High-fructose corn syrup Sucrose

Excessive consumption of this type of sugar may have a laxative effect.

Sugar alcohol

Why can't fiber be absorbed in the small intestine?

The human GI tract lacks the enzymes necessary to break down fiber.

In which part of the GI tract does a minor amount of carbohydrate digestion begin?

The mouth

Which of the following are true of polysaccharides? They are sometimes called starches. They are sometimes called complex carbohydrates. They are found chiefly in grains, vegetables, and fruits. They are made of single-sugar units that are bonded together to form a chain. They are found in milk. They are sometimes called simple carbohydrates. They are disaccharides.

They are sometimes called starches. They are sometimes called complex carbohydrates. They are found chiefly in grains, vegetables, and fruits. They are made of single-sugar units that are bonded together to form a chain.

What is the primary function of carbohydrates in the body?

To provide energy for the body

Having diabetes increases a person's risk for developing cardiovascular disease.

True

In advanced cases of type 2 diabetes, patients may require insulin to manage their blood sugar levels.

True

True or false: A diet that is very high in sugar is linked to health problems such as obesity.

True

True or false: Amylase is an enzyme that is released from the salivary glands and the pancreas.

True

True or false: Because of its branched structure that can be broken down quickly, glycogen is an ideal storage form of carbohydrate in the body.

True

True or false: Both fiber and starch are types of polysaccharides.

True

True or false: Carbohydrates can be converted to and stored as fat in the body.

True

True or false: Dental caries are formed when sugars and other carbohydrates are metabolized into acids that dissolve the tooth enamel and underlying structure by bacteria that live in the mouth.

True

True or false: Functional fiber must show beneficial effects in humans, whereas total fiber is the combination of dietary fiber and functional fiber in the food.

True

True or false: Salivary amylase is secreted in the mouth and begins the process of carbohydrate digestion in the human body.

True

True or false: Some forms of fiber can be fermented by bacteria in the large intestine, which results in the formation of gas.

True

True or false: The Dietary Guidelines recommend increasing whole grain intake by replacing some refined grains with whole grains.

True

True or false: The increased bulk of a high-fiber meal promotes a feeling of fullness without yielding many calories.

True

True or false: The main function of glucose is to provide the body with a source of fuel.

True

True or false: The primary function of carbohydrates in the body is to provide energy.

True

True or false: To avoid constipation, adequate fiber and water should be consumed.

True

True or false: Viscous fiber is fiber that is readily fermented.

True

Fermentation of undigested carbohydrates in the large intestine leads to the production of

acids. gases.

Glucose is absorbed from the small intestine by

active absorption.

Soft drinks and dairy desserts are major sources of ______ in the American diet.

added sugars calories

Which of the following are examples of polysaccharides? lactose sucrose amylopectin amylose cellulose

amylopectin amylose cellulose

Amylase is

an enzyme

High levels of hemoglobin A1c indicate chronically elevated

blood glucose.

In metabolic syndrome, which of the following may be elevated? blood pressure fasting glucose triglycerides high-density lipoprotein

blood pressure fasting glucose triglycerides

Ketosis is the condition of having a high concentration of ketone bodies in the ________.

bloodstream

For a grain to be considered a whole grain, the grain must contain the germ, endosperm, and

bran.

Which of the following are major sources of added sugars in American diets?

cakes and cookies dairy desserts soft drinks

What are the important nutrients that milk and milk products provide?

calcium vitamin D

A high-______ dietary pattern is clearly associated with development of dental caries.

carbohydrate

When bacteria in the mouth break down ______, they produce acids that dissolve the tooth enamel, leading to dental caries.

carbohydrates

primary lactose maldigestion

chronically decreased production of lactase with no apparent cause; may cause abdominal pain, gas, and diarrhea after consumption of large quantities of lactose

Lactose is the main carbohydrate found in

dairy foods.

A dietary pattern that is extremely high in fiber may ______ the absorption of some essential minerals, such as zinc and iron.

decrease

Soluble fiber ______ the absorption of cholesterol from the small intestine into the blood.

decreases

insulin

decreases blood glucose

What is a risk of consuming sugars in the diet?

dental caries (cavities)

Stephen complains to his doctor of frequent urination and extreme thirst. Over the past 3 months, he also lost 12 pounds without dieting. His doctor sends him for tests to see if he has

diabetes.

Which of the following areas of the body can be permanently damaged by uncontrolled diabetes? eyes kidneys heart nerves

eyes kidneys heart nerves

True or false: Fermentable fiber is a fiber that is not easily metabolized by intestinal bacteria.

false

True or false: Only individuals with advanced cases of type 1 diabetes require insulin.

false

True or false: The chemical bonds between individual sugar units in fiber can be digested by human enzymes in the GI tract.

false

A high-fiber diet may improve blood cholesterol measurements because

fatty acids produced during fermentation of soluble fiber in the large intestine reduce cholesterol synthesis in the liver. soluble fiber binds to cholesterol in the GI tract, causing it to be excreted.

Choosing to eat an abundance of whole fruits, vegetables, and whole grains will increase the intake of ______.

fiber

Which of the following are traditional symptoms of diabetes? severe diarrhea frequent urination extreme thirst increased appetite

frequent urination extreme thirst increased appetite

Sucrose is made up of which two monosaccharides? fructose glucose galactose maltose

fructose glucose

Which of the following are examples of simple sugars? galactose fructose glucose amylose

galactose fructose glucose

Glycogen is stored in the liver and can be released by the hormone ________.

glucagon

Glycogen is a branched structure comprised of many ______ units bonded together.

glucose

Name the major monosaccharide found in the body.

glucose

What is the major monosaccharide in the body?

glucose

What is used to measure the quantity and quality of carbohydrates in meals and is a good tool to use in meal planning?

glycemic load

The advantage of the branched structure of ______ is that it allows multiple enzymes to attach to its structure and break it apart quickly.

glycogen

What are the forms of carbohydrate that can be used by the cell as fuel?

glycogen glucose

Glucose can be stored in the liver or muscle tissue in the form of

glycogen.

Which MyPlate food group has the highest starch content?

grains

Mel has diabetes and uses insulin for glucose management. If he takes more than his prescribed dose of insulin,

his blood sugar will be too low.

A high-fiber diet is helpful for weight management because

it provides few calories. it contributes to a feeling of fullness after eating.

Long-term low-carbohydrate intake is not recommended because it will lead to

ketosis.

The main form of carbohydrate found in dairy foods is

lactose

Digestion of carbohydrates by human enzymes takes place in which sections of the gastrointestinal tract?

mouth small intestine

The monosaccharides and the disaccharides are designated as _____ because they provide calories.

nutritive sweeteners

Examples of whole grains include

oatmeal. whole wheat flour. bulgur (cracked wheat).

Fiber is a type of

polysaccharide

For a person with insulin resistance, the pancreas

produces plenty of insulin, but cells cannot use it effectively.

It is important to eat adequate carbohydrates so that the body does not use ______ for energy.

protein

Foods with high glycemic index

should be combined with foods that have a low GI.

Most carbohydrates are absorbed from the

small intestine.

Apples, bananas, oat products, and beans are good sources of

soluble fiber.

Complex carbohydrates are also known as

starch

What are other names for complex carbohydrates?

starch polysaccharides

secondary lactose maldigestion

temporarily decreased production of lactase due to a specific cause, such as an intestinal virus; may cause abdominal pain, gas, and diarrhea after consumption of large quantities of lactose

Risk factors for ______ diabetes include physical inactivity, poor diet, and obesity.

type 2

Which of the following types of fruit are great sources of dietary fiber?

whole cut-up

Whole-grain cornmeal, brown rice, and whole-wheat bread are all examples of

whole grains

Choose the food that will have the most fiber. whole orange orange flavored drink orange juice with pulp orange soda

whole orange

Which of the following is a sugar alcohol?

xylitol

Sucrose is made up of two monosaccharides: glucose and ______.

fructose

Place in order the following four steps in the digestion and absorption process of carbohydrates (from top to bottom).

1. Salivary amylase is inactivated by strong acids in the stomach 2. Enzymes break down disaccharides into monosaccharides in the small intestine 3. Soluble fiber is fermented by bacteria in the large intestine 4. Insoluble fiber escapes digestion and is excreted in feces

The Dietary Guidelines recommend that ________ of our grains come from whole grains.

1/2

The World Health Organization recommends an upper limit of ______ of total kcal from added sugars.

10%

Type 1 diabetes

A form of diabetes characterized by total insulin deficiency due to destruction of insulin-producing cells of the pancreas.

Which of the following are subgroups of vegetables, according to MyPlate? Dark green vegetables Light green vegetables Beans and peas Starchy vegetables Red and orange vegetables

Dark green vegetables Beans and peas Starchy vegetables Red and orange vegetables

What are the unhealthy consequences of an excessively high intake of fiber?

Decreased absorption of zinc and iron Intestinal blockages

A whole grain includes three parts: bran, germ, and endosperm. Which part is left after the grain is refined?

Endosperm

True or false: High-carbohydrate diets lead to a condition known as ketosis and can disturb the body's normal acid-base balance and may lead to other health problems.

False

True or false: Soluble fibers are not readily dissolved in water and not easily metabolized by intestinal bacteria.

False

True or false: Sucralose is the oldest alternative sweetener and was first produced in 1879.

False

True or false: Vegetables must be consumed raw to enjoy their nutrient benefits.

False

Which of the following are used for treatment of type 2 diabetes? Injecting insulin to help lower blood glucose. Restricting carbohydrate intake to less than 10% of total kcal. Incorporating physical activity in the daily routine Taking oral medications that help to lower blood glucose.

Injecting insulin to help lower blood glucose. Incorporating physical activity in the daily routine Taking oral medications that help to lower blood glucose.

Individuals with type 1 diabetes have to be treated with which approach?

Insulin

What is the process called when fat does not break down completely yielding ketone bodies?

Ketosis

Which of the following is a benefit of soluble fiber?

Reduces total serum cholesterol

Which of the following are possible fates of carbohydrate once it has been absorbed? Used for tissue repair Released directly into the bloodstream for use by organs Producing glycogen Producing fat

Released directly into the bloodstream for use by organs Producing glycogen Producing fat

Which of the following conditions may be present in a person with metabolic syndrome? large waist circumference high blood triglycerides high fasting glucose low HDL cholesterol frequent headaches persistent hip pain high blood pressure

large waist circumference low HDL cholesterol high fasting glucose high blood pressure high blood triglycerides

The Dietary Guidelines urge Americans to

limit intake of added sugars. consume 3 or more ounces per day of whole grains.

The primary function of glycogen is to store glucose for later use. Glycogen is stored in the liver and

muscles.

Which of the following nonnutritive sweeteners are currently available in the food supply in the United States? neotame cyclamate aspartame acesulfame-K

neotame aspartame acesulfame-K

Overcrowding the diet with sweets leaves little room for _____ foods such as fruits and vegetables.

nutrient-dense