Human Phys Exam III
Place the following in correct sequence from the formation of a drop of filtrate to its elimination as urine from the body. 1. bladder 2. distal tubule 3. Bowman's capsule 4. collecting duct 5. proximal tubule 6. renal pelvis 7. ureter 8. urethra 9. Loop of Henle 3, 5, 9, 2, 4, 6, 8, 1, 7 5, 2, 3, 9, 4, 6, 7, 1, 8 3, 5, 9, 2, 4, 6, 7, 1, 8 4, 5, 3, 2, 1, 7, 8, 9, 6 3, 4, 2, 1, 4, 7, 9, 8, 5
3, 5, 9, 2, 4, 6, 7, 1, 8
The urinary bladder has openings to the: nephron and kidney urethra and ureters urinary meatus and glomerulus renal vein and loop of Henle renal vein and renal artery
urethra and ureters
Substance T is present in the urine. Does this prove that substance T is filterable at the glomerulus? Yes No
No
Substance V is not normally present in the urine. Does this prove that substance V is neither filtered nor secreted? Yes No
No
To what chemical class of hormone does Aldosterone belong? Aldosterone is an enzyme, like renin. Peptide and protein hormone. Amine hormone. Steroid hormone. None of these.
Steroid hormone.
An individual with a blood pressure of ______ may have hypertension. 140/90 115/75 110/70 90/60 85/55
140/90
A 21-year-old Emory student broke several ribs as a result of a fall off of a cliff while snowboarding over the spring break.Her medical treatment included stabilizing her chest with bandages. The bandages were tied in a way that reduced her tidal volume by 50%. To compensate, she doubled her respiratory rate. Given her pre-treatment tidal volume was 500ml and respiratory rate was 12 bpm, which of the following is correct? Her post-treatment minute ventilation is ___ ml/min and her alveolar ventilation is ___ml/min. 6000; 4200 12 000; 8400 24 000; 20 400 3000; 1200 6000; 2400
6000; 2400
A 21-year-old Emory student broke several ribs as a result of a fall off of a cliff while snowboarding over the spring break.Her medical treatment included stabilizing her chest with bandages. The bandages were tied in a way that reduced her tidal volume by 50%. To compensate, she doubled her respiratory rate. Given her pre-treatment tidal volume was 500ml and respiratory rate was 12 bpm, which of the following is correct? Her post-treatment minute ventilation is ___ ml/min and her alveolar ventilation is ___ml/min. 6000; 2400 6000; 4200 12 000; 8400 3000; 1200 24 000; 20 400
6000; 2400
Select the correct statement about oxygen transport in blood: During normal activity, a molecule of hemoglobin returning to the lungs carries one molecule of O2. During conditions of acidosis, hemoglobin is able to carry oxygen more efficiently. Increased BPG levels in the red blood cells enhance oxygen-carrying capacity. A 50% oxygen saturation level of blood returning to the lungs might indicate an activity level higher than normal.
A 50% oxygen saturation level of blood returning to the lungs might indicate an activity level higher than normal.
A person is given a drug that dilates the afferent arterioles and constricts the efferent arterioles of their nephrons. Assuming no other actions of the drug, how will the Starling forces influencing filtration across the glomerulus be affected? The glomerular hydrostatic pressure (PGC) will increase. Bowman's capsule hydrostatic pressure (PBC) will decrease. The glomerular oncotic pressure (πGC) will increase. A and C. A, B, and C.
A and C.
Which of the following would be expected to trigger a decrease in the secretion of renin? A decrease in the mean arterial pressure A decrease in the pressure inside the afferent arteriole A decrease in the activity of renal sympathetic nerves A decrease in the concentration of sodium chloride in tubular fluid. A decrease in GFR
A decrease in the activity of renal sympathetic nerves
Which of the following statements concerning water reabsorption by the proximal tubule is TRUE? solute reabsorption and the oncotic pressure in peritubular capillaries promote water reabsorption by the proximal tubule. water reabsorption is a passive process dependent upon the active transport of sodium. Aquaporin-I (AQ1) water channels are abundantly present in the cellular membranes of proximal tubule cells. Both A and C are correct All of the above are correct
All of the above are correct
During inspiration, how does alveolar pressure compare to atmospheric pressure? Alveolar pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure. Alveolar pressure is one of the few pressures where the reference pressure is not the atmospheric pressure. Alveolar pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure. Alveolar pressure is less than atmospheric pressure.
Alveolar pressure is less than atmospheric pressure.
Because sweat is essentially a salt solution with an osmolarity lower than that of plasma, severe sweating leads to a reduction in plasma volume and an increase in plasma osmolarity. How do these changes affect the secretion of Vasopressin (ADH)? The decrease in plasma volume inhibits ADH secretion, but the increase in osmolarity stimulates it. The decrease in plasma volume stimulates ADH secretion, but the increase in osmolarity inhibits it. Both the decrease in plasma volume and the increase in osmolarity stimulate ADH secretion. Both the decrease in plasma volume and the increase in osmolarity inhibit ADH secretion.
Both the decrease in plasma volume and the increase in osmolarity stimulate ADH secretion.
Cardiac output can be determined by which of the following formulas? CO = HR - SV CO = HR / SV CO = HR + SV CO = HR x SV
CO = HR x SV
What is the effect upon PGC if the efferent arterioles are dilated? Increase in PGC Decrease in PGC No change in PGC
Decrease in PGC
What is the effect upon glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure (PGC ) if the efferent arterioles are dilated? Increase in PGC Decrease in PGC No change in PGC No answer text provided.
Decrease in PGC
A 21-year-old Emory student broke several ribs as a result of a fall off of a cliff while snowboarding over the spring break. Her medical treatment included stabilizing her chest with bandages. The bandages were tied in a way that reduced her tidal volume by 50%. To compensate, she doubled her respiratory rate. Two hours later, an arterial blood sample was taken. Which of the following conditions would have been observed? Decreased PO2 and increased PCO2 No change in PO2 and PCO2 Decreased PO2 and decreased PCO2 Increased PO2 and decreased PCO2 Increased PO2 and increased PCO2
Decreased PO2 and increased PCO2
A 21-year-old Emory student broke several ribs as a result of a fall off of a cliff while snowboarding over the spring break.Her medical treatment included stabilizing her chest with bandages. The bandages were tied in a way that reduced her tidal volume by 50%. To compensate, she doubled her respiratory rate. Two hours later, an arterial blood sample was taken. Which of the following conditions would have been observed? Increased PO2 and decreased PCO2 No change in PO2 and PCO2 Decreased PO2 and increased PCO2 Increased PO2 and increased PCO2 Decreased PO2 and decreased PCO2
Decreased PO2 and increased PCO2
Which of the following inaccurately represents normal forces across capillary walls? Capillary hydrostatic pressure decreases from arteriole end to venous end. Interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure increases from arteriole end to venous end. Capillary osmotic pressure is due primarily to plasma proteins. Interstitial fluid osmotic pressure is almost zero. At rest, net filtration occurs across capillary walls.
Interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure increases from arteriole end to venous end.
In the steady state, what is the amount of sodium chloride excreted daily in the urine by a normal person ingesting 12 grams of sodium chloride per day? More than 12 grams/day 12 grams/day Less than 12 grams/day No sodium chloride is excreted in the urine.
Less than 12 grams/day
Given CO is cardiac output, SV is stroke volume, HR is heart rate, and TPR is total peripheral resistance, which of the following equations correctly calculates the mean arterial pressure (MAP)? Group of answer choices MAP = CO x SV x HR x TPR MAP = (SV x HR)/TPR MAP = (SV x HR)/CO MAP = SV x HR x TPR MAP = CO x SV
MAP = SV x HR x TPR
Given CO is cardiac output, SV is stroke volume, HR is heart rate, and TPR is total peripheral resistance, which of the following equations correctly calculates the mean arterial pressure (MAP)? MAP = SV x HR x TPR MAP = (SV x HR)/TPR MAP = CO x SV x HR x TPR MAP = (SV x HR)/CO MAP = CO x SV
MAP = SV x HR x TPR
Which of the following statements concerning the control of respiration is TRUE? The respiratory muscles have an intrinsic rhythmical activity. The basic neural machinery for the generation of the respiratory rhythm is located in the medulla oblongata. Respiration will stop if all afferent nerves to the lungs are cut. The intercostal muscles are the principal muscles of respiration.
The basic neural machinery for the generation of the respiratory rhythm is located in the medulla oblongata.
Which of the following statements concerning the control of respiration is TRUE? The respiratory muscles have an intrinsic rhythmical activity. The basic neural machinery for the generation of the respiratory rhythm is located in the medulla oblongata. Respiration will stop if all afferent nerves to the lungs are cut. The intercostal muscles are the principal muscles of respiration.
The basic neural machinery for the generation of the respiratory rhythm is located in the medulla oblongata.
Which of the following statements regarding the loop of Henle is TRUE? The ascending limb is highly permeable to water. The descending limb of the loop of Henle is impermeable to water. The ascending limb of the loop of Henle is impermeable to solutes. The descending limb of the loop of Henle is impermeable to solutes.
The descending limb of the loop of Henle is impermeable to solutes.
Given that the net filtration of fluid out of the capillaries averages about 3 liters per day, how is blood volume maintained in light of this apparent fluid loss? While fluid moves out across the capillary, it tends to move inward across veins. Gravity moves the fluid to the lowest point in the body, where the fluid is absorbed. The lymphatic system returns filtered fluid to the blood. The net filtration is equally balanced by absorption. The kidneys are involved in the reabsorption of the remaining fluid.
The lymphatic system returns filtered fluid to the blood.
Which of the following is FALSE regarding carbon dioxide transport in the blood? The majority of carbon dioxide is transported as bicarbonate ions. The majority of bicarbonate ions are found within the erythrocyte. Very little carbon dioxide is transported free in the blood. Carbonic anhydrase is capable of producing both carbon dioxide and carbonic acid. All of the above are true.
The majority of bicarbonate ions are found within the erythrocyte.
What event in the heart is associated with the first heart sound? The falling of left ventricular pressure below aortic pressure. The onset of ventricular systole. Ventricular relaxation. The onset of ventricular diasystole. Closing of the semilunar valves.
The onset of ventricular systole.
Consider 2 connected alveoli in the lung, where thre radius of alveolus A is bigger than that of alveolus B. If the surface tension of alveoli A and B are equal, which of the following statements about alveolar air pressure is true? The pressure in A is greater than the pressure in B. The pressure in A and B is equal. The pressure in B is greater than the pressure in A. The pressure in B is smaller than the pressure in A.
The pressure in B is greater than the pressure in A.
Which of the following represents the pressure difference that acts to distend the lungs? Esophageal pressure Transpulmonary pressure Alveolar pressure Atmospheric pressure Plural pressure
Transpulmonary pressure
A respiratory acidosis is cause by increased carbon dioxide within the blood. True False
True
If vasopressin (ADH) increases water reabsorption by the cortical and medullary collecting ducts of the nephrons, would vasopressin secretion be increased or decreased with dehydration? Vasopressin secretion would be increased. Vasopressin secretion would be unchanged. Vasopressin secretion would be decreased. None of the above.
Vasopressin secretion would be increased.
If vasopressin (ADH) increases water reabsorption by the cortical and medullary collecting ducts of the nephrons, would vasopressin secretion be increased or decreased with dehydration? Vasopressin secretion would be increased. Vasopressin secretion would be unchanged. Vasopressin secretion would be decreased. None of these responses are correct.
Vasopressin secretion would be increased.
Which of the following is not associated with the renal corpuscle? a podocyte a vasa recta a fenestrated capillary an efferent arteriole
a vasa recta
Which of the following is not associated with the renal corpuscle? a podocyte a vasa recta a fenestrated capillary an efferent arteriole
a vasa recta
In the alveoli, the partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) is: equal with that in the body tissues. about 100 mm Hg. much higher than the PO2 for systemic arterial blood. the same as the PO2 for systemic venous blood. lower than the PO2 for systemic venous blood.
about 100 mm Hg.
In the alveoli, the partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) is: equal with that in the body tissues. about 100 mm Hg. much higher than the PO2 for systemic arterial blood. the same as the PO2 for systemic venous blood. lower than the PO2 for systemic venous blood.
about 100 mm Hg.
The high compliance of veins allows them to act as pressure reservoirs. accommodate large volumes of blood with little change in pressure. rapidly change central venous pressure with small changes in blood volume. provide the driving force for the movement of blood through the vasculature during diastole. hold only small volumes of blood.
accommodate large volumes of blood with little change in pressure.
Cardiac output is the: number of times the heart beats in one minute. amount of blood pumped out of the heart during every ventricular contraction. amount of blood pumped out of each ventricle in one minute. amount of blood filling each ventricle at the end of diastole. number of impulses fired by the SA node in one minute.
amount of blood pumped out of each ventricle in one minute.
Which of the following is FALSE regarding carbon dioxide transport in the blood? a. The majority of carbon dioxide is transported as bicarbonate ions. b. The majority of bicarbonate ions are found within the erythrocyte. c. Very little carbon dioxide is transported free in the blood. d. Carbonic anhydrase is capable of producing both carbon dioxide and carbonic acid. e. All of the above are true.
b. The majority of bicarbonate ions are found within the erythrocyte.
The driving force that pushes fluid from the blood into Bowman's capsule is exerted: by the heart providing blood pressure by the muscles lining the abdominal cavity by the urinary bladder emptying by the urethra draining away urine
by the heart providing blood pressure
The most important factor that allows the blood to carry carbon dioxide in high amounts is _____. pressure tissue production carbonic anhydrase hemoglobin affinity
carbonic anhydrase
Alveolar surfactant acts to increase pulmonary: blood flow compliance surface tension both compliance and blood flow airway resistance
compliance
As plasma CO2 levels increase, plasma pH levels __________. increase decrease remain unchanged rapidly increase, then decrease
decrease
As humidity increases, the partial pressure of oxygen in air increases as the total pressure of air remains the same. increases as the total pressure of air increases. decreases as the total pressure of air remains the same. decreases as the total pressure of air increases. does not change.
decreases as the total pressure of air remains the same.
A patient has a progressive lung disease that results in an ever-increasing pressure required to fill the same volume of lung. How does this disease affect lung compliance? The progressive lung disease: decreases lung compliance. increases lung compliance. does not affect lung compliance. None of the above
decreases lung compliance.
A patient has a progressive lung disease that results in an ever-increasing pressure required to fill the same volume of lung. How does this disease affect lung compliance? The progressive lung disease: increases lung compliance. does not affect lung compliance. decreases lung compliance. None of the above
decreases lung compliance.
Which muscle(s) that regulate(s) micturition is/are under involuntary control? detrusor internal urethral sphincter external urethral sphincter detrusor and the internal urethral sphincter detrusor and the external urethral sphincter
detrusor and the internal urethral sphincter
Glucose moves across continuous capillary walls by what mechanism? facilitated transcytosis diffusion secondary active transport primary active transport
diffusion
At which of the following times in the respiratory cycle is the intrapleural pressure most negative? during inhalation (inspiration) at the beginning of exhalation (expiration) just before the end of exhalation any of the above, since the intrapleural pressure is constant during the normal respiratory cycle
during inhalation (inspiration)
An increase in total peripheral resistance, in the absence of any change in cardiac output, would elevate mean arterial pressure. reduce mean arterial pressure. decrease central venous pressure. reduce the stretch on the aorta. decrease pulmonary venous pressure.
elevate mean arterial pressure.
At high concentrations of antidiuretic hormone, the extent of water reabsorption in the collecting ducts is ________, causing urine output to ________. high : decrease low : decrease high : increase low : increase unaffected : remain unchanged
high : decrease
The Frank-Starling law of the heart says that the higher the end diastolic volume, the: lower the cardiac output higher the stroke volume lower the blood pressure the sooner the next systole occurs higher the end systolic volume
higher the stroke volume
The Frank-Starling law of the heart says that the higher the end diastolic volume, the: lower the cardiac output higher the end systolic volume lower the blood pressure higher the stroke volume
higher the stroke volume
A highly concentrated urine can be formed by the kidneys because the interstitial fluid surrounding the collecting ducts is _______ the filtrate within the collecting ducts. hypoosmotic relative to isosmotic with hyperosmotic relative to in direct contact with
hyperosmotic relative to
Carbon dioxide is more soluble in water than oxygen. To get the same amount of oxygen to dissolve in plasma as carbon dioxide, you would have to: increase the temperature of the plasma. increase the alveolar partial pressure of oxygen. decrease the alveolar partial pressure of oxygen. increase the rate of plasma flow through the lungs. decrease the alveolar ventilation rate.
increase the alveolar partial pressure of oxygen.
Carbon dioxide is more soluble in water than oxygen. To get the same amount of oxygen to dissolve in plasma as carbon dioxide, you would have to: increase the temperature of the plasma. increase the partial pressure of oxygen. decrease the partial pressure of oxygen. increase the rate of plasma flow through the lungs. decrease the alveolar ventilation rate.
increase the partial pressure of oxygen.
Which of the following would make the Oxygen-Hemoglobin Dissociation curve shift right? increased H+ concentration increased pH decreased temperature decreased CO2 none of these responses are correct
increased H+ concentration
Which of the following would make the Oxygen-Hemoglobin Dissociation curve shift right? increased H+ concentration increased pH decreased temperature decreased CO2 none of the above
increased H+ concentration
If blood pressure is too low, the cardiovascular control center in the medulla oblongata attempts to compensate by causing: increased contractility of the myocardial cells systemic arteriole dilation decreased cardiac output decreasing blood flow through the pulmonary artery activation of the parasympathetic nervous system
increased contractility of the myocardial cells
Which of the following would be an effect of cutting the vagus nerve? reduced heart rate increased heart rate reduced strength of contraction increased secretion of acetylcholine
increased heart rate
Which of the following would be expected to trigger a decrease in the secretion of Vasopressin (ADH)? ingestion of a large quantity of pure water sweating hemorrhage ingestion of a large quantity of salty food. A and C
ingestion of a large quantity of pure water
Which respiratory-associated muscles would contract if you were to blow up a balloon? diaphragm contracts, internal intercostals would relax diaphragm would contract, external intercostals would relax internal intercostals and abdominal muscles would contract external intercostals would contract and diaphragm would relax
internal intercostals and abdominal muscles would contract
Which respiratory-associated muscles would contract if you were to blow up a balloon? diaphragm would contract, external intercostals would relax internal intercostals and abdominal muscles would contract external intercostals would contract and diaphragm would relax diaphragm contracts, internal intercostals would relax
internal intercostals and abdominal muscles would contract
The glomerulus differs from other capillaries in the body in that it ________. has a basement membrane is impermeable to most substances is drained by an efferent arteriole has a blood pressure much lower than other organ systems
is drained by an efferent arteriole
Moving from a prone (lying down) to an erect position decreases blood pressure and blood flow in the head and upper part of the body. This results in _______ stretch of the baroreceptors and the sensory (afferent) neurons associated with the baroreceptors send action potentials _______ to the cardiovascular center. no change, same rate greater; with greater amplitudes less; with lower amplitudes less; at a slower rate greater; at a faster rate
less; at a slower rate
Moving from a prone (lying down) to an erect position decreases blood pressure and blood flow in the head and upper part of the body. This results in _______ stretch of the baroreceptors and the sensory (afferent) neurons associated with the baroreceptors send action potentials _______ to the cardiovascular center. greater; at a faster rate less; with lower amplitudes greater; with greater amplitudes less; at a slower rate
less; at a slower rate
Angiotensinogen is synthesized by what organ? kidney bone marrow liver adrenal gland pituitary gland
liver
Which of the following conditions triggers the release of renin? low blood pressure high blood pressure increased sympathetic stimulation atrial stretching due to increased plasma volume increased mean arterial pressure (MAP)
low blood pressure
In a healthy person, what factor requires the greatest amount of energy to overcome during breathing? airway resistance lung and chest wall elastance
lung and chest wall elastance
A 21-year-old Emory student broke several ribs as a result of a fall off of a cliff while snowboarding over the spring break. Her medical treatment included stabilizing her chest with bandages. The bandages were tied in a way that reduced her tidal volume by 50%. To compensate, she doubled her respiratory rate. Which of the following statements is true? Her post-treatment: minute ventilation increased and her alveolar ventilation decreased. minute ventilation decreased and her alveolar ventilation remained unchanged. minute ventilation decreased and her alveolar ventilation increased. minute ventilation was unchanged and alveolar ventilation decreased. minute and alveolar ventilation were both unchanged.
minute ventilation was unchanged and alveolar ventilation decreased.
A 21-year-old Emory student broke several ribs as a result of a fall off of a cliff while snowboarding over the spring break.Her medical treatment included stabilizing her chest with bandages. The bandages were tied in a way that reduced her tidal volume by 50%. To compensate, she doubled her respiratory rate. Which of the following statements is true? Her post-treatment: minute and alveolar ventilation were both unchanged. minute ventilation decreased and her alveolar ventilation remained unchanged. minute ventilation was unchanged and alveolar ventilation decreased. minute ventilation decreased and her alveolar ventilation increased. minute ventilation increased and her alveolar ventilation decreased.
minute ventilation was unchanged and alveolar ventilation decreased.
The functional and structural unit of the kidneys is the _________. renal vein nephron bladder ureter urethra renal artery
nephron
Due to polio, a patient suffers total paralysis of his intercostal muscles. For this patient, which of the following values would still be expected to be essentially normal? inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) expiratory reserve volume (ERV) total lung capacity (TLC) vital capacity (VC) none of the above
none of the above
Due to polio, a patient suffers total paralysis of his intercostal muscles. For this patient, which of the following values would still be expected to be essentially normal? expiratory reserve volume (ERV) inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) none of these responses are correct vital capacity (VC) total lung capacity (TLC)
none of these responses are correct
Suppose a person has a genetic defect causing him to continue to produce fetal hemoglobin (rather than normal hemoglobin) throughout adult life. What would be the expected systemic arterial oxygen partial pressure (Pa-O2) and saturation (compared to a normal person)? higher Pa-O2 and higher Hb O2 saturation higher Pa-O2 but lower Hb O2 saturation lower Pa-O2 but higher Hb O2 saturation lower Pa-O2 and lower Hb O2 saturation normal Pa-O2 but higher Hb O2 saturation
normal Pa-O2 but higher Hb O2 saturation
An individual who breaths through a snorkel while keeping her tidal volume normal would be expected to have increased values (compared to normal) for which of the following? dead space systemic arterial oxygen content (PO2) systemic arterial carbon dioxide content (PCO2) all of the above only A and C above
only A and C above
The action of acetylcholine after binding to muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (M-AChR) on the SA node is to: open K+ channels, causing hyperpolarization and a decreased rate of spontaneous depolarization. close K+ channels, causing depolarization and an increased rate of spontaneous depolarization. open Ca2+ channels, causing increased Ca2+ entry and a stronger contraction. close Ca2+ channels, causing decreased Ca2+ entry and a faster rate of spontaneous depolarization.
open K+ channels, causing hyperpolarization and a decreased rate of spontaneous depolarization.
An increase in the concentration of which of the following within the interstitial space surrounding an arteriole would cause that vessel to constrict? oxygen lactic acid adenosine prostacyclin nitric oxide
oxygen
An increase in __________ will directly stimulate the peripheral chemoreceptors to increase ventilation. 2,3-Disphosphoglycerate (DPG) pO2 pCO2 Hemoglobin (Hb) alkalinity
pCO2
From where is ADH released? distal tubule collecting duct pancreas posterior pituitary anterior pituitary
posterior pituitary
ADH increases the insertion of aquaporin-2 where? proximal tubule apical membrane intercalated cells basolateral membrane proximal tubule basolateral membrane principal cells basolateral membrane principal cells apical membrane
principal cells apical membrane
If the elastic fibers were removed from around the alveolar sacs, the lungs in normal breathing would lose most of their ability to: recoil so inhalation would be impeded. expand so inhalation would be impeded. expand so exhalation would be impeded. recoil so exhalation would be impeded.
recoil so exhalation would be impeded.
If the elastic fibers were removed from around the alveolar sacs, the lungs in normal breathing would lose most of their ability to: expand so inhalation would be impeded. expand so exhalation would be impeded. recoil so exhalation would be impeded. recoil so inhalation would be impeded.
recoil so exhalation would be impeded.
Which of the following is not a function of the urinary system? removal of waste products from the bloodstream maintenance of blood osmolarity regulation of leukocyte and platelet production regulation of blood volume and, indirectly, blood pressure produces enzymes/hormones involved in the maintenance of homeostasis
regulation of leukocyte and platelet production
Which of the following is not a function of the urinary system? removal of waste products from the bloodstream maintenance of blood osmolarity regulation of leukocyte and platelet production regulation of blood volume and, indirectly, blood pressure produces enzymes/hormones involved in the maintenance of homeostasis
regulation of leukocyte and platelet production
As plasma CO2 levels increase, the O2-Hb dissociation curve shifts to the ________ indicating a _________ O2 affinity. right, decreased right, increased left, decreased left, increased
right, decreased
As plasma CO2 levels increase, the O2-Hb dissociation curve shifts to the ________ indicating a _________ O2 affinity. right, decreased right, increased left, decreased left, increased
right, decreased
Which of the following is not a stimulus for breathing? arterial pO2 below 60 mm Hg arterial pH resulting from CO2 retention rising blood pressure rising carbon dioxide levels
rising blood pressure
The walls of the alveoli are composed of two types of alveolar cells, type I and type II. The function of the type II alveolar cells is to: protect the lungs from bacterial invasion secrete surfactant replace mucus in the alveoli trap dust and other debris
secrete surfactant
The walls of the alveoli are composed of two types of alveolar cells, type I and type II. The function of the type II alveolar cells is to: secrete surfactant trap dust and other debris replace mucus in the alveoli protect the lungs from bacterial invasion
secrete surfactant
When oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into hemoglobin of the red blood cells in the alveolar capillaries, the oxygen passes through different structural compartments in the following order: type I alveolar cell, interstitium, endothelial cell, plasma, red blood cell membrane surfactant, type I alveolar cell, interstitium, endothelial cell, plasma, red blood cell membrane surfactant, type I alveolar cell, interstitium, endothelial cell, red blood cell membrane type I alveolar cell, surfactant, interstitium, endothelial cell, plasma, red blood cell membrane surfactant, endothelial cell, interstitium, type I alveolar cell, plasma, red blood cell membrane
surfactant, type I alveolar cell, interstitium, endothelial cell, plasma, red blood cell membrane
A sphygmomanometer directly determines which of the following? mean arterial pressure (MAP) stroke volume the speed at which the blood is flowing turbulence in blood flow end diastolic pressure
the speed at which the blood is flowing