Human Nutrition Final
Whole grains, nuts, legumes, and tea are the best sources of manganese.
True
Women carry more body fat than men for reproductive purposes.
True
Yo-yo dieters may eventually end up with more fat on their body, even if they end up weighing the same on the scale.
True
Zinc is transported in the blood to tissues by the proteins albumin and alpha-2 macroglobulin
True
Mucus-forming cells in the body deteriorate and can no longer produce mucus when there is a deficiency of
a. vitamin A
Individuals taking daily aspirin or anticoagulation medications should avoid excess intakes of
a. vitamin E
If oxygen is present, metabolism is considered to be
aerobic
When plenty of oxygen is available in the muscles, the condition is referred to as
aerobic
The stomach can absorb
alcohol
Women generally absorb 30-35% more ethanol directly from the stomach than men because women
b. have lower amounts of alcohol dehydrogenase in the cells lining the stomach
An increased requirement for _________ during pregnancy is partly due to its role in the synthesis of red blood cells.
folate
Neural tube defects may occur when women consume too little ____ before becoming pregnant.
folate
Ferritin is a key iron-binding protein in the intestinal mucosa that prevents it from entering the bloodstream.
true
Hormones synthesized by the placenta decrease the efficiency of insulin.
true
In the U.S., an accidental iron overdose is the leading cause of poisoning in young children less than 6 years of age.
true
Manganese plays a role in antioxidant defense as a part of the superoxide dismutase enzyme system
true
The main component of breast milk is water
true
When the rate of alcohol consumption exceeds the liver's metabolic capacity, blood alcohol levels increase and symptoms of intoxication develop.
true
After digestion and absorption, dietary carbohydrates may be
used for energy, converted to glycogen and stored in liver and muscle tissue, synthesized into fat
Which of the following contribute to an increased risk of cancer?
viruses\nradiation\ndietary fat\nAll of these factors may increase cancer risk.
The B-vitamin that has significant liver stores is
vitamin B-12
A leading cause of blindness in the world today (excluding accidents) is a dietary deficiency of
vitamin a
About 73% of lean muscle tissue is
water
When is an infant likely to need supplemental water?
when it is very hot outside
A deficiency of vitamin A can lead to development of a condition called
xerophthalmia
Which nutrients are inorganic substances?
zinc
Which nutrients are organic compounds?
carbohydrates and protein
Cooking an egg destroys its physiological property by
denaturation
When food proteins reach the stomach, HCl ________ the protein.
denatures
Another name for glucose is
dextrose
Compared to men, the basal metabolic rate of women is
lower
In what form is most body fat stored?
triglycerides
The majority of stored energy in the body is in the form of
triglycerides
A poor diet is a risk factor for the major chronic diseases seen today
true
Adequate selenium intake may lower risk of prostate, lung, and other cancers.
true
Breastfed infants have a reduced risk of obesity and ear infections.
true
Copper absorption is the primary means of regulating copper balance
true
Eclampsia can cause maternal and fetal death.
true
During the first year of life, the infant increases in length by ________% over what it was at birth.
50
Diabetic ketoacidosis is a result of a lack of insulin.
True
Eating breakfast is a good strategy for losing weight.
True
Glycogen is the primary source of glucose for ATP production in muscles during intense activity that lasts for less than 2 hours.
True
Losing weight is easier than keeping it off.
True
Milk production in breastfeeding is determined by infant demand.
True
Actions of hydrochloric acid produced by the stomach include
*promoting digestion of protein.*destroying bacteria and viruses found in foods.*dissolving dietary minerals for improved absorption.
Who should be concerned about dehydration?
- a child who is ill with a fever and diarrhea\n- athlete in a vigorous sport\n- traveler on a long airplane fight
Ingestion of vitamin C during meals can modestly improve absorption of
2. nonheme iron
The villi found in the gastrointestinal tract
-are finger-like projections into the lumen of the small intestine.-are covered with microvilli.-contain cells that produce mucus, hormones, and enzymes.-produce a large surface area for nutrient absorption.
By keeping a detailed food diary, the individual who is trying to lose weight can discover
-external cues that lead to overeating-emotions that lead to poor eating habits-social influences affecting eating and food choices
Which of the following foods provides the greatest amount of calcium per serving?
1 cup of yogurt
Moderate alcohol intake has been associated with increased HDL cholesterol levels.
True
Monounsaturated fatty acids
A fatty acid whose molecular structure includes only one double carbon bond.
Amino acids are required for the synthesis of
A. enzymes.B. some hormones. D. neurotransmitters.
Factors that can contribute to an increased risk of high blood pressure include
Age\nRace\nDiet\nWeight
People in the United States today are more at risk for overnutrition than undernutrition
True
Slow, steady aerobic activity uses mostly fat as an energy source.
True
Some scientists believe that vitamin D recommendation should be much higher than currently set.
True
Stomach distention contributes to satiety.
True
What are the signs that an infant has had enough eat?
Becoming playful\nFalling asleep\nTurning head away or not paying attention\nAll of these choices are accurate
For the best pregnancy outcome, overweight women (BMI > 26 to 29) should
b. gain about 15 to 25 pounds during pregnancy.
At the beginning of a meal, the hormone _______ is secreted from the stomach; this hormone controls the release of _______.
b. gastrin; HCl
Glycolysis is the process by which
b. glucose breaks apart to form pyruvate
Vitamin B-12 is found in which of the following foods?
Chicken
Which of the following lipids is a precursor for estrogen and bile
Cholesterol
A deficiency of dietary iodide is characterized by
b. goiter
Gluconeogenesis is the process whereby the body
b. produces glucose from amino acid and glycerol molecules
The gastric secretion, pepsin, is necessary for
b. protein digestion
Anorexia nervosa can be defined as
b. psychological denial of appetite
The sphincter that allows chyme to pass into the small intestine is known as the
b. pyloric sphincter
Newborns usually receive an injection of vitamin _________ to protect them against deficiency until the gastrointestinal tract has matured.
K
Sugars, starches, and dietary fibers are examples of
c. carbohydrates
It is recommended that honey not be given to infants because it
c. may contain Clostridium botulinum spores.
Amino acids can be used as a primary fuel for muscles.
False
Beverages contribute only marginally to calorie intake in the U.S.
False
Carbohydrate loading is for strength-training athletes.
False
Compared with men, women produce more alcohol dehydrogenase enzymes in the stomach.
False
Cooking is more likely to destroy fat-soluble vitamins than water-soluble vitamins.
False
Dietary heme iron is obtained mainly from plant-based foods.
False
Dietary supplements can fully compensate for nutritionally poor diets.
False
During an overnight fast, the primary fuel for the brain and central nervous system is amino acids
False
During exercise, athletes should be consuming massive amounts of water.
False
Exercise reduces basal metabolism
False
Spot-reducing is a good way to lose weight in one area of the body.
False
The body can make glucose from fatty acids
False
Thirst is a reliable signal to prevent dehydration in older adults.
False
Thirst is an excellent indicator of fluid needs during exercise.
False
Vitamins can be divided into 3 groups: water-soluble, fat-soluble, and alcohol-soluble
False
High levels of ______ in the blood are associated with lower risk of cardiovascular disease.
HDL
Why do infants have a greater need for water than older humans?
Infants have a high body surface area\nInfants have a greater proportion of body water\nInfant's kidneys are not as efficient\nAll of these choices are correct
The flavors of some foods in a mother's diet may pass into her breast milk
True
Antibiotics and intestinal diseases can interfere with absorption of vitamin
K
The part of our energy expenditure that we have direct control over is voluntary physical activity
True
Those who frequently eat at fast foods restaurants have an increased risk for obesity.
True
________ are very large immature red blood cells, which are formed as a result of folate deficiency
Megaloblasts
Metabolism is regulated by
Metabolism is regulated by enzymes and hormones
In the average U.S. diet, a quarter of the riboflavin comes from one food group, the
Milk group
Which of the following nutrients may be absorbed by the colon?
Minerals, such as sodium and potassiumSome vitamins synthesized by bacteriaShort-chain fatty acidsWater
Which factor(s) limits the absorption of dietary calcium?
Phytic acid\nChronic diarrhea\nTannins in tea\nVitamin D deficiency\nAll of these choices are accurate
Usual symptoms of diabetes mellitus include
Polyuria, Polydipsia, and Polyphagia
Too much dietary sodium, rather than too little dietary sodium, is a major nutritional problem today.
True
Fats that are liquid at room temperature can be made more solid by the process of
hydrogenation
The primary carbohydrate in the diet of most infants is
lactose
A low birth weight infant weighs
less than 5.5 pounds
Why are nuts a heart-healthy food?
They are rich in antioxidants.\n Most nuts are good sources of cholesterol of monounsaturated fatty acids.\n They contain no cholesterol
A poor diet is a risk factor for the major chronic diseases seen today
True
About half of the money Americans spend on food is used to buy foods prepared outside the home.
True
Alcohol requires no digestion
True
Anabolic metabolism refers to pathways that build larger, more complex compounds
True
Because alcohol cannot be stored in the body, it has priority in metabolism over other energy sources.
True
Cancers can metastasize to distant parts of the body via the blood or lymph to form invasive tumors
True
Scurvy is due to a deficiency of
Vitamin C
Examples of water-soluble vitamins include
Vitamin C and B vitamins
triglyceride is an example of a
lipid
Which nutrients are inorganic substances?
Zinc
Cholesterol is
a molecule made with types of lipid molecules.Forms part of the animal cell membrane. Naturally produces in the liver and also absorbed from food as it passes through the intestine.
The hepatic portal system delivers nutrients from the digestive tract to the
liver
A blood alcohol level of _____ is defined as legal intoxication in the U.S. and Canada.
a. 0.08
Under anaerobic conditions, how many net ATP are synthesized from one glucose molecule?
a. 2 ATP
_______ of one's general energy needs are fueled by proteins.
a. 2% to 5%
Binge drinking for a male is defined as having _______ or more drinks on a single occasion.
a. 5
Which meal contains the highest amount of vitamin C?
a. Baked fish with lemon, broccoli, cole slaw, and strawberries
Which of the following population groups has the highest rate of calcium absorption?
a. Pregnant women
Where does alcohol metabolism predominantly occur in the body?
liver
Functions of vitamin D include
a. absorption of calcium
Vitamin K deficiency is most likely to result from
a. antibiotic therapy
The proteins that inactivate foreign bacteria and viruses to help prevent infections are called
a. antibodies
When plant proteins are compared to animal proteins, they
a. are usually deficient in one or more essential amino acids.
The energy spent in maintaining all involuntary processes in the body at rest, awake, and in a non-absorptive state is called
a. basal metabolism
The major goal for weight reduction in the treatment of obesity is the loss of
a. body fat
In the body, excess amino acids are
a. burned as fuel or stored as fat
Consuming alcohol while breastfeeding
a. causes babies to have disrupted sleep patterns.
Much of the galactose in our diet is found in
a. dairy products
Dietary sugars and starches are called "protein sparing," which means
a. dietary protein can be used for protein synthesis and other vital processes, rather than being used as a source of energy.
The highest concentration of ethanol is found in
a. distilled spirits
Most Americans consume ________ dietary protein compared to the RDA.
a. excessive amounts of
A loss of 1-2% of body weight in fluids will cause a person to
a. experience thirst
An infant may suffer from water intoxication when
a. fed water instead of formula.
The 250 mg of calcium found in a cup of spinach
a. has low bioavailability because the calcium is bound to oxalic acid
The cells most sensitive to a deficiency of dietary folate are cells that
a. have a short life span and rapid turnover rate
Most of the iron in the body is found as a part of
a. hemoglobin
In order to build up maximum stores of muscle glycogen for long-distance marathons, one should consume a ________ diet.
a. high-carbohydrate
Athletes, particularly female and young athletes, need to increase their intake of ________ to increase red blood cell production.
a. iron
In general, excess amounts of water-soluble vitamins are excreted via the
a. kidneys
When muscle tissue is exercising under anaerobic conditions, the production of ______ is important because it ensures a continuous supply of NAD+.
a. lactate
Which nutrients do NOT provide energy?
a. minerals and vitamins
In which organelle of the cell do Krebs cycle and fatty acid oxidation take place?
a. mitochondria
When an athlete's maximal performance is desired, carbohydrates are a more efficient fuel than fat because
a. more ATP is produced per unit of oxygen consumed
Flushing of the face and skin can result from pharmacological doses of
a. niacin
Physiological anemia that occurs during pregnancy
a. occurs because the plasma expands more than the number of red blood cells.
Which of the following is a symptom of zinc deficiency?
a. poor wound healing
The major cation in the intracellular fluid is ________, whereas the major anion in the extracellular fluid is ________.
a. potassium; chloride
Alcohol absorption occurs in the
a. stomach and small intestine
Water-soluble nutrients enter into the body by way of
a. the blood
The nutrients added to enriched grains typically include
a. thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, folic acid, and iron
Proteins are formed by linking together
amino acids
To produce human milk, a lactating woman needs
an extra 32 ounces of fluid daily
In the absence of oxygen, ______ respiration will occur.
anaerobic
In North America, food choices are guided mainly by
appetite
A person diagnosed with phenylketonuria (PKU) should avoid products containing
aspartame
All the following are good sources of omega 3 fatty acids EXCEPT
avocados
Infant iron stores are exhausted by _________ of age and need to be replaced by their diet.
b. 4 to 6 months
Lee Brown is a 23-year-old college student. Which of these would indicate that he is at risk for chronic diseases associated with obesity?
b. 41-inch waist
Which hormone increases in the blood immediately following consumption of a meal?
b. Cholecystokinin
Which group of foods provides substantial amounts of vitamin C?
b. Citrus fruits and vegetables
Kevin wants to treat himself to a hot fudge sundae whenever he has a stressful day. He decides that a more appropriate response to a stressful day would be a brisk walk. Which of the following behavior modification techniques has he used?
b. Cognitive restructuring
Which protein in human milk increases iron absorption?
b. Lactoferrin
Adding too much water to infant formula can be dangerous to the infant.
b. True, it may reduce amount of nutrients infant consumes
A body mass index of 40 represents
b. a high risk for health problems
The stomach is protected from digesting itself by producing
b. a thick layer of mucus to coat the lining of the stomach
Which of the following has been associated with a decreased risk of cancer?
b. adequate intake of vitamin D
Consumption of ______ inhibits the action of antidiuretic hormone causing increased urinary output
b. alcoholic beverages
Pouches that form in the walls of the large intestine due to excessive exertion during defecation are called
diverticula
The basic building blocks of protein are
b. amino acids
After a period of prolonged fasting (starving), the brain changes its fuel requirements
b. and starts to use ketones and spares protein
Renin, released from the kidney as a result of a decrease in blood pressure, acts on ________ produced in the liver. This triggers a series of reactions that culminate in the production of _______ in the adrenal glands.
b. angiotensinogen, aldosterone
Glucose, galactose, and fructose
b. are monosaccharides
High-protein diets are not good for infants
b. because the infant's kidneys cannot clear large amounts of urea every day.
The functions of fat include all of the following EXCEPT
b. build and repair tissue
Which of the following energy-yielding nutrients can be converted to glucose?
b. carbohydrates and proteins
A health problem associated with high dietary fat intake is
b. colon cancer
When 2 or more plant proteins are combined to compensate for deficiencies in essential amino acid content in each protein, the proteins are called
b. complementary proteins
A factor that can decrease BMR is
b. consuming a low-energy diet
Factors such as heat, iron, copper, and oxygen
b. destroy vitamin C in foods
Based on results of long-term studies, people on weight-reduction diets should limit
b. high-fat foods
The bones most likely to be affected by the disease osteoporosis include the
b. hip, wrist, and vertebrae in the spine
When the diet contains more energy than is expended, the excess energy
b. is stored as fat in adipose tissue
The main organ responsible for ethanol metabolism is the
b. liver
A pre-event meal eaten 1 to 2 hours before competition should be
b. low in fat
Adolescents often have smaller babies than mature women. They are advised to gain more weight during pregnancy to
b. meet the mother's growth needs.
Which of the following foods provides all of the essential amino acids?
b. milk
Excessive fluoride exposure during tooth development can cause
b. mottling of the teeth
If no glucose is available from dietary carbohydrate, glucose in the blood may be derived from
b. muscle glycogen and liver glycogen
Foods that provide a greater contribution to nutrient needs than calorie needs are said to be
b. nutrient-dense
A vegan will eat
b. only foods from plant sources
Taking iron supplements has been found to benefit athletes
b. only if they are anemic
The force that develops when two solutions, each with a different concentration of solutes, are separated by a semipermeable membrane is
b. osmotic pressure
Photosynthesis occurs in plants and uses energy from the sun to
b. produce energy-yielding compounds from carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Photosynthesis occurs in plants and uses energy from the sun to
b. produce energy-yielding compounds maded of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Insufficient production of bile is mostly likely to impair absorption of
fat
"Hitting the wall" means
b. someone has run out of available carbohydrates for energy
Heartburn is caused by
b. the backflow of acidic stomach contents into the esophagus
A vital component of the body, acting as a solvent, lubricant, temperature regulator, and transport medium for waste material, is
b. water
The best sources of thiamin in the average diet are
b. whole or enriched grains and cereals, legumes, pork products
Of the following, the best source of provitamin A is
baked sweet potato
__________ increases the available surface area of fats for digestion and later absorption
bile
Parathyroid hormone elevates blood calcium levels by
by stimulating the activation of vitamin D, increasing reabsorption of calcium from the kidneys, and stimulating osteoclasts to break down bone, which releases more calcium into the bloodstream
A health problem NOT associated with low intake of fruits and vegetables is
liver disease
It is best to avoid serving cow's milk until the infant reaches the age of
c. 12 months
The nutrient standards used on Nutrition Facts panels are called
c. Daily Values
Anabolic metabolism refers to pathways that build larger, more complex compounds
c. alcohol dehydrogenase
Humans can digest a carbohydrate if the glucose bond is
c. an alpha bond
A characteristic of preeclampsia is
c. blurred vision and headaches.
A baby that sleeps with a bottle filled with formula has an increased risk for
c. ear infections
All of the following are useful behavior modification principles for weight control EXCEPT
c. eliminating favorite foods from one's diet
In the metabolism of amino acids for energy, the amine group is
c. excreted as urea
An excess intake of riboflavin either from diet or supplements is mainly
c. excreted in the urine
Vitamin D is sometimes called the sunshine vitamin because
c. exposure to sunlight converts a precursor form to vitamin D
Megaloblastic anemia develops as a result of deficiencies of ________ and _____.
c. folate; vitamin B-12
Food processors and manufacturers use amylopectins to produce sauces and gravies for frozen foods because they
c. form a stable starch gel
Obese pregnant women have an increased risk for
c. gestational diabetes
Lactate is an important fuel for
c. heart muscle tissue
The bacteria that usually inhabit the large intestine are prevented from backing up into the ileum by the action of the
c. ileocecal sphincter
Alcoholics often have trouble with night blindness. This results from
c. impaired absorption and transport of vitamin A
An adaptation that occurs with exercise, besides improvement in fitness is:
c. increased bone density
A high intake of vitamin E can
c. interfere with vitamin K's blood-clotting activity
All the following are true statements about basal metabolism except
c. it accounts for the smallest component of the average person's daily energy expenditure
Which of the following foods has the highest percent of total weight as water?
c. lettuce
Bile is formed in the ___________ and stored in the ___________.
c. liver; gallbladder
Excess protein intake can result in
c. loss of calcium
A health problem not associated with low intake of fruits and veggies is
liver disease
In a dietary deficiency of folate, there are decreasing numbers of mature red blood cells to carry the oxygen from the lungs to the tissues. This condition is known as
c. megaloblastic anemia
All the chemical and physical processes involved in maintaining life are referred to as
c. metabolism
Compared to foremilk, hind milk has
c. more fat
A response called hypertrophy occurs when
c. muscles enlarge after being made to work repeatedly
Hyponatremia is a condition caused by
c. overconsumption of water
Niacin is necessary in the diet to prevent the disease called
c. pellagra
Phytochemicals are
c. plant substances that provide health benefits
Most of our dietary sulfur is supplied by
c. protein-rich foods
An important role of vitamin K is the synthesis of
c. prothrombin
Factors associated with gallstone formation include
c. rapid weight loss
Glycolysis is a process involving
c. reactions that convert glucose to pyruvate
An example of two incomplete protein foods eaten together to produce a complete protein meal is
c. red beans and rice
Lard, butter, and cream are rich sources of
c. saturated fatty acids
Glucose is classified as a
c. simple sugar
An early sign of alcohol-induced liver damage is
c. steatosis
Introducing solid foods to an infant's diet before the infant needs them can
c. strain the young infant's organs.
In order for an individual to maintain an exercise regimen it helps if
c. the exercise is built into a daily routine
A fatty acid with 10 carbons will be absorbed via the
c. the portal system
All the energy available to humans has its origins in
c. the sun's solar energy
At the end of long bones, inside the spinal vertebrae, and inside the flat bones of the pelvis, is a spongy type of bone known as
c. trabecular bone
Lingual lipase breaks down
c. triglycerides
The most common type of diabetes mellitus is
c. type 2 diabetes
Alcoholism is associated with all of the following EXCEPT
c. type I diabetes
The most nutrient-dense sources of vitamin E are
c. vegetable oils
Nutrients most likely to cause toxicity if consumed in excessive amounts include
c. vitamin A and vitamin D
The body's temperature regulation mechanism depends on
c. water within the body absorbing heat energy, and on the evaporation of perspiration removing heat energy
The major end products of the electron transport chain are
c. water, carbon dioxide and ATP
According to the text, a typical rate of alcohol metabolism for a social drinker is
c. ½ drink per hour
Vitamin D is involved in the regulation of body levels of
calcium
Sugars, starches, and dietary fibers are examples of
carbohydrates
Which of the following is classified as an insoluble fiber?
cellulose
The yellow-orange coloring of carotenoid-rich dark green vegetables is masked by the pigment
chlorophyll
A health problem associated with high dietary fat intake is
colon cancer
Individuals with Wilson's disease over-accumulate ________ in the liver and brain
copper
The fetus accumulates most of its body fat and mineral stores
d. during the third trimester
Phosphorus absorption is promoted by the hormone
d. 1, 25 (OH)2 vitamin D
Red blood cells turn over every
d. 120 days
Total calorie needs peak for females at about age ____.
d. 15 to 16 years.
The energy currency the body uses is
d. ATP
The citric acid cycle is also known as the
d. Krebs cycle
What is wrong with giving juice in a bottle or propping up a bottle of formula for the child to drink at bedtime?
d. Sugar bathes the teeth, bacteria grow, acids are produced from sugar, and acids dissolve tooth enamel.
The 4 primary types of tissue are
d. epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous
Zinc functions as a part of
d. Zinc is involved in all of these functions
The taste sensation umami can best be described as
d. a savory or meaty taste derived from the amino acid glutamate
Except for pregnancy and lactation, the total quantities of nutrients and calories needed during ____ are greater than any other stage of the life cycle.
d. adolescence
Proteins are formed by linking together
d. amino acids
To be defined as a "good" source of calcium, a food must contain
d. at least 10% of the Daily Value for calcium in 1 serving of the food
The body's total daily energy expenditure includes
d. basal metabolic rate, thermal effect of food, and effects of physical activity
The ratio of body weight to height is represented as
d. body mass index
Goitrogenic foods that can inhibit iodide metabolism include
d. cabbage, broccoli, and cauliflower
A pregnant woman who is a vegan needs to take ______ nutrient supplements.
d. calcium and iron
Pregnancy-induced hypertension
d. can develop into a deadly condition called eclampsia
Benefits of moderate alcohol consumption include lower rates of
d. cardiovascular disease
In the production of alcoholic beverages, maltose is formed from cereal grains because of the
d. germination of grains
A newborn's chances of survival are most influenced by
d. gestation length
Drinking too much water can result in dilution of sodium in the blood, a condition known as
d. hyponatremia
After a person has fasted for about a week, the brain adapts to using _______ for some of its fuel needs.
d. ketones
The primary intent of gastroplasty is to
d. limit stomach volume
After absorption, the fat-soluble vitamins are distributed to body cells by
d. lipoproteins
Which lipoprotein is responsible for transporting cholesterol from the liver to tissues?
d. low density lipoprotein (LDL)
Lipids can be described as
d. mostly fats and oils
Which group of individuals has the highest requirement for folate?
d. pregnant women
The risk of developing a problem with alcohol is higher in those
d. with a biological parent with alcohol problems
Which bodily function is not associated with protein?
d. sparing glucose for energy use
Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome is the _______ deficiency disease that results from severe alcohol abuse.
d. thiamin
Iodide in the blood is trapped by the
d. thyroid gland and incorporated into thyroxine
The major function(s) of the stomach are
d. to mix ingested foods with gastric juices to form chyme
Lymph
d. transports fat-soluble particles from the intestinal tract to the general circulation
An infant's birth weight ________ during the first year of life.
d. triples
Examples of water-soluble vitamins include
d. vitamin C and the B-vitamins
Good sources of high-quality (complete) protein include all of the following EXCEPT
d. whole wheat
Children who experience constipation usually
drink too much milk
Good sources of folate include
liver, legumes, beets, and leafy green vegetables
The principal function of dietary carbohydrate is to provide
energy
Which of the following are benefits of regular and consistent exercise?
enhanced heart function\nimproved balance\nbetter sleep habits\nreduced stress
Oxidation-reduction reactions in the body are controlled by
enzymes
Alpha-linolenic acid and linoleic acid are classified as _________ fatty acids.
essential
If human milk or infant formula are not available, ____ can provide a safe, nutritious alternative for infants.
evaporated milk\nsoy milk\nnone of these are healthy alternatives \nsweetened condensed milk
Cooking is more likely to destroy fat-soluble vitamins than water-soluble vitamins.
false
Infant formulas can be heated safely in the microwave oven.
false
Insufficient intake of protein during pregnancy is very common in the U.S.
false
More amino acids are considered essential for adults than for infants.
false
Special cells in the breast filter out toxins like alcohol and caffeine and keep breast milk safe
false
Vitamins can be divided into 3 groups: water-soluble, fat-soluble, and alcohol-soluble
false
Zoochemical are physiologically active compounds found in plants
false
Zoochemicals are physiologically active compounds found in plants
false
Ketosis increases with
fasting, a low-carbohydrate diet, uncontrolled type 1 diabetes mellitus
Spina bifida and anencephaly are examples of neural tube defects. Women who have had a pregnancy resulting in the birth of an infant with a neural tube defect are being urged to take supplements of ________ before a second conception to decrease the risk of these birth defects.
folic acid
About 50% to 90% of folate in foods can be destroyed by
food processing and preparation\n.ultraviolet light.\noxidation.\nAll of these choices are accurate.
When vitamins and/or minerals are added to a food product in amounts in excess of at least 10% above that originally present in the product, the food is designated as
fortified
Fasting or starvation accelerates
gluconeogenesis ketone production body protein breakdown body fat breakdown
\n\n\n\nThe human brain and other nerve tissues use mostly _________________ as fuel.
glucose
Glycolysis begins with _________ and ends with __________.
glucose; pyruvate
Glucose is stored in muscle tissue as
glycogen
In which of the following metabolic pathways are coenzymes required?
glycolysis; \ncitric acid cycle; \nbeta-oxidation; \nelectron transport chain\nAll are correct-
The lactate that is made during high-intensity exercise is eventually released in the bloodstream and taken up by the ______ and used as an energy source.
heart\nliver\nthe muscles.
Energy-dense foods are
high in calories
Which of these foods pose a choking hazard for infants and children?
honey\ngrapes\nnut butter\nall of these pose choking hazards
Margarine is usually made by a process called ________, in which hydrogen atoms are added to double covalent bonds in the polyunsaturated fatty acids found in vegetable oils.
hydrogenation
Children eating large amounts of carrots can develop
hypercarotenemia
Cretinism may form as a consequence of a severe deficiency of
iodine
Which is a trace mineral?
iron
what is a trace mineral
iron
A nutrient synthesized by bacteria in the large intestine is vitamin
k
"The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1000 grams of water one degree Celsius" is the definition of
kilocalorie
When glucose is broken down in an atmosphere where oxygen supply is limited, a 3-carbon compound known as ________ accumulates in the muscle.
lactate
what is the leading type of cancer in males and females?
lung cancer
High amounts of _____, especially from supplements, can cause diarrhea.
magnesium
The richest sources of iron in the diet are
meats and seafood
Which nutrients do NOT provide energy?
minerals and vitamins
The nutrient sometimes prescribed by physicians to increase HDL-cholesterol and lower triglyceride levels are
niacin
In children, a severe deficiency of vitamin A often results in
night blindness
The presence of ___________ chemically distinguishes protein from carbohydrate and fat.
nitrogen
Which element is found in protein, but not in carbohydrates?
nitrogen
The richest sources of copper are
nuts and dark chocolate
In children, bowed legs, an enlarged head, rib cage, and knee joints, and a deformed pelvis are symptoms of
rickets
Vitamin D deficiency can result in poorly mineralized bone. The resulting disease is called
osteomalacia
Insulin is made in the
pancreas
Phytochemicals are
plant substances that provide health benefits
Women who begin pregnancy underweight have an increased risk for
poor nutrient stores
A meal of dried apricots, whole grain cereals, legumes, and liver (yuck) provides an abundance of
potassium. \nfiber.\nbeta carotene. \nvitamin A\ne. all of these choices are accurate
Maternal iron deficiency anemia can cause
premature birth\ninfant death\nlabor complications\nAll of these are effects of iron deficiencyAdolescents often have
Excess amounts of most water-soluble vitamins are
readily excreated
Which is true about saturated fats?
saturated fats raise blood cholesterol, tend to be solid at room temperature, many animal fats are rich in saturated fats, and provide 9 kilocalories per gram
Glucose is classified as a
simple sugar
Over time, if protein intake does not meet the body's protein needs for building and repair of tissues,
skeletal muscle, heart muscle, and the liver decrease in size. excessive body fluid begins to accumulate in the extracellular spaces. the immune system fails to function properly.
Lipids with high saturated fatty acid content are ____________ at room temperature.
solid
Which of the foods below constitutes the best choice when attempting carbohydrate loading before endurance events?
spaghetti
Ketosis may result from
starvation.\na diet of fewer than 50-100 grams of carbohydrates per day\nuntreated diabetes mellitus
The vitamin that prevents beriberi is
thiamin
A small-for-gestational-age (SGA) infant
those who are smaller in size than normal for the gestational age, most commonly defined as a weight below the 10th percentile for the gestational age.
The symptoms of copper deficiency in humans include all of the following EXCEPT
thyroid disorders
Fluoride is typically provided by sources such as
toothpaste\n-fluoride treatments at the dentist\n-drinking water