Human nutrition: final

An effective way to maximize the mineral content of your meals is to ______.

cook vegetables in water and reuse the water in sauces and soups

Serving excessive amounts of juice should be avoided, because the fructose and sugar alcohol in juice can lead to ___________

diarrhea

The let-down reflex allows breast milk to travel through ________ to the nipple where the baby can access it by continuing to suckle.

ducts

The gallbladder releases bile into the first segment of the small intestine, which is the _____________

duodenum

Home-Delivered Meals(Meals on Wheels)

elderly and home bound, unable to go grocery shopping or purchase food on their own

During the first 8 weeks, the fertilized egg divides rapidly to form a mass of cells that increases in size and begins to form organs. At this stage, the developing human being is an _________

embryo

Bile aids in the digestion of ________

fat

From 8 weeks after conception until birth, the developing human being is referred to as a _______

fetus

According to the latest version of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, _______ is a "nutrient of public health" concern, because many Americans don't consume enough of it.

fiber

To reduce the risk of delivering infants with spina bifida, women of childbearing age should focus on obtaining adequate amounts of ______.

folate

Beta-carotene

found in red, yellow, and orange fruits and vegetables; may reduce risks of certain cancers and macular degeneration

Which monosaccharide is added to a glucose molecule to make the disaccharide in the right-hand column?: Lactose

galactose

Bile flows from the liver into the ________ where it is stored until needed.

gallbladder

A healthy diet _______.

generally changes during different stages of life

The endocrine system has ______ that secrete hormones.

glands

Sam is an endurance athlete. A few days before he participates in a marathon race, he undergoes _______ to delay the onset of muscle fatigue during the event.

glycogen loading

Caffeine

has a stimulant affect; is in coffee, cocoa and tea

Individuals with type 1 diabetes _______.

have cells that don't produce insulin

If their age, weight, and sex are the same, a sporadic drinker and a chronic drinker with blood alcohol concentration of 0.10 will ______.

have different physical effects

Iron-containing portion of hemoglobin

heme

The stomach produces _______ ________, which is important for the digestion of protein.

hydrochloric acid

To reduce your risk of cancer, you should ______.

include a variety of fruits, vegetables, and whole-grain foods in your diet

lifestyle

includes diet, physical activity habits, use of tobacco/alcohol, and other patterns of Behavior

Darryl is a healthy 21-year-old. After he eats a meal, his beta cells release ______, which causes his blood glucose level to _______.

insulin; decrease

Abby is in her first trimester of pregnancy. According to her dietary analysis, her diet is low in a nutrient of "public health concern" for pregnant women. Based on this information, she needs to increase her intake of _______.

iron

Nutrients

life-sustaining substances in food that are necessary for the body to function properly

Bile is produced in the ___________

liver

Supplemental NutritionAssistance Program(SNAP)

low income family, for food items at the grocery stores

Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC)

low income pregnant woman or single mom of an infant, for healthy food during pregnancy or formula for baby

At birth, a healthy, mature fetus usually weighs about 6 to 8 pounds and is 19 to 21 inches long. An infant weighing less than 5 1/2 pounds is considered ___________

low-birth-weight.

While Eric was taking a nutrition class, he learned that the human body is organized into organ systems. His professor mentioned _____ is a primary function of the kidneys.

maintaining fluid balance

Various tissues that function together in a related fashion form _______.

organs

Infants should not be fed semisolid foods in a bottle, because this practice can lead to _____________

overfeeding

A second hormone, ___________ , signals breast tissue to "let down" milk.

oxytocin

The ___________ produces and secretes digestive enzymes into the small intestine.

pancreas

Plumpy'nut contains micronutrients and ______.

peanuts, powdered milk, oil, and sugar

Waves of muscular activity help propel food material through the digestive tract. This muscular action is called _______.

peristalsis

Risk factor

personal characteristic that increases a person's chances of developing a disease

A suckling infant sends a signal to the ________ ________ in the mother's brain, stimulating it to release two hormones.

pituitary gland

During most of pregnancy, the ___________ is the organ responsible for nutrient and oxygen transfer from the mother to the developing human being.

placenta

A developing human being generally needs to spend at least 37 weeks within the uterus to survive after birth without the need for special care. A fetus that's born before the 37th week is __________

premature

Proteins

production of structural and functional components, fluid balance

One hormone, __________, stimulates breast milk production.

prolactin

The ________ __________ controls the rate at which the semisolid food mixture leaves the stomach and enters the small intestine.

pyloric sphincter

Match the minerals with their basic functions.: Iron

red blood cell formation

Regina is pregnant and concerned about the safety of eating fish and seafood during pregnancy. Because certain kinds of fish and seafood can contain harmful amounts of methylmercury, Regina should avoid eating ______ while pregnant.

swordfish

Nutrition

the study of nutrients and how the body uses them

Most B vitamins are similar in that ______.

they function as part of coenzymes

Consuming excessive amounts of refined carbohydrates can contribute to health problems, because _______.

they may not satisfy hunger

Shari is a 6-year-old who loves to play soccer. Recently, her parents noticed that she's been too tired to play. Also, she's thirsty all of the time and developed breath that smells like over-ripe bananas. Based on this information, Shari's parents should have their daughter tested for ________.

type 1 diabetes

diet

usual pattern of food choices

Alcohol will go any place in the body that ______ goes.

water

According to the USDA, she can substitute _____ of canned applesauce for 2 small fresh apples.

2 cups

There are ____ different _________ __________ that cells can use to make proteins.

20, amino acids

Anthony is training for a half-marathon. On days when he runs for more than an hour, what should he consume during his run and why?

A sports drink because it provides carbohydrate, electrolytes, and water, which help prevent dehydration and improve performance.

Brandon has untreated type 1 diabetes. His blood sugar level remains high after a meal because ________. A. his pancreas doesn't release insulin B. the protein is his cells are converted to glucose C. his kidneys aren't working D. his body releases too much insulin

A. His pancreas doesn't release insulin

Match the substance to its function in the body.: Vitamin D

Absorption of calcium and phosphorus, calcification of bone, maintenance of muscular function

Foods that are NOT energy dense

Air-popped popcorn, vegetables, broth based soup, fruits, tea

What's an emulsifier?

An emulsifier is a substance that helps fat-soluble and water-soluble compounds mix with each other.

Match the substance to its function in the body.: Vitamin E

Antioxidant

Match the minerals with their basic functions.: Selenium

Antioxidant activity

Enzyme's function in carbohydrate breakdown: Amylase

Begins the breakdown of starch in the mouth

Match the minerals with their basic functions.: Calcium

Bone formation

Enzyme's function in carbohydrate breakdown: Sucrase

Breaks disaccharide into glucose and fructose

Enzyme's function in carbohydrate breakdown: Lactase

Breaks disaccharide into glucose and galactose

Enzyme's function in carbohydrate breakdown: Maltase

Breaks disaccharide into two molecules of glucose

Skylar's gallbladder doesn't function properly. As a result of this disorder, which of the following foods does he have trouble digesting? A. Sugar-sweetened cola beverage B. Strawberries C. Butter D. Fat-free yogurt

C

Avoid introduction of honey until age one because honey may contain _____________________

Clostridium botulinum spores

Small molecule that contains a vitamin and enables certain enzymes to function

Coenzyme

Neural tube defects

Condition associated with folate deficiency during pregnancy

Megaloblastic anemia

Condition characterized by the presence of large, immature red blood cells in the bloodstream

Match the blood glucose level with its appropriate classification: 126 mg/dl or higher

Diabetes

Foods that are energy dense

Doughnuts, fried foods, margarine, nuts, cheese, salad dressing

Which of the following personal characteristics is highly likely to influence a person's food choices? (Check all that apply.) A. Financial situation B. Ability to prepare foods C. Number of teeth D. Blood type E. All of the above

E

Which monosaccharide is added to a glucose molecule to make the disaccharide in the right-hand column?: Sucrose

Fructose

Which monosaccharide is added to a glucose molecule to make the disaccharide in the right-hand column?: Maltose

Glucose

What are the top two leading causes of death in the United States that are associated with poor diet?

Heart disease and cancer

Determine whether each blood pressure reading indicates normal blood pressure, elevated, hypertension stage 1, or hypertension stage 2.: 131/81 mm Hg

Hypertension stage 1

Determine whether each blood pressure reading indicates normal blood pressure, elevated, hypertension stage 1, or hypertension stage 2.: 140/89 mm Hg

Hypertension stage 2

Match the blood glucose level with its appropriate classification: less than 70 mg/dl

Hypoglycemia

Match the blood glucose level with its appropriate classification: 100-125 mg/dl

Pre-diabetes

Daniel has high blood pressure. His physician instructed him to obtain dietary counseling from a specially trained nutrition, foods, and dietetics expert who can help him control his blood pressure by improving his food selections. Based on this information, Daniel should seek someone who has _______ for credentials.

RDN

Match the following diseases with the specific vitamin deficiency.: Ariboflavinosis

Riboflavin

Laura is concerned about her young children's dental health because they live in a community that doesn't have fluoridated water. Fluoride helps protect against tooth decay. Where else can her children obtain fluoride?

Some brands of toothpaste

Isoflavonoids

Substance in soybeans with antioxidant activity that may inhibit cancer and reduce risk of heart disease

Night blindness

Symptom of early vitamin A deficiency

Match the following diseases with the specific vitamin deficiency.: Pernicious anemia

Vitamin B-12

Match the following diseases with the specific vitamin deficiency.: Scurvy

Vitamin C

How does one's biological sex affect his or her tolerance to alcohol?

Women generally have a lower tolerance for alcohol.

Homocysteine

a toxic amino acid

Chemical name for vitamin C

ascorbic acid

Match the substance to its function in the body.: Vitamin K

assists with blood clotting

Unpasteurized or raw milk should not be fed to children as it may be contaminated with _______ and ________

bacteria, viruses

Lawrence doesn't know that long-term energy imbalance will lead to a change in his body weight. He can expect to gain weight when his ________.

caloric intake exceeds his energy expenditure

An agent that is cancer-causing is said to be ____________

carcinogenic

Devin has type 2 diabetes. Compared to a healthy person, his blood sugar levels remain higher after a meal, because his ______.

cells don't respond to the insulin that his pancreas releases

A free radical is a _______.

chemically unstable substance that can remove electrons from more stable compounds

When choosing foods for infants older than 6 months, candy, whole nuts, coarsely cut meats, raw carrots, popcorn, and spoonfuls of peanut butter should be avoided, because they can cause ________

choking

The churning movements of the stomach mix food with gastric juice. At this point, the food is a semisolid mixture called ______________

chyme

A vegetarian diet generally ______ than a "Western diet."

supplies more dietary fiber

According to the 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, people should limit their added sugars intake to less than _______ % of total daily calories.

10%

Macronutrients

-carbohydrates, proteins, and fats -energy-yeilding nutrient -body requires 130 grams

Vitamins

-regulation of body processes -maintenance of immune function

Lipids

-source of energy -absorption of fat soluble vitamins -cellular development

Micro nutrients

-vitamins and minerals -non energy yeilding nutrient - body needs 130 mg per day

domains: A commercial website contains ads for gluten-free food products and supplements that are targeted for people who have intestinal problems.

.com

DOMAINS: A nationally accredited university publishes highlights of a recent study about the effects of beef intake on risk of heart disease.

.edu

Domains: The Department of Health and Human Services promotes a campaign to increase calcium consumption among pre-teen girls.

.gov

Domains: A nationally recognized, not-for-profit health association provides information about choosing healthful foods for diabetes management.

.org

What blood alcohol concentration (percentage) is the legal limit for intoxication in Canada and the United States?

0.08

1000 mg = _____ g

1 gram

1000 grams = _______ kilograms (kg)

1 kg

1000 mcg = ___ mg

1 mg

0.001 mg=__ micrograms

1 micrograms

Determine whether each blood pressure reading indicates normal blood pressure, elevated, hypertension stage 1, or hypertension stage 2.: 122/78 mm Hg

Elevated

What feature is required on labels of dietary supplements?

FDA disclaimer if the FDA has not reviewed a claim.

True or False: A person who is overweight has too much body fat.

False

True or False: Human cells can metabolize iron, magnesium, and phosphorus for energy.

False

True or False: In the United States, the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program provides nutrient-dense hot meals to low-income pregnant women and their children.

False

True or False: Orlistat hasn't been approved by the FDA for weight loss

False

True or False: Unlike vitamins, minerals can be destroyed by exposure to heat, light, and oxygen

False

True or False: Chylomicrons store fatty acids in the liver.

False

True or False: When you add up the costs involved, it's actually less expensive for people to buy coffee drinks from coffee shops than to make their own coffee.

False

True or false: Cancer is a single disease characterized by cells that can't divide so they die early.

False

True or false: Using bioelectrical impedance to estimate body fat relies on the principle that lean tissues have less water and electrolytes than fat tissue.

False

True or false: A person's blood alcohol concentration is an indicator of how well his or her small intestine has been able to detoxify alcohol.

False

true or false: According to results of most scientific studies, taking dietary supplements that contain vitamins E, A, and C significantly reduce the risk of colorectal and skin cancers.

False

true or false: Franny is a full-term infant who weighs 5.25 pounds at birth. Her birth weight is within the healthy range for a newborn female.

False

Match the minerals with their basic functions.: Sodium

Fluid balance

Form of folate that's in dietary supplements

Folic acid

What's the safest way to store fresh whole eggs?

Keep the eggs in their original carton and store them in the refrigerator.

How does a major mineral differ from a trace mineral?

Major minerals are required in amounts of 100 mg or more per day, while trace minerals are required in amounts of 100 mg or less per day.

Match the following diseases with the specific vitamin deficiency.: Pellagra

Niacin

Determine whether each blood pressure reading indicates normal blood pressure, elevated, hypertension stage 1, or hypertension stage 2.: 105/65 mm Hg

Normal blood pressure

Match the blood glucose level with its appropriate classification: 70-99 mg/dl

Normal fasting blood glucose

Match the substance to its function in the body.: Vitamin A

Normal vision and reproduction, cellular growth, immune system functions

Osteomalacia

The adult form of rickets characterized by soft bones

When amino acids are metabolized for energy, the nitrogen-containing component is removed, and ammonia forms. What happens to the ammonia?

The ammonia is converted to urea and excreted in the urine.

Match the following diseases with the specific vitamin deficiency.: Beriberi

Thiamin

Match the minerals with their basic functions.: Iodine

Thyroid functioning

True or False: Certain minerals act as electrolytes in the body because they carry a positive or negative charge when dissolved in water.

True

True or False: Gerald saved several dollars on his weekly food costs by avoiding fast-food restaurants and eating meatless dinners that he prepared at home at least twice a week.

True

True or False: If a new mother fails to release oxytocin while she breastfeeds her baby, the let-down reflex won't occur. Group starts

True

True or false: A fad diet is popular for a period of time and then loses its appeal.

True

True or false: Some protein digestion occurs in the stomach.

True

Cancerous cells that divide repeatedly and frequently and do not die are called ___________ cells.

malignant

If these cells grow together to form masses, the masses are called ________ _________.

malignant tumors

Cancerous cells move to and invade other parts of the body. When cancer spreads to other tissues, the disease has _____________.

metastasized

A slippery substance that protects the stomach wall is ___________

mucus

Conventional farming creates problems for the environment. An international team of experts proposed some steps to help solve such problems, including ______.

relying more on growing pest-resistant crops and using other integrated pest management techniques

National School Lunch and Breakfast Programs (NSLP)

school based nutrition assistance

Most nutrient absorption occurs in the _______ ________.

small intestine

Carbohydrates

source of energy

Hydrochloric acid is secreted in the _______

stomach

Quercetin

substance in fruits, vegetables, and red wine that may inhibit cancer and reduce the risk of heart disease

Capsaicin

substance with pain relieving properties; found in chili peppers

Match the substance to its function in the body.: carotenoids

yellow, orange, and red pigments in fruits and vegetables