Human nutrition Unit 2
Which of the following ketone bodies formed during ketogenesis produces a "fruity" odor similar to nail polish remover
Acetone
Ketogenic
Acetyl CoA
When adequate oxygen is present in a cell, mitochondria can make lots of ATP through ______ metabolism
Aerobic
During ... conditions, each molecule of pyruvate converts to lactic acid
Anaerobic
During .... conditions, each molecule of pyruvate converts to lactic acid
Anaerobic
A/an _______ occurs when a blood clot blocks an artery in the brain and the brain cells that are nourished by the vessel die
Answer: Stroke
The ______ of a protein influences its function
Answer: Structure
Which form of unsaturated fatty acid contains a chemical structure similar to that of saturated fatty acids
Answer: Trans
True or false: The classification of fats and oils is based on the type of fatty acid present in greatest concentration
Answer: True
Which of the following account for the majority of the nitrogen losses that occur each day
Answer: Urinary elimination of urea
.... is the long-term process in which plaques build up inside arterial walls
Answer: atherosclerosis
Enzymes within the microvilli break down ______ to amino acids
Answer: di- and tripeptides
In the United States, the average protein intake ______
Answer: is about 15 to 18% of total calories, is about 1.44 g/kg body weight
HDL cholesterol ________
Answer: is often referred to as the "good" cholesterol
Which vitamin deficiency would have a potentially limiting effect on protein metabolism
B-6
Which of the following are major food sources of vitamin K
Margarine and salad dressing, Soybean and canola oils, Green leafy vegetables
Which of the following is true about deamination
Occurs primarily in the liver, A process of removing the nitrogen-containing group from an unneeded amino acid, Once the nitrogen is removed, the remaining amino acid is a carbon skeleton
The British physician, James Lind, designed a very simple experiment that found a cure for
Scurvy
Vitamin ... participates in the development of epithelial cells, the production of white blood cells, and bone growth
Vitamin A
People who eat little/no animal products may have a deficiency of
Vitamin B-12
Which vitamin do cells require to make coenzymes that participate in a variety of cellular processes, including the transfer of methylation in the metabolism of folate
Vitamin B-12
Collagen synthesis, antioxidant activity, and assistance in immune system functioning are all functions of which vitamin
Vitamin C
Which of the following fuel sources would get metabolized first if ALL were present in the liver at the same time
alcohol
In the United States, people at risk for niacin deficiency include those with
tryptophan metabolism disorder, Alcoholism, anorexia nervosa.
Intestinal enzymes are necessary to remove ___________ from naturally-occurring folate
glutamates
What is a complex organic compound that regulates certain metabolic processes in the body
Vitamin
Scientific evidence suggests that dietary cholesterol does not have as much effect on blood cholesterol as dietary.... ....
Answer: Saturated, fats
Which drug is commonly prescribed to help people reduce elevated blood lipid levels
Answer: Statins
Cholesterol lowering margarines contain plant.... which may lower cholesterol in people with mildly elevated cholesterol levels
Answer: Sterols
Choose functions of pantothenic acid
? needed for fatty acid synthesis, releases energy from macronutrients, component of coenzyme A
How much of the triglycerides absorbed from a meal get incorporated into very-low-density-lipoprotein
A considerable amount
The amine in vitamin means ______
A nitrogen-containing substance
A class of mainly yellow, orange, or red pigments, which give color to fruits and vegetables, are called ______
Carotenoids
Which of the following is found only in plants
Carotenoids
What roles does vitamin A play in the body
Cell production, Cell growth, Formation of epithelial cells
What happens after the liver's glycogen supply runs out
Certain amino acids are turned into pyruvate and then glucose, The body metabolizes fatty acids.
niacin participate in which of the following
Energy metabolism
The body is able to store which group of vitamins
Fat-soluble vitamins
Metabolic hormonal action can act while the digestive tract is absorbing nutrients, ______, or when the digestive tract is inactive, ______
Fed, fasted
After eating a combo meal from the local fast food joint, triglycerides get absorbed and
Flood into the liver, incorporated into VLDL
What transports glucose from the blood into the cell
Glucose transport proteins
Glucose is stored as ______ through a pathway called glycogenesis
Glycogen
The pathway by which glucose is stored as glycogen in the liver and muscle cells is ...
Glycogenesis
... is a toxic amino acid and vitamin B-6 plays a vital role in keeping it from accumulating in the blood
Homocysteine
... ... ... is an enzyme that cleaves apart a triglyceride molecule leaving 3 fatty acids and a glycerol backbone
Hormone, Sensitive, Lipase
the hormone that activates receptors on cell membranes of adipocytes and muscle cells and signals glucose transport proteins is
Insulin.
How is a total parenteral solution administered
Into a vein
Good sources of pantothenic acid are
Mushrooms, chicken liver, sunflower seeds.
Anancephaly and ... ... may occur is a woman's diet is low in folate
Neural tube
What are some major food sources of vitamin B-12
Poultry, Milk, meat
Which groups of people are most at risk for developing a vitamin A deficiency
Preschoolers who don't eat vegetables, People with fat malabsorption, Older adults
Alcohol is absorbed in the ... and ...
Small intesitine, stomach
What is the primary site of vitamin absorption
Small intestine
What are some food sources of riboflavin
Spinach, Yogurt, Milk
... is a water-soluble vitamin that is used to make a coenzyme that participates in chemical reactions involved in the release of energy from carbohydrates
Thiamin
Which vitamin does not reach toxic levels in the body because it is readily excreted in urine
Thiamin
Which vitamin plays a role in the chemical reactions involved in the release of energy from carbohydrates
Thiamin
Which hormone can have catabolic and anabolic actions
Thyroid hormone
Which of the following hormones can adapt to increasing or decreasing metabolic rates
Thyroid hormone
What is the most energy-dense macronutrient group
Triglycerides
Which of the following nutrients provides the greatest energy density
Triglycerides
Excess amino acids may be ______
Used to make glucose, oxidized in the citric acid cycle
Why is it not necessary to consume 100% of every vitamin each day
Your body can synthesize vitamin D, Bacteria in your lower intestinal tract can produce certain vitamins., Body cells can store vitamins to some extent.
Which is the final step of complete glucose breakdown
electron transport chain
In the body, pantothenic acid is important for
energy metabolism, fatty acid synthesis.
Which foods contain the richest sources of folate
enriched grains, fortified cereals
Thiamin does not reach toxic levels in the body because
excess vitamin can be excreted in the urine.
The human body stores more energy in _________ than in _________
fat cells; glycogen stores
Beta-oxidation is the chemical pathway that breaks down ______
fatty acids
Biotin's roles in the body includes
glucose synthesis, amino acid breakdown, fatty acid synthesis
What transports glucose from the blood into the cell
glucose transport proteins
Cortisol promotes which of the following actions
increases protein catabolism, increases use of amino acids for gluconeogenesis
About 10% of the body's supply of menaquinone (vitamin K2) is supplied by ______
intestinal bacteria
During anaerobic conditions, pyruvate is converted to ______
lactic acid
Several studies have displayed a relationship with vitamin K intake and ... risk of osteoporosis
reduced
Human cells obtain energy by
releasing chemical energy from macronutrients.
Beef, salmon, potatoes, and sweet red peppers are all good sources of
vitamin B-6
The water-soluble vitamins include
vitamin C, the B vitamins.
The amount of ATP formed by catabolism of amino acids depends on
where it entered the catabolic pathway.
Obesity, certain cancers, and cardiovascular disease are all serious health conditions that often result from consuming high amounts of _____
Answer: Lipids
The class of nutrients that consists of triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols is called
Answer: Lipids
What enzyme breaks down triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol in the bloodstream
Answer: Lipoprotein
Which naturally occurring food is 100% protein
Answer: No naturally occurring food is 100% protein.
Which of the following cells do not contain protein
Answer: None, all cells contain some protein.
A(n).... amino acid is one that can be synthesized by a healthy body in sufficient amounts
Answer: Nonessential
Which of the following is the amino acid that can be synthesized by a healthy body in sufficient amounts
Answer: Nonessential
Choose the type of fat that is partially water soluble
Answer: phospholipids
The structure of hemoglobin is an example of the ______________________ structure
Answer: quaternary
Dietary fats and oils are classified as saturated, monounsaturated, or polyunsaturated based on
Answer: the type of fatty acid present in greatest concentration.
A triglyceride has ______
Answer: three fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule
An omega-3 fatty acid is
Answer: unsaturated.
Choose the food sources that contain high-quality proteins
Answers: eggs and milk, meat and fish
Dark green fruits and vegetables that contain carotenoids are not yellow-orange in color because of the presence of
chlorophyll
When a water-soluble vitamin assists in the chemical reaction involved in the metabolism of the macronutrients, this is known as its ... function
coenzyme
What increases a person's risk for a vitamin toxicity
taking a megadose of a vitamin, consuming large amounts of vitamin-fortified foods
What criteria must a nutrient meet to be classified as a vitamin
the body cannot make it at all or in sufficient quantities to maintain good health, signs and symptoms of a health problem occur if the nutrient is missing from the diet ,the nutrient occurs in commonly eaten foods
The Adequate Intake (AI) of alpha-linolenic acid for men (ages 19-50 years old) is ... g/day and the AI of alpha-linolenic acid for women (ages 19-50 years old) is ...g/day
Answers: 1.6, 1.1
A protein can be altered through exposure to ______.
Answers: Acids, heat, physical agitation.
Why are the chemical structures of trans and saturated fatty acids similar
Answers: Both have a straight shape.
What are some examples of food sources that contain cholesterol
Answers: Ice cream, eggs, chicken
What are the major functions of fatty acids and triglycerides in the body
Answers: To provide energy, to insulate the body, to aid in the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins.
Which of the following substances are types of lipids
Answers: Triglycerides, cholesterol
... helps hold the watery and fatty ingredients together in a product
Lecithin
The Adequate Intake of alpha-linolenic acid for men and women (ages 19-50 years old) is ______
Answer: 1.6 g/day and 1.1 g/day, respectively
A high-protein diet is defined as a protein intake of ______
Answer: 20 to 35% of calories
...is found only in foods that contain animal products
Answer: Cholesterol
Cardiovascular disease ______
Answers: includes coronary artery disease, stroke, and disease of the blood vessels. is a group of diseases that affect the heart and blood vessels
The direct benefits of physical activity include ______
Answers: maintaining a healthy body weight, achieving healthy body weight, reducing blood LDL cholesterol level
The AMDR is 20 to 35% for fat and should come predominately from ______, such as fish, nuts, and vegetable oils
Answers: polyunsaturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids
Cells require vitamin ... to make coenzymes that participate in a variety of cellular processes, including the transfer of methylation in the metabolism of folate
B-12
Vitamin K deficiency can commonly develop in people who ______
have cystic fibrosis, have liver disease, have a condition that impairs fat absorption
Which of the following is an enzyme in the walls of capillaries that breaks down their load of triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol
Answer: Lipoprotein lipase
Which of the following element is part of protein but not part of lipids or carbohydrates
Answer: Nitrogen.
CCK signals the pancreas to secrete ______ lipase into the duodenum of the small intestine
Answer: Pancreatic
.... is a digestive enzyme that removes two fatty acids from each triglyceride molecule
Answer: Pancreatic lipase
What are some things you can do to reduce fat intake
Answers: Choose lean meats, Steam meats, Trim fat
Your body makes proteins by following information coded in your ____________________.
Answers: DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid
Phospholipids contain a..... portion, which attracts water, and a..... portion, which repels water
Answers: Hydrophilic, hydrophobic
A food intolerance may occur after the consumption of nonprotein substances, such as
Answers: MSG, sulfites, lactose.
Reducing the intake of ______ will help reduce blood triglyceride levels
Answers: alcohol, refined carbs.
Choose the true statements about amino acid derivatives
Answers: examples include creatine and melanin, nitrogen-containing compounds that are not proteins, serve important physiological roles
Choose the true statements about amino acid derivatives
Answers: examples include creatine and melanin, serve important physiological roles, nitrogen-containing compounds that are not proteins.
Excess body fat around the midsection of the body is associated with ______
Answers: high blood LDL cholesterol, high triglyceride levels
Choose the following dietary changes that will most likely lower the risk of atherosclerosis development
Answers: reducing consumption of saturated fat to less than 10% of total Calories, limit trans fat intake, replace foods that are rich in saturated fats with foods higher in unsaturated fats
Who is least at risk for developing a vitamin A deficiency
Children who like vegetables
... is a component of two coenzymes that play key roles in energy metabolism, yogurt, and other milk products are some of the best sources of this vitamin
Riboflavin
Milk, yogurt, liver, and enriched cereals are all good sources of which vitamin
Riboflavin
Which vitamin is a component of the two coenzymes FMN and FAD that play key roles in energy metabolism
Riboflavin
Maintaining cell membranes, insulating the body against cold temperatures, cushioning the body against bumps and blows, and contributing to body contours are all traits of which nutrient
Answer: Lipids
The process of breaking down old and unneeded proteins into their component amino acids and recycling them to make new proteins is called
Answer: Protein turnover
A(n) ______ fatty acid is completely filled with hydrogen atoms
Answer: Saturated
_____ fatty acids consist entirely of carbon-carbon single bonds
Answer: Saturated
To check a person's risk for ... a physician checks blood pressure, listens to blood flow in your carotid arteries, and requests a lipoprotein profile to assess serum HDL, LDL, and triglyceride levels
Answer: atherosclerosis
Nitrogen-containing compounds that are not proteins but have important physiological roles are called amino acid ...
Answer: derivatives
A modifiable risk factor for atherosclerosis includes ________
Answer: excess body fat
Hard particles that accumulate in the gallbladder or become lodged in one of the ducts carrying bile from the gallbladder to the small intestine are called
Answer: gallstones
Having one or more risk factor(s) ______ a person's chance of developing atherosclerosis
Answer: increases
Digesting.... is a more complicated process than digesting.... , because the majority of this type of nutrient in foods are not water soluble and the digestive process involves considerable amounts of water
Answer: lipids, carbohydrates
To make dishes with complementary combinations, a consumer must know
Answer: which plant foods are good sources of protein, which essential amino acids are limiting in plant foods.
Choose the statements that are true regarding plant food sterols and stanols
Answers: Plants contain sterols similar to cholesterol. Plant sterols have blood cholesterol-lowering properties.
Which of the following tests should a doctor perform to determine a person's risk for developing atherosclerosis
Answers: Test triglyceride levels, Request lipoprotein profile, Check blood pressure
The classes of lipids include ______
Answers: Triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols
Which of the following are food sources of niacin
Beef liver, Salmon, Tuna
Which of the food groups provide the highest levels of vitamin C in the body
Fruits and vegetables
Define the word gluconeogenesis based upon the meaning of the following segements: "gluco" = ..., "neo" = ... , "genesis" = ...
Glucose, New, Formation
Most gallstones are made of ______
Answer: Cholesterol
When an ATP molecule loses its third phosphate group, it becomes ______
ADP
A person consuming 2000 kcals and eating 20% of her kcals from protein is eating how many grams of protein
Answer: 100 Grams
Engaging in moderate-intensity physical activity at least..... minutes a week and balancing energy intake with energy expenditure helps people achieve and maintain healthy body weights.
Answer: 150
Not all amino acids need to be supplied through dietary sources because _____ breaks down old and unneeded proteins into their component amino acids and then recycles them to make new proteins
Answer: Protein turnover
Choose the true statements about protein
Answers: All living organisms contain protein, proteins are organic molecules, proteins are made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.
Liver cells convert extra acetyl CoA molecules to _____, ____, ___ which are known as ketone bodies
Beta-hydroxybutyrate, Acetoacetate, acetone
Which fat-soluble vitamin is involved in the production of active blood clotting factors
Vitamin K
Which of the following are fat-soluble vitamins
Vitamins A, D, E, and K
Liver, legumes, broccoli, and orange juice are all good sources of
Folate
... ... is more bioavailable than the naturally occurring folate
Folic acid
Choose the true statements about vitamin D
Vitamin D is not considered an essential nutrient, Calciferol comes from plant and animal sources, Vitamin D is considered a hormone.
Which fat-soluble vitamin serves as a major antioxidant in the body
Vitamin E
Where does glucose go after it is degraded in the liver
Bloodstream
Which hormone increases protein catabolism and stimulates the liver to increase its use of amino acids for gluconeogenesis
Cortisol
What results when a protein is absorbed without complete digestion
Answer: Allergy
Because it is produced by intestinal bacteria and found in a wide variety of foods, a deficiency of the B vitamin, ... is rare
Biotin
Intestinal bacteria can produce which vitamin
Biotin
Which of the following factors may cause differences in the storage capacity of fat and glycogen between individuals
Body composition, physical fitness, dietary intake
Which of the following are good sources of vitamin C
Broccoli, Strawberries, citrus fruits
Which of the following are functions of vitamin C
Collagen synthesis, Immune system functioning
What are some signs and symptoms of a vitamin B-6 deficiency
Convulsions, Dermatitis, Anemia
How do vitamins participate in energy production
they participate in the chemical reactions that produce energy
What are the by-products of lipid digestion
Answer: Fatty acids, glycerol
Having a headache and intestinal discomfort from eating a food, without triggering the body's immune response is a sign of a
Answer: Food intolerance
What is the chemical structure of an omega-3 fatty acid
Answer: It contains the first carbon-carbon double bond on the third carbon from the omega end of the carbon chain.
Glycerol, fatty acids, monoglycerides, cholesterol, and phospholipid fragments are the end products of...... digestion
Answer: Lipid
Genetic conditions that cause lipid accumulation in cells, which damages tissues are called...
Answer: Lipid storage disease
Vitamins provide ... kilocalories per gram
0
To determine a person's RDA for protein, multiply his or her weight in kilograms by ______
Answer: 0.8g
The body can utilize ______________ for energy
Lipids, Carbohydrates, Alcohol, Protein
Where does glycogenolysis occur
Liver
In its coenzyme form, biotin participates in chemical reactions that
add carbon dioxide to other compounds.
Choose the functions of vitamin E
maintains nervous tissue, protects cell membranes from being damaged by free radicals, maintains immune system function
What are some signs and symptoms of rickets
muscle pain, soft bones, misshapen bones
Vitamin A is transported in the blood bound to ... ... ...
retinol binding protein
During beta-oxidation, fatty acid molecules are separated into ______ carbon segments that are converted to ______
two; acetyl CoA
What happens to amino acids once they enter the absorptive cells
Answer: peptides are broken down into amino acids
Combining certain plant food sources of protein to form complete proteins is called ______
Answer: protein complementation
.... meaning containing nitrogen
Vita, amine
Liver glycogen becomes depleted in about ... - ... hours
12, 24
Where is most of the vitamin A in the body stored
Liver
Where does the healthy body store vitamin E
Liver, Body fat, Skeletal muscle
Which of the following is a major storage site for energy within the body
Liver, Muscle, Adipose cells
All living cells contain
Answer: Protein
Insulin, glucagon, cortisol, epinephrine, and thyroid hormone are key ______ that direct or regulate metabolic activities
Hormones
The conversion of amino acids into other molecules such as glucose and fatty acids is dependent on
The specific amino acid
... are "powerhouse" organelles that synthesize most of the ATP that cells need to function
Mitochondria
Choose the true statements about vitamins
Most commonly eaten foods do not contain toxic levels of vitamins, Toxicity is more likely to occur when taking excessive amounts of vitamin supplements., Taking a "once daily" multivitamin is unlikely to produce toxic effects in adults.
ATP production during anaerobic metabolism is __________ during aerobic metabolism
Much less than
People with a disorder that disrupts tryptophan metabolism may have a deficiency of
Niacin
Which vitamin plays a role in over 200 reactions and is necessary for the release of energy
Niacin
Choose the vitamins that are classified as water-soluble
Niacin, Biotin, Folate, pantothenic acid
When excess protein is consumed, the amino acids are stripped of the _____ and used to make either glucose or fat
Nitrogen group
What is associated with insulin resistance
Obesity
The major adverse health conditions associated with consuming high amounts of fat are
Stroke, Certain cancers, heart disease, obesity
The first priorities for amino acids derived from proteins are to ______
Synthesize hormones, synthesize enzymes, create structural molecules
What is the primary function of vitamin K
Blood clotting
... is the chemical pathway that is involved in the catabolism of an activated fatty acid
Betaoxidation
According to the American Heart Association and National Cholesterol Education Program, the desirable range for total blood cholesterol is less than _________
Answer: 200 mg/dL
Proteins are made up of smaller units called
Answer: Amino acids
... is a symptom or by-product of ...
Answer: Arteriosclerosis; atherosclerosis
Choose the food that does not contain cholesterol
Answer: Bagels
The Dietary Guidelines for Americans (Acceptable Macronutrient Range - AMDR) recommends that adults should keep daily fat intake
Answer: Between 20-35% of total calories
The process of removing the nitrogen-containing group from an unneeded amino acid is called
Answer: Deamination
Amino acids are the building blocks of
Answer: Protein
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) directly contains the codes for making ______.
Answer: Protein
... is the degradation of proteins in order to release amino acids
Proteolysis
What is required before an amino acid can be used for ATP production
Pyridoxal phosphate must be available, The nitrogen group must be removed.
Glucogenic
Pyruvate
Which of the following can be a product of anaerobic metabolism of pyruvate
Lactate, Lactic acid
Pantothenic acid is a component of
Coenzyme A
Choose the statements that are true about cancer
occurs when damage occurs to genes, a group of chronic diseases
In chemical reactions involved in the metabolism of macronutrients, water-soluble vitamins are
used as coenzymes.
Three leading causes of cancer death for men are
lung and bronchus, Colorectum, prostate
Gluconeogenesis is the making of glucose from ______
most amino acids, pyruvate, lactate and glycerol