Human Nutrition Final exam study guide Unf
Preserving water-soluble vitamins in food preparation can be achieved by
- Cooking fruits and vegetables with their skins. - Cooking vegetables in small amounts of water. - Cutting produce in large pieces.
Choose health problems associated with obesity and overweight
- Coronary artery disease - hypertension and stroke - Metabolic syndrome - Dyslipidemia
Treatment of diabetes includes which of. the following?
- Diet - Exercise -Oral medication - Insulin Injections
Arrange the parts of the small intestine in order they appear in the GI tract.
- Duodenum - Jejunum - lleum
Athletes who don't consume sufficient calories can experience
- Fatigue - Loss of bone density - Loss of muscle mass
Which of the following are the major professional divisions for registered dietitians?
- Food service system management -Community nutrition -Clinical dietetics
Why is high-fructose corn syrup such a commonly used food additive?
- Fructose is sweeter than glucose - Corn is ready available in the United States
What is the function of Chromium?
- Glucose regulation - Enhance effect of insulin
The RD credential indicates that the person
- Has completed rigorous class work in nutrition -Has completed rigorous clinical training in nutrition -Participates in continuing education
Which of the following are potential cause for denaturation?
- Heat -Stomach acid
Selenium assist with
- Immune system health - Fighting- free radical damage - Normal functioning of thyroid hormone
Iron deficient infants may experience
- Impaired motor function - Improper nervous system development - Delays in mental functions
The focus of sports nutrition is on which of the following?
- Improving athletic performance - Supporting recovery following a training session
Select the most reliable treatment for the condition of overweight or obesity.
- Increase physical activity - Behavior modification - Decreased calorie intake
To reduce the likelihood young children will choke on food, caregiver should:
- Not leave children unattended when eating - Not allow children to run with food in their mouths
Which of the following contribute to heartburn?
- Overeating - Smoking Cigarettes - Having excess body fat
Symptoms of anemia can include
- Pale skin - Headache - Fatigue and weakness
What are the roles of iron in the human body?
- Part of many enzymes - Carrying oxygen - Immune function - Neurological function
Positive energy balance is normal and healthy during
- Pregnancy - Infancy - Childhood
Vitamin E functions to:
- Protect polyunsaturated fatty acids in cell membranes - Maintain immune system function - Maintain nervous tissue
Anorexia nervosa is characterized by
- Self-imposed starvation - Becoming emaciated
Which of the following are included in classification of carbohydrates?
- Simple carbohydrates - Complex carbohydrates
Examples of foods that are potentially hazardous foods include
- Some produce - Meats and eggs - Milk
Which statement is true about testimonials?
- They are often biased in favor of a product.
Why do manufactures partially hydrogenate oils?
- To decrease rancidity (unappetizing order and taste) - To increase the shelf life of a product
In metabolic syndrome, which of the following may be elevated?
- Triglycerides - Blood Pressure - Fasting glucose
Plant proteins are a healthy alternative to animal proteins with people who eat this type of diet having lower rates of:
- Type 2 diabetes - Hypertension - Obesity
Choose the description that accurately define scientific method
-Educate guess about the relationship between a variable and an outcome -A procedure designed to decrease error -Testing a hypothesis in order to draw and evidence based conclusion
Each of the myPlate food groups contribute minerals to the diet. What are the five myPlate food groups?
-Grains -Proteins -Fruits - Dairy - Vegetables
Treatment of overweight and obesity
-Lifestyle change - Long term
Single celled microorganisms that are common food-borne pathogen are _________.
Bacteria
__________ is a hormone that stimulates the gallbladder to release bile and the pancreas to release digestive enzyme.
Cholecystokinin
Referring to the image, match the fatty acid with its correct form.
Cis form: looks like a V Trans form: looks like a positive slope line
Disease causing microorganisms are called
Pathogens
The critical analysis of an article article about a study submitted to a journal that is conducted by a group of investigators who were not part of the study but are experts in the field is called
Peer Review
Match the term with it's definition
Peptide bond: Chemical link that connects two amino acids together Peptide: Small chains of amino acids Polypeptides: Proteins comprised of 50 or more amino acids
Match the food with the compound that inhibits iron absorption.
Phytates: Whole grains Oxalic acid: Spinach Polyphenosis: Coffee
Our patented fat buster system is guaranteed to take 2 inches of your waistline in the first week! This claim raises which of the following red flags that indicate unreliable nutrition information?
Promises of a quick fix
The Framingham Heart Study is well known ______ study.
Prospective
What is the term used to describe a study that looks forward in time?
Prospective
Amino acids are the end product of ________ digestion.
Protein
Which of the following food groups provides the richest sources of absorbable iron?
Protein
______ is the presentation of information masquerading as factual and obtained by scientific methods.
Pseudoscience
Match the stage of iron depletion with its symptoms.
Stage 1: Iron depletion --> No apparent health problems Stage 2: Iron deficiency without anemia --> Reduced ferritin level elevated of transferrin receptors Stage 3: Iron deficiency anemia--> Microcytic, hypochromic red blood cells Very high level of transferrin receptors
Match the stage of iron deficiency with the appropriate description.
Step 1: Iron stores are lower than normal Step 2: Reduced cognitive function Step 3: The body forms hypochromic, microcytic red blood cells
The wall of the ________ is the thickest and strongest of the GI tract.
Stomach
What is the main purpose of adding carbohydrates to sports drinks?
Supplies glucose during lengthy and vigorous physical activity.
A primary purpose of the villi is to increase the _______ of the small intestines in order to enhance absorption rates.
Surface area
Sarcopenia is defined as
The loss of muscle tissue
________ _______ ________ is the ratio of blood transferrin receptor.
Total body iron
________ minerals perform vital roles in the body although the body only requires consumption of less than 100 mg/day.
Trace
A ________ has three fatty acids attached to glycerol.
Triglyceride
Which of the following nutrients provides the greatest energy density?
Triglycerides
True or False: Fructose is known as fruit sugar or levulose.
True
True or False: Most unused substances in the body can dissolve in water and exit the body through urine.
True
Celiac disease is a common inherited condition that results in poor _____ of nutrients from the small intestine.
absorption
Metabolic hormonal action can act while the digestive tract is absorbing nutrients, _______ , or when digestive tract is inactive, _______.
absorptive; postabsorptive
When the body has access to oxygen, the pyruvate that is formed from glycolysis is converted to
acetyl coenzyme A.
The term describes the body's water status is called _______.
hydration
Match the parts of the word hyperphosphatemia to the word's meaning.
hyper: too much phosphate: mineral emia: blood
Regular blood pressure screening is the best way to detect _________.
hypertension
In the case of Graves' disease, the thyroid gland uses produces and secretes too much thyroid hormone, causing
hyperthyroidism
During water intoxication, the excess water consumed dilutes the sodium concentration of the blood resulting in condition known as ______.
hyponatremia
Most food assistance program use ___________ to determine eligibility for obtaining assistance.
income
A pregnant's woman need for iron ______ during pregnancy.
increases
The length of time a pathogen grows and multiplies in food or digestive tract is called _______ period.
incubation
How do zinc lozenges or gels reduce the severity or duration of colds?
inhibiting multiplication of the cold in nasal or oral cavity.
Ketosis is the condition that condition of having high concentration of ketone bodies in the ________.
bloodstream
The most products produced during the citric acid cycle are the ______ (one word answer) that are produced.
coenzymes
A food that is no longer wholesome, pure, or safe for human consumption, is called a ________ food.
contaminated
Transferring a pathogen to vegetables chopped on the same cutting board that was used to cut raw meat is called ___________ -____________.
cross-contamination
Obesity can lead to ______, which is link to type 2 diabetes.
insulin resistance
Table salt is chemically known as ________ _________.
sodium chloride
The primary function of glycogen is to
store glucose in the body.
Heat _______ is considered a medical emergency and requires immediate medical assistance.
stroke
Most people do not need to be concerned about vitamin toxicity unless they are
taking megadoses of vitamin supplements or consuming large amounts of vitamin- fortified foods.
The side effects of too much iodine (amounts at or above upper level) are
the same as those that occur with deficiency
In vivo animal studies must be interpreted carefully because
there are physiological differences between humans and other animals
Dairy products often inhibit iron absorption because
they have a high calcium content
The only micronutrient deficiency common in developed countries is
iron
Which following is not considered a healthy benefit associated with regular physical activity?
irregular sleep cycles
Milk and other dairy products are major food sources of _____ (a disaccharide).
lactose
Hormone sensitive lipase facilitates _______ by removing the 3 fatty acids from the glycerol backbones of a triglyceride.
lipolysis
When an atom or molecule ______ one or more electrons, it has been oxidized.
loses
Over 53 million Americans have osteoporosis or are at high risk for the disease because they have a
low bone mass
The alcohol dehydrogenase pathway metabolizes alcohol when a person drinks _______ amounts of alcohol.
low to moderate
Genetic factors _____ play a role in a person's risk of developing an eating disorder.
may
The type of iron found in plant foods is referred to as
nonheme iron.
Which of the following is not common route for pathogenic contamination?
over-cooking food
Currently more people suffer from ________ than __________.
overnutrition, undernutrition
Hemoglobin is the iron- containing part of the red blood cells that enables
oxygen uptake and transport.
A life form that lives on or in another organism is called a ___________.
parasite
Making dietary choices based on nutritional genomics, height, weight and health assessment is the concept of ________ _________ .
personalized nutrition
A substance that people , use to control or kill unwanted insects, weeds, or other organisms is called a _______.
pesticide
In an experiment, a fake medicine or intervention is called a(n)
placebo
When energy input is greater than energy output, the person is in _____ energy balance.
positive energy balance
Soy products, turnips, and broccoli all contain compounds that
reduce thyroid production
Which of following are common signs of hereditary hemochromatosis?
- Abdominal pain - Loss of sex drive - Fatigue
The direct benefits of physical activity include:
- Achieving healthy body weight - Maintaining a healthy body weight - reducing blood LDL cholesterol levels
Food-borne illness causing microbes are often found in
- Air - Sewage - Water - Soil
Risk factors associated with developing an eating disorder include
- Being female - Having a perfectionist personality - Having a history of frequent dieting
Excellent source of chloride include:
- Celery - Tomatoes - Seaweed
Which of the following substances are types of lipids? Select all that apply.
- Cholesterol - Triglycerides
Example of diuretics include
- Coffee - Tea - Alcohol
Protein functions as:
- Compounds that help maintain fluid and pH balance - Enzymes - Antibodies
Which of the following are common signs and symptoms of food allergies?
- Difficulty swallowing - Swollen or itchy lips - Scaly skin rash
An intense fear of gaining weight compels people with Anorexia nervosa to
- Fast frequently - Exercise excessively - Diet frequently
In order to maintain adequate stores of glycogen, an athlete should eat several servings per day of which of the following foods?
- Fruits - Starchy vegetables - Whole grains - Dairy
Which factors lead to the development of an eating disorder?
- Genetic - Social - Psychological
Which two monosaccharides are components of the milk sugar lactose?
- Glucose - Galactose
Symptoms of heatstroke include _______
- Irritability and confusion - Lack of sweating
Which of following can cause food-borne illness?
- Microbes - Toxic by-products of microbes
The availability of carbon atoms in fatty acids increases the potential to form more
- NADH -acetyl CoA - FADH2
What American population are particularly high risk for development of type 2 diabetes?
- Native Americans - Latino/ Hispanic Americans - African Americans
Which of the following are in the high risk group for developing a food-borne illness?
- Older adults - Pregnant woman - Young children
Which of following are good source of copper?
- Organ meats - Seeds - Whole grains
Which groups of people are most at risk for developing a vitamin A deficiency.
- Preschoolers who do not eat enough vegetables - Older adults - People with fat malabsorption
Fad diets
- Rely on testimonials for evidence of effectiveness - Limits food selections from a new food group - Offer a 'quick fix' to your weight problem
Treatment for exercise- associated muscle cramps includes
- Resting - Gentle stretching and massaging the affected muscles - Drinking juice or sports drink
Which foods are good sources of vitamin D?
- Salmon - Herring - Milk
Choose factors that will disrupt the normal balance and diversity of bacterial populations in the GI tract.
- Starvation - Emotional Stress - Antibiotic use
A food intolerance may occur after the consumption of nonprotein substances, such as
- Sulfites - Msg - Lactose
Why might nutrition researchers reach conflicting results when performing similar studies?
- The results were analyzed in different ways. -Studies may differ in design - A different set of subjects may alter the results
Young Anorexics are more likely to recover if
- They get early treatment - They do not consume alcohol - They do not purge or binge eat
Why is it important to repeat scientific investigations?
- To confirm original researchers' conclusions - To achieve greater acceptability among other scientists
Which of the follow best describe the mineral molybdenum?
- Trace - Essential
Factors that influence the basil metabolic rate include
- age -body composition -body surface area
Which of following a good food sources of calcium?
-Yogurt -Milk - Cheese
Nonnutritive sweeteners supply______ calories per serving.
0
show the progression from ordered to disordered eating. Place the following in the correct order (from beginning to end).
1 Healthy eating behavior 2 Concerns about body image and shape 3 Clinically evident eating disorder recognized
Overfat adults are recommended to engage in more than _____ minute os moderate-intensity activity per week to achieve "clinically significant weight loss."
250
Andy weighs 220 pounds and is 6 feet tall. His BMI reading would be about:
30 (220 lbs x 703)/ (6 foot x 12)^2 =30
An overfat person can reduce his/her risk for CVD, stroke, type 2 diabetes by losing ____ excess body fat.
5-10%
Depending on a persons unique body composition roughly what percentage of body weight is contributed by water?
50-75%
Which description best describe a starch?
A carbohydrate made of multiple units of glucose attached together in a form the body can digest.
Which of the following are fat soluble vitamins?
A, D, E, K
The name for the light sensitive area inside each eye is called the ___________.
retina
Children with leg bones that bow under the weight of carrying the upper part of the body is a sign of __________ , a disease resulting from vitamin D deficiency.
rickets
Atherosclerosis is a complex disease with multiple ___________ ___________.
risk factors
Scientists expect researchers to avoid relying on their personal attitudes and ____when selecting participants for research and collection and analyzing data.
Biases
________ ________ is defined as having 4 or more drinks for females and 5 or more drinks for males per 2 hour occasion.
Binge drinking
Eating an excess amount of food in a brief time period is called _______ ________ .
Binge eating
Where does glucose go after it is degraded in the liver?
Bloodstream
The psychological conditions characterized by binge eating followed by purging behavior is called ________ ________
Bulimia nervosa
Match the mineral with its major deficiency sign and symptom.
Calcium: increased risk for osteoporosis and increased risk for hypertension. Sodium: muscle cramps Potassium: irregular heartbeat and muscle cramps
The primary fuels for cellular activity are _________ and ___________ .
Carbohydrate, Fat
Low fat chocolate milk is a popular post exercise recovery drink because it has an ideal ______ ratio.
Carbohydrate-to-protein
________ are major source of energy for cells.
Carbohydrates
Which of the following is NOT an example of catabolic reaction?
Carbon dioxide and water --> Amino acids Amino acid --> glucose
_______ is found in foods that contain animal products.
Cholesterol
A ____ group, which receives no treatment, allows researchers to determine if an experimental treatment has any effect.
Control
The participants in an experiment who are not given the treatment being tested are known as the _____ group.
Control
The ________ ________ is a pathway in which the liver cells remove the lactate from the blood stream and recycle it into glucose.
Cori cycle
The body is able to make vitamin _______ when skin cells are exposed to the sun's ultraviolet radiation.
D
Vitamin ___ is not a widespread in foods, and therefore can be synthesized by the body with adequate sunlight exposure.
D
Protein are made in your body by following the code found in your ______.
DNA
Lactose- containing foods fall into which food category?
Dairy
To remedy constipation, you should
Drink more water
Match the vitamin with another name that may be used to identify it.
Vitamin A: Retinol Vitamin C: Alpha- Tocopherol Vitamin E: Ascorbic Acid
The condition that is characterized by elevated blood pressure is called ________.
Hypertension
The second step of the scientific method is developing a ________.
Hypothesis
Match each symptom to its cause of either a food-borne illness or influenza.
Influenza: coughing, weaknesses, and body aches Food-borne illness: diarrhea and vomiting
Match each term with appropriate definition.
Lactovegetarian: Eats milk and milk products but no animal flesh or eggs. Lactoovovegetarian: Eats milk and milk products and eggs but no other animal foods. Ovovegatarian: Eats eggs but no other animal foods.
Match the hormone with its correct description
Leptin: Hormone release by adipose tissue to inhibit hunger Ghrelin: Hormone released by stomach that stimulates eating
The ______ uses cholesterol to make bile.
Liver
A hollow space through which food and fluids pass is called the
Lumen.
_______ is an important activator of many enzymes that play role in wound healing, metabolism, bone and cartilage formation and antioxidant function.
Manganese
A physical activity that prepares solid foods for swallowing and chemical digestion is called ______ (chewing is not correct answer to this question).
Mastication
Principles of behavior ______ are critical components of weight reduction and maintenance.
Modification
Place the hyphen correctly in the word "monosaccharide" to indicate the prefix and the word stem. For example, polyunsaturated would be written poly-saturated.
Mono-saccharide
Match the digestive organ with its function.
Mouth: Begins the chemical digestion of starch Stomach: Muscular sac that can hold up to 4 cups of food. Small Intestine: Major site of chemical digestion and absorption. Large Intestine: elimination of waste products Esophagus: Transfer of food from mouth to stomach
________ __________ is a digestive enzyme that removes two fatty acids from each triglyceride molecule.
Pancreatic lipase
Waves of muscular contractions that propel the contents of the digestive tract are called
Peristalsis
Match the accessory organ with its function
Salivary glands: Produce and secrete salivary amylase Liver: Produce and secretes bile Gallbladder: Release bile into duodenum Pancreas: Produce and secrete the majority of digestive enzymes
Match the term with its correct definition
Satiety: Feeling of fullness after consuming food Appetite: The physiological desire to ear Hunger: An uncomfortable feeling that drives a person to consume food
The 5 primary taste sensation are sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and _______
Savory or Umami
The FSMA improves the safety of food by
Shifting focus from reaction to prevention of food-borne illness.
Hypertension is often called the "_________ __________" because high blood pressure generally does not cause symptoms.
Silent killer
Almost all of the macronutrients are digested and absorbed in the _____ intestine.
Small
In which part of the GI tract does "absorption" of carbohydrates begin?
Small Intestine
Which of the following is NOT a typical cause for vomiting:
Smelling a pleasant order
_______ are thickened region of muscle fat that function like valves to control the flow of contents at various points in the GI tract.
Sphincters
Which of following is the best source of magnesium?
Spinach
Match the stage of iron depletion with its symptoms.
Stage 1 Iron depletion: No apparent health problems Stage 2 Iron deficiency without anemia: Reduced ferritin level, elevated levels of transferrin receptors Stage 3 Iron deficiency with anemia: Microcytic, hypochromic red blood cells very high level of transferrin receptors
The acid in _______ to activate digestive enzymes, make proteins easier to digest, and kills many disease causing microorganisms.
Stomach
What gland uses iodine?
Thyroid gland
Select the primary function of iodine?
Thyroid hormon synthesis
Which form of unsaturated fatty acid contains a chemical structure similar to that of saturated fatty acids?
Trans
A person in the scientific experiment who receives a non-placebo drugs is a member of the ______ group.
Treatment
True or False: Phospholipids contain both a hydrophobic and hydrophillic portions, which attract and repel water.
True
The NCAA monitors the use of ergogenic aids through random _______ testing.
urine
Vitamin is a term created from _______ meaning necessary for life and ________ meaning containing nitrogen.
vita, amine
Which fat-soluble is vitamin is involved in the production of active blood clotting factors?
vitamin K
About 3 grams _______ are incorporated in to the muscle tissue with each gram of glycogen.
water
Folate, vitamin B-12, and vitamin C are all examples of ________- soluble vitamins.
water
Recommendations for total _______ intake vary widely because factors such as environmental temperatures, health conditions, physical activities, and dietary choices influence individual requirements.
water
Females exhibiting the female athlete triad may intentionally restrict their calorie intake to
- Improve athletic performance - Lose weight - Maintain a lean physique
In a ____ study, epidemiologists collect and analyze various kinds of information about a large group of people overtime.
Cohort
Match the pathway on the left with where they enter the catabolic pathway on the right.
Glucogenic: Pyruvate Ketogenic: acetyl CoA
________ is also know as dextrose or blood sugar.
Glucose
If an individual does not have enough iodine in their diet, what is the first sign of deficiency?
Goiter
The citric acid cycle is a complex series of chemical reaction that converts the carbon acetyl CoA molecules into
H2O CO2
Treatment for women with gestational diabetes includes
-Regular physical activity - A special carbohydrate controlled diet
Carbohydrates are made of
-Carbon -Hydrogen -Oxygen
The first priorities for amino acids derived from proteins are:
- create structural molecules - synthesize enzymes - synthesize hormones
The kidneys produce smaller amounts of urine when
- fluid loss is great - fluid intake is limited
Which of following are considered catabolic hormones?
- glucagon - cortisol - epinephrine
Methods of nonchemical pest management include
- growing pest resistant crops - use predatory wasp - trapping adult insect pests
The USDA defines food deserts as as areas with many low-income people
- in urban areas living further than 1 mile away from a grocery store - in rural areas living more than 10 miles away from the grocery store
Apple-shaped (central-body fat distribution) obesity is associated with
- increase risk for serious, chronic diseases. - Men with apple-body shape -increase risk of inflammation
Fluoride is NOT considered an essential nutrient because ________________.
- it does not sustain life - It is not required for growth
Important component of a successful long-term weight loss include:
- modifying problem behaviors -controlling calorie intake -engaging in regular physical activity
Central-body obesity is
- more common in men -sometimes described as having an "apple" body shape -symbolic of extra visceral fat stores
Which of following dietary changes can help reduce the risk of developing CVD:
- reducing intake of refined sugar - increasing intake of dietary fiber - reduce alcohol intake
The most common forms of cardiovascular disease in the US include (check all that apply)
- stroke - coronary artery disease
Mitochondria are responsible for
- transfer energy released to ATP - catabolize nutrients
What are some ways to improve the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins in low-fat foods like vegetables.
- use salad dressing - cook the vegetables in oil
Select food sources of selenium that could be consumed by a vegan
-Baked beans -Brazil nuts
Rank the steps of the visual cycle beginning with dark conditions
1 In dark conditions, retinal is attached inside opsin to make rhodopsin 2 Light activates rhodopsin by causing retinal to change shape, which causes opsin to change shape 3 Activated rhodopsin stimulates rod cell changes that result in vision 4 Following rhodopsin activation, retinal detaches from opsin 5 Energy is required to bring retinal back to its original form 6 Retinal attaches to opsin to form rhodopsin
Place in order the correct order, the stages one would follow when beginning an exercise program.
1 Initiation 2 Improvement 3 Maintenance
Place items in order from lowest pH ending with the item that has the highest the highest pH.
1 Lemon juice 2 Black coffee 3 Water 4 Baking soda 5 Oven cleaner
Describe the steps by which ATP is produced from a phosphocreatine (PCr) molecule.
1 The enzyme in the muscle cell splits PCr to phosphate and creatine 2 Energy is released 3 Energy is use to reform ATP from its breakdown products.
A 28 year old woman who is at a healthy body weight of 60 kg has protein RDA of _______ grams/day.
1. weight in pound/ 2.2= kilograms 2. kilograms x 0.8 g= RDA Answer= 48
Men and postmenopausal women should take no more than ________ mg iron in a supplement form.
10
A person consuming 2000 kcal and eating 20% of kcals from protein is eating how many grams of protein
100 grams
The adequate intake for total water is approximately __________ cups per day for young women.
11
Because vegetarians do not consume meat which which provide heme iron, the recommendation for iron intake is up to _______ mg/day for men, and ______ mg/day for premenopausal women.
14, 32
After being digested, most amino acids are transported into _______ ________.
Absorptive cells
Match the organ with its location in the digestive system.
Accessory organ GI tract -Gallbladder -Stomach -Liver -Small Intestine
_________ is a process of absorption that requires energy and carrier protein.
Active transport
Please match the food preserving technique with its description.
Adding salt and sugar: Decrease water available for microbes. Canning: Removes oxygen that certain microbes need to survive Irradiation: Use of radiation energy on foods to disrupt growth of microorganisms, insects, and parasites
During _____ metabolism, adequate oxygen is present allowing mitochondria to make lots ATP.
Aerobic
Match the definition of physical activity as described on physical activity pyramid.
Aerobic exercise: sustained, rhythmic contractions or large muscle groups in legs and arms. Strength exercise: used to increase bone density Flexibility exercises: holding stretches for 10-30 seconds
Match the ATP yields of the following fuels.
Alanine: 14 ATP Palmitic acid: 106 ATP Glucose: 30-32 ATP
Aspartame is an alternative sweetener made of two _____ acids (phenylalanine and aspartic acid) and methanol.
Amino
Proteins are made of smaller units called _______ ________.
Amino acids
The chemical breakdown of starch that occurs in the mouth is due to the enzyme action of _______.
Amylase.
______ refers to metabolic pathways that build larger molecules from smaller ones.
Anabolism
________ is a condition is which the body does not have enough healthy red blood cells and oxygen transport in the blood is impaired.
Anemia
The image that represents the structure of a
Answer: Triglyceride Picture- Glycerol with three fatty acids
Match the term on the left with the best definition on the right.
Atherosclerosis: long-term disease process in which plaques build up inside the arterial walls Arteriosclerosis: a loss of arterial flexibility or "hardening of the arteries"
True or False: Alcohol does not provide fuel that body can use for energy.
False
True or False: Athlete's have the best success with meal planning when they follow a simple " one size fits all" diet plan.
False
True or False: Food irradiation may lead to radioactive food products.
False
True or False: People with Anorexia nervosa typically do not have psychological disorders.
False
True or False: The risk for some disease such as hypertension and diabetes are less with central- body obesity.
False
True or false: fatty acids are always saturated.
False
Which of the following is true about fat intake for a physically active person?
Fat should supply 20-35% of total energy intake.
The food supply in the United States is considered safe because of cooperation between __________ , ________ , and _________ agencies.
Federal, State, Local
If you are trying to lose weight, it may helpful to add more high- ________ foods to your diet because these foods tend to be more filling resulting in satiety.
Fiber
Hard particles that accumulate in the gallbladder or become lodged in one of the ducts carrying bile from the gallbladder to the small intestine are called _______.
Gallstones
Name the most abundant monosaccharide found in the body.
Glucose
You are more likely to develop the female athlete triad if you are
a gymnast.
Clots that remains in place and disrupts blood flow is called _______.
a thrombus
Substances added to food that sweeten the item while providing few or no calories are known as
alternative sweeteners.
When woman with Anorexia nervosa's estrogen levels decline and she fails to have her menstrual period for 3 months or longer, she is displaying a condition called _________.
amenorrhea
Drugs designed to mimic the action of male sex hormone testosterone are called _______.
anabolic steroids
During ______ conditions, each molecule of pyruvate converts to lactic acid.
anaerobic
The yellow-orange pigments in fruits and vegetables are called:
carotenoids
Combining _____ calorie intake with ____ physical activity is key for weight loss and weight maintenance.
decrease; increased
The two key factors of determining the quality of a protein are amino acid composition and its _______.
digestibility
One of the tasks that the FDA completes in an effort to keep the U.S food supply safe is to regulate _______ and ________ food sold in interstate commerce.
domestic, imported
True or False: So many people in the United States become sick from food that the food supply is not considered safe.
false
Binge- eating disorder, Bulimia nervosa and Anorexia nervosa are all examples of
eating disorders
Psychological disturbances can lead to abnormal food-related behaviors and subsequent dangerous physiological complications called _________ _________.
eating disorders
Lack of dietary supplement being tested for effectiveness and safety is a concern when making decisions about which _________ __________ to use to improve performance.
ergogenic agents
Animal proteins are a good source of all nine ______ amino acids.
essential
Low energy availability is associate with a(an)
estrogen deficiency
__________ is the major storage form or iron that also helps regulate iron absorption.
ferritin
using a pea-sized amount of toothpaste, rinsing with water and spitting out excess fluid when brushing teeth will help prevent dental ______.
fluorosis
Vitamins A and D are often added to milk, and ready-to-eat cereals are often sprayed with additional vitamins. These are examples of
fortification
HDL cholesterol is considered "____________" cholesterol because it does not contribute to plaque formation.
good
Myoglobin is an iron- containing protein located in
muscle cells
In order to lose weight, it is necessary to be in ________ energy balance.
negative
When energy input is less than energy output, the person is in ____ energy balance.
negative
Hip fractures in older adults are serious because
- 25% of adults who experience a hip fracture will die within 1 year of the injury due to the complications of the surgery. - Only about 15% who break their hip can without 6 months after the fracture.
Vitamins provide ________ kilocalories per gram.
0
The rapid loss of electrolytes and fluids due to purging in Bulimia nervosa can cause low blood levels of potassium, a condition known as __________ .
Hypokalemia
Match the component of a comprehensive aerobic workout with its best definition.
Type: involves rhythmic movements of large muscle groups in the leg. Duration: 20 to 30 minutes but multiple 10-minute bouts of activity with rest periods is acceptable. Frequency: At least 5 times a week. Progression: A gradual increase in frequency, intensity, and duration of exercise over time.
A ______ is a factor such as a person's age, weight, or environment that change and influence an outcome.
Variable
Which of the following substances may increase intestinal absorption of iron?
Vitamin C
Experiments using whole, living organisms are classified as in _____ , whereas "test tube" experiments are classified as in _____.
Vivo Vitro
What type or nutrients are absorbed into the hepatic portal vein and eventually to the liver before they enter the general circulation?
Water- soluble compounds
Examples of vermin that transfer pathogens on their feet include
- Cockroaches - Flies - Mice and rats
What are the functions of the digestive system?
- Absorption of nutrients into blood or lymph - Breakdown of food into nutrients
Two major components of the digestive system are the
- Accessory organs - GI tract
To help in the treatment of patients with eating disorders, registered dietitians can
- Answer questions about food and nutrition - Help patients in recovery to avoid relapse - Provide medical nutrition therapy
What factor(s) can upset the normal balance of the intestinal microflora:
- Antibiotic use - Excessive emotional stress - Starvation
Which of the following questions should have asked when evaluating nutrition information?
- Are the authors trying to sell me something - Is the information from an article in peer-reviewed journal? -Who sponsored the research?
Manganese supports enzymes that assist in
- Bone formation - Wound healing - Metabolism
Who has an increased RDA for protein?
- Breast feeding woman - Pregnant woman - Children in periods of rapid growth
Choose the foods naturally contain a small amount of trans fat.
- Butter - Whole milk and Whole milk product products - Meat
Which statement about vitamins are true?
- Cells can become saturated with a vitamin - Cells can be damaged by excess vitamin intake - Excess vitamin intake can produce a toxicity disorder
What are somethings you can do to reduce fat intake?
- Choose lean meats - Steam meats - Trim fat
Which of the following are major minerals?
-Sodium -Potassium -Calcium
Central-body obesity is
-Sometimes described as having an "apple" shaped body. - Symbolic of extra visceral fat stores - More common in men
The following tactics can be important parts of long- term weight loss maintenance:
-Weighing oneself regularly - Regular self- monitoring -Keeping daily records
match the group with the appropriate protein recommendation
.8g/ Kg/ day: Healthy adults adults 1.2g/Kg/day-1.4g/Kg/day: Endurance athletes 1.2g/Kg/day-1.7g/Kg/day: Resistance athletes
List the steps of dietary fat absorption from absorption in the small intestine and ending with entrance into the lymphatic system.
1 Absorption of glycerol, monoglycerides, and fatty acids into small intestinal cells. 2 Triglycerides are reassembled. 3 Triglycerides are packed into chylomicrons. 4 Chylomicrons enter the lymphatic system.
Rank the food categories beginning with those that have the highest fiber content and ending with the category that has the lowest fiber content.
1 Beans 2 Fruits 3 Breads
Outline the process of enterohepatic circulation beginning with bile salts absorbed in the small intestine.
1 Bile salts are absorbed in the ileum of the small intestine 2 Bile salts travels through the blood to the liver. 3 The liver recycles used bile salts to make new bile
Rank the correct order for the steps of urea production and removal.
1 Deamination results in the production of ammonia 2 Liver coverts ammonia to urea 3 Urea is released into the blood 4 Kidneys pick up area and eliminate in the urine
Rank in order the steps involved in the digestion of protein beginning in the stomach
1 Denaturation by stomach acid and partial digestion by pepsin 2 The pancreas secretes protein- splitting enzymes 3 Final digestion occurs within absorptive cells 4 Amino acids enter the portal vein and travel to the liver 5 Rectum: very little dietary protein is excreted in feces
Rank the order of blood glucose regulation beginning with eating a meal.
1 Eating a meal 2 Elevated blood glucose 3 Insulin released from the pancreas 4 Blood glucose level returns to normal
Put the steps of energy production from ATP in order.
1 Enzyme cleaves bond between last two phosphate groups ATP. 2 ATP molecule loses power. 3 ADP is formed
Place the following stages in order which cells acquire more iron.
1 Transferrin increase in response to low iron 2 Transferrin transports iron 3 Transferrin binds to the transferrin receptor
Place in order the correct pathway that food residue travels through the large intestine beginning with transverse colon.
1 Transverse colon 2 Descending colon 3 Sigmoid colon 4 Rectum 5 Anus
Order the following substance based on the order which they appear starting with earliest stages of alcohol metabolism.
1 acetaldehyde 2 aldehydedehydrogenase 3 acetate 4 acetyl CoA
What is the adult RDA for iodine?
150 mcg/ day
What is the RDA for iron in women under age 50?
18 mg/day
According to the dietary guidelines for Americans ( Acceptable macronutrient range- ADMR), adults should keep their daily distribution of fat calories between _________ to __________ % of their total calories.
20- 35
Angela weighs 61 kg and 1.6 meters tall. Calculate her BMI, rounding to the nearest whole number.
24 (make sure you round) BMI= kg/m^2
There are approximately _____ kilocalories in one pound of fat tissue.
3500
Which of the following is the upper level for iron?
45 mg
______ energy balance occurs when energy intake is lower than energy output.
Negative
Match the time period with its most appropriate fluid recommendation.
Days leading up to the competition: Avoid alcoholic beverages that may lead to dehydration. Four hours before exercise: Drink about 5-7 mL/ Kg of body weight of water or a sports drink. During exercise: Drink about 0.5-0.8 L of fluids per hour of physical activity. After exercise: Drink 1.25- 1.5 L of fluid for every kilogram of body weight lost during exercise.
A 2016 study found that replacing 5% of energy from saturated fats with an equal amount of energy from PUFA and MUFA fats associated with a 27% _______ in CVD.
Decrease
Match each word with its correct definition.
Diabulimia: people with type 1 diabetes who manipulate their body weight by skipping insulin injections. Orthorexia: extreme obsession with eating healthy foods. Muscle dysmorphia: unhealthy preoccupation of the body being too small or not muscular enough.
Which of the following best describes energy balance equation?
Energy input= Energy output
The study of dietary and disease patterns among various populations known as __________.
Epidemiology
Which of the following are responsible for transporting hydrogen ions and high-energy electrons to the electron transport chain?
FADH2 NADH
Match lipoprotein with its specific role.
HDL: transports cholesterol from body cells for disposal LDL: transports cholesterol for their use Oxidized LDL: transports cholesterol in arterial lining Foam Cells: holds oxidized LDL within the arterial wall
Which is the name of the science-based, systemic approach to preventing food-borne illness by predicting which hazards are most likely to occur in food production facility?
Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point
Simple diffusion is when a nutrient moves from the lumen where it is in ________ concentration to the absorptive cell where the nutrient is in _______ concentration.
Higher, Lower
What element is primarily lost through the elimination of urea and creatine?
Nitrogen
Which of the following elements is part of protein but not part of lipids of carbohydrates?
Nitrogen
Match the hormone with its effect on blood glucose.
Insulin: decrease blood glucose Glucagon: increases blood glucose
Which of the following is trace mineral?
Iodine
The trace mineral that is the leading cause of poisoning in children under age 6 is ________.
Iron
Which of the following minerals is the most common mineral deficiency in the United States?
Iron
________ is necessary trace mineral for oxygen delivery and immune function.
Iron
