Human Relations Chapter 7

Grit

A series of recent studies indicate that the quality of ______, in the form of hard work and determination, is a major indicator of success.

hierarchy of needs

According to Abraham Maslow, a noted psychologist, people tend to satisfy their needs in a particular order—a theory he calls the __________________.

job rotation

Allows workers to move through a variety of jobs in a predefined way over a period of time.

job enrichment

An attempt to make jobs more desirable or satisfying, thereby triggering internal motivation.

Motivation

Can be defined as the influences that account for the initiation, direction, intensity, and persistence of behavior.

Intrapreneurships

Encourage employees to pursue an idea, product, or process, with the company providing encouragement and support.

job enlargement

Means expanding an employee's duties or responsibilities.

Incentives

Often used to improve quality, reduce accidents, increase sales, improve attendance, and speed up production.

motivation-maintenance theory

Proposed by Psychologist Frederick Herzberg. Maintenance factors represent the basic things people consider essential to any job, such as salaries, fringe benefits, working conditions, social relationships, supervision, and organizational policies and administration. We often take such things for granted as part of the job. These basic maintenance factors do not act as motivators, according to Herzberg; but if any of them is absent, the organizational climate that results can hurt employee morale and lower worker productivity. Health insurance, for example, generally does not motivate employees to be more productive, but the loss of it can cause workers to look for employment in another organization that provides the desired coverage.

Empowerment

Refers to those policies that share information, authority, and responsibility with the lowest ranks of the organization.

maintenance factors

Represent the basic things people consider essential to any job, such as salaries, fringe benefits, working conditions, social relationships, supervision, and organizational policies and administration.

self-fulfilling prophecy

Somewhat-mysterious connection between what you expect in life and what you actually achieve. If you can conceive it and believe it, you can achieve it.

expectancy theory

The theory is based on the assumption that motivational strength is determined by whether or not you believe you can be successful at a task.

motivational factors

Those elements that go above and beyond the basic maintenance factors. They include opportunities for recognition, advancement, or more responsibility.