Human Sexuality Exam 2 - Daley

Steps to Effective Communication

1. Be a good listener 2. Think about what you want to say 3. Establish your "frame" - time, place, interruptions, etc. 4. When it's about something important, limit topics 5. Be honest 6. Use "I" messages 7. Use open-ended questions 8. Check in often - does this make sense? 9. Remain non-defensive - probably hardest step besides being a good listener 10. Don't try to fix your partner's feelings 11. Give up being "right" as a goal

Coming Out: One Model

1. Identity Confusion 2. Identity Comparison: who are your role models? 3. Identity Tolerance: many people remain in a "double life" 4. Identity Acceptance 5. Identity Pride: may resent the straight world 6. Identity Synthesis: content with who you are and tolerant of those who don't agree

Commitment

1. we stay together no matter how we feel about each other at the moment 2. we make NO major decisions without talking them over first 3. we do NOTHING without considering its impact on the other person

Clelia Mosher (1863-1940)

1st researcher to ask Americans about their sexual behavior - wanted to help married women have more satisfying sex lives; Many of the women expressed guilt about wanting and needing more sexual pleasure; Most of her work was never published

Individuation Process

6-36 months: separation - individuation 6-10 months: differentiation - explore "others" body 10-15 months: practicing - walk away and come back 15-36 months: rapprochement - we're not the same and that's ok

Spermicidal Methods of Contraception

71-82% effective; 1. foam, 2. sponge, 3. suppositories, and 4. film pro - cheap, easy to obtain cons - little STI protection and don't taste good

Hormonal methods

92-97% effective; increased estrogen & progesterone to mimic pregnancy thickens cervical mucus; makes the uterine lining less receptive to implantation

The 4 Corners of Eroticism (J. Morin)

ATTRACTION + OBSTACLES = EXCITEMENT 1. Longing and Anticipation 2. Violating Prohibitions -the thrill of naughtiness -the risk of discovery 3. Searching for Power -dominant and submissive = paradox of power because both feel powerful and neither is in more control 4. Overcoming Ambivalence - from apprehensiveness to just doing it

Rape Trauma Syndrome - 2 phases

Acute phase: hours, days, even weeks long - may be emotionally out of control - startled easily - shame, anger, fear - depression, loneliness Long-term reorganization phase: lasts for years - impact of involvement with legal system - fear of retaliation - physical and emotional scars - apprehensiveness to sex in future

Aggravated Sexual Assault (in Texas)

Any person who engages in sexual penetration or oral contact with sex organ with any person under 14 years old

Sexual Assault (in Texas)

Any person who engages in sexual penetration or oral contact with sex organ with any person under 17 years old and where defendant is 3+ years older than victim

SES & SIS

Bancroft and Janssen SES = Sexual Excitatory System (what turns you on) SIS = Sexual Inhibitory System - SIS1 = insecurities about physical appearance - SIS2 = worrying about the consequences of sex (pregnancy, love) Sexual arousal requires a balance between these two

1920s: American Motion Picture - League of Decency

Before: no divorce, no same sex, no adultery, no kissing over 7 sec. UNTIL the 60s and 70s - change in TV! - birth control came about at this same time - less STDs and STIs because of it - belief that abstinence helps to minimize and eliminate peer pressure

19th Century Sexology

Darwin & others opened up the topic for respectable discussion; human sexuality research remained in the hands of physicians (Natural selection and sexuality) Overpopulation, sexual degeneracy, sexual psychopathy became topics of interest. Biological, medical, historical, and anthropological researches were being brought into the study of human sexuality

Hormonal Injectibles

Depo-provera: synthetic progesterone that prevents ovulation; get your first shot right after you start your period, then once every three months pros - extremely effective cons - irregular periods, headaches, weight gain, and bone loss

Rapist Psychopathology

Either disease or intoxication are what force men to rape. Without these problems, they would not rape.

Sadistic Rape

Employs psychological definition of sadism: The erotic charge comes from exerting physical force and inflicting pain. It is the pain that gets the rapist hot.Thankfully rare

The Erotic Mind: from Jack Morin

Eroticism is the process through which sex becomes meaningful; learning to mix sexual arousal with living and loving

Surgical Abortion

First trimester: vacuum aspiration - takes 4 to 6 minutes and a few hours for follow up - no intercourse for at least two weeks to prevent infection Second trimester: dilation of cervix and induction of labor; saline may be injected first to kill fetus

"Primary Narcissism"

Freud; we all get to be at the center of the universe for a while (as an infant)

Richard von Krafft-Ebing

German psychiatrist who compiled over 200 case studies of people with sexual deviations (Psychopathia Sexualis) - felt these could and should be treated also studied the man who had sex with a hen because of small genitals

Karoly Benkert

Hungarian physician coins the term "homosexual" Freud thought homosexuality was immature sexuality

RU-486

Mifipristone: an anti-progestin that blocks development of progesterone, basically breaking down the uterine lining three pills are taken, then 2 days later an oral dose of prostaglandin causes uterine contractions that cause the uterus to expel the fertilized ovum may be used up to 7 weeks from last period

Combination Pills

Monophasic: same amount of hormone in each active pill Multiphasic: variable amounts of hormone to mimic the natural fluctuations of the body Nuvaring: a flexible, plastic ring you insert into your vagina and leave in place for 3 weeks pros - highly effective, low dose of hormones cons - must use correctly and keeping track of time

Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love

Passion - motivation that fuels romance, attraction, and desire Intimacy - sense of bondedness, warmth, sharing, and closeness Commitment - conscious decision to love and maintain relationship (can't be assumed)

Opportunistic Rape

Primary motivation is sex, but these rapists may have very distorted attitudes and beliefs about sex roles and female behavior, which tend to negate normal social inhibitions. - may account for a majority of date rapes

Gender Typing

Process by which we acquire behavior deemed appropriate to our gender

Feminist Theory

Rape & the threat of rape are tools our society employs to keep women in their place, physically, socially, and emotionally.

Evolutionary Theory

Rape as a reproductive strategy for males

Sociological Theory

Rape is an expression of power imbalances. When men feel disempowered, rape incidents go up. Who gets away with rape?

Celibacy

Represents: purity, unattainability, closer to God, contraception, women focusing on female power 1st: Define your terms - How long? What does it include/not include? 2nd: Consider your motives

Direct Observation

Researchers observe & record responses of participating subjects advantages - eliminates risk of data falsification; can videotape disadvantages - influence of researchers' presence watching them; artificial environment

"The Road to Wellville"

Rev. Sylvester Graham & Kellogg-39 signs of masturbation -turn down the fire; don't get all excited and worked up -against too much Yang (energy-female cum)

Gender Role

Role(s) you are expected to play as a "male" or "female" in your culture

ESP Model (of Sexual Arousal): David Reeves

Seduction - what gets you Sensation - physical/interpretations Surrender - giving into Reflection - after thoughts

Sexual Assault vs. Rape

Sexual assault - may or may not include rape RAPE - sexual intercourse without consent US has the most reported incidents of rape

Sexual Orientation

Sexual attraction to one's own sex (gay/lesbian) or attraction to opposite sex (straight)

Love - what is it?

Storge - loving attachment & nonsexual affection (parent-child) Agape - selfless love Philia - friendship love Ludus - love as a game Eros - closest to our idea of Passion Passionate love - state of extreme absorption in the other person

Experimental Method

Subjects are presented with certain stimuli under controlled conditions that allow for reliable measurement of their responses advantages - controlled environment; better for discovering causal connections disadvantages - artificial lab setting

Genderlects

Tannen; different communication for men and women

The Art of Seduction, New York - Greene R.

The Siren - in her presence, the male feels transported to a world of pure pleasure The Rake - a great female fantasy figure - when he desires a woman, he will go find her The Ideal Lover - thrives on people's broken dreams, an artist creating the idea that you require her

IUD: Intrauterine device

These are placed (and removed) by your healthcare professional and left in place for years. They are highly effective (99%), but not generally advised for women who have not had children yet

"Good-enough parenting"

Winnicott; you can't be the perfect parent Key: figure out how to best provide for the baby on a consistent basis Transitional Object: i.e. a baby blanket Potential space: a little space from the baby is okay False self: when other people's expectations become of overriding importance

Victim Precipitation Theory

You did/wore something you shouldn't have.

The Imago

Your unconscious image of the opposite sex (potential love mate) List both the positive and negative characteristics of your childhood caregiver - I am trying to find a person who is - So that I can get... - And feel... Negatives are put out of consciousness

Gender Neutral Pronouns

Ze, Zir, Zirs, and they

Object Relations

a post-Freudian school of thought that emphasizes our internal world of people mother and infant are one unit: the "dyad" - infant doesn't know he or she is separate

Jealousy

an emotional reaction evoked by a real or imaginative relationship with another person or thing other factors: fear of loss, need to control, injured pride

Pansexual

attracted to every type of human Sexual attraction DOES NOT equal sexual arousal

Bisexuality

attraction to both same sex and other sex partners is this a real orientation, transition orientation, homosexual denial?

Kinsey's Continuum

believed majority of people are between 1 and 5 0= exclusively heterosexual; 3 = equally heterosexual and homosexual; 6 = exclusively homosexual

Pascoe

believed that boys are naturally raised homophobic with boys calling boys fags "fag" = to fail at male competence

Alfred Kinsey

biologist who was teaching Zoology when he was asked to teach a class on marriage and family 1940s: did a research study using snowballing to ask people about sexual behavior - widely practiced were same-sex sexuality, masturbation, and oral sex 1970s: Playboy Foundation funds an update to Kinsey; did a random selection from phonebooks; 20% agreed to participate; volunteer bias

Hermaphrodite

both male and female genitals

University of Pittsburg Study w/ Dr. Beatriz Luna

compared to adults, teens tend to make less use of the brain that monitors performance, plan, spot errors, stay focused also studies that say teens focus more on pleasure than cost

Survey

data are derived from larger samples via questionnaires or interviews advantages - relatively cheap and quick; can study far more people disadvantages - possible non responsiveness and demographic bias

Asexual

does not experience sexual attraction

Case Study

examine one individual or a small set of individuals, in great depth; use interviews, observation, testing, experiments, or questionnaires advantage - flexibility in gathering data disadvantages - limited generalizability, sampling bias, experimenter bias

Anger Rape

expressing hostility about some wrong or injury inflicted by a woman or by life in general. Usually a stranger rape, usually impulsive. Not premeditated. May follow episode of being wronged, humiliated.

Robert Mapplethorpe

famous for photos (flowers, self-portraits) that play with gender

NHSLS: National Health & Social Life Survey (Lauman et. al)

first, public funding was given for researchers to study sexual attitudes & behaviors of over 20,000 American Adults; funding was pulled moved to private funding; moved to sample of 4,369 Americans between ages 18-59 findings: median # of partners is 6 for men, 2 for women; most men and women don't engage in extramarital sex; men experience consistent orgasms much more than women

Natural Family Planning

for people who don't like the idea of contraception either for moral or religious reasons; 75-99% effective based on knowledge of ovulation and the willpower between the two also can buy ovulation kits from drugstore that basically induces ovulation by spiking LH

Polyamory

form of relationship where people have multiple sexual, emotional, and long-term relationships; everyone in the party is aware of it Elizabeth Sheff wrote a book about it

Adolescence

from puberty to adulthood females - release of FSH; begin to develop breasts, ovaries produce estrogen, labia begin to develop males - pituitary triggers production of FSH and LH to begin production of testosterone in the testes; penis grows; voice deepens; erections drive with greater frequency and unexpectedly

Most to least frequency of sex

gay men --> couples who cohabitate --> married couples --> lesbians

Erikson "Industry vs. Inferiority"

happens in preadolescence - conquering a series of internal conflicts; mastering social tasks, comparing self and peers

Piaget "concrete-operational"

happens in preadolescence - seeing things the way they are and beginning to be logical; more real world thinking; less egocentric

Implanon

has been developed to take the place of "Norplant." A thin, flexible plastic rod containing time-release progestin is inserted under the skin under your upper arm can be left in place up to 3 years pros - highly effective; no worries for years cons - irregular bleedings, either heavy or no period at all, expensive

Allosexual

has experiences of sexual attraction

Emergency Contraception

high dose of hormone to inhibit fertilization/implantation after unprotected intercourse - does not terminate an established pregnancy; only works within 72 hours of conception

Sexual reflexes

idea that baby's can be born with these sexual arousals; boys = erections; girls = vaginal lubrication

Male Purity Movement (Sylvester Graham & Friends)

in the 1830s; believed alcohol and spicy foods aroused eroticism; so they ate bland, unseasoned food often self-administered; caused mental illness, disease, and decay of the society

Effective Teen Sex Education

includes parents informs about STDs and pregnancy risk employs peer educators (siblings) includes activities to address social pressures uses a variety of teaching methods age appropriate professor's theory: adolescence has extended into 20s; more high-school relationships in college; cheating

Statutory Rape

just remember AGE; under 17 in Texas

Gender Assignment

labeling of a baby as "male" or "female"

Early Childhood (3-8 years)

latency - kids of other gender are considered "yucky" pleasure, guilt, shame, anxiety recommended: use real names for anatomy helping children to understand hygiene, how to treat others, etc. -clear right and wrong

Diaphragm

latex or silicone cup made to cover cervix; smear with contraceptive jelly; 84-94% effective pros - HPV protection, inserted ahead of time, reusable, intercourse during menstruation cons - must be fitted, if you gain or lose weight you may need a new one, expensive, messy,

Female Condom

latex, fits in vagina; 79-95% effective pros - woman in charge, better sensation for male cons - cost, noise?, hard to use right

Sinister

latin word for left/underhanded

Libidinal Object Constancy

libido here refers to an emotional investment despite our separateness, our moods, etc. we are still the same people; mom is still mom and she loves me

Transgenderism

living part or full-time in the other gender's role and it being psychologically comforting

Gender Differences in Sex Drive

males think about sex more often than women; males become sexually aroused more often; and males want sexual activity more often

Preadolescence (9-13 years)

most kids have best friends; increased self consciousness; times of puberty; interest in the opposite gender begins; lots of anxiety about what is "normal" Kinsey - 45% of males, 15% of females masturbated by 13 LGBTQ kids could have extra burdens - isolation, differentness, depression, fear, lack of a social group, etc.

Demi/Gray Sexual

mostly little or no sexual attraction but can experience it

Some characteristics of rapists

negative interpersonal experiences growing up; histories of other sexual offenses; histories of fantasizing about rape; degrading porn

Margaret Sanger

nurse practitioner; created the National Birth Control League, which created the magazine The Woman Rebel

Internalized Oppression

occurs when members of an oppressed group internalizes or deeply believes what members of the dominant group feel about them (stereotypes); may be conscious or unconscious

Psychological Androgyny

possession of BOTH stereotypical masculine and feminine traits Psychologically androgynous men & women tend to be more comfortable with their sexuality than are masculine men or feminine women

Plan B

progestin only; taken within 72 hours of unprotected intercourse, you reduce your risk of pregnancy by 75%

1873: USA: Anthony Comstock

pushed hard for the Comstock Act: prohibited sending birth control info through the mail

Hegomonic masculinity

requires that anything remotely feminine be renounced hegomony = leadership or dominance by one social group over another

Androgyny

scoring high on measures of both masculinity and femininity Masculine and androgynous people of both genders tend to be better adjusted psychologically than are feminine or undifferentiated persons

William Masters & Virginia Johnson

sex therapy team (helped out couples) findings: Americans in the 60s and 70s enjoyed more sex (birth control); married couples reported highest level of sexual activity; sex and geography still related (south = most likely to have premarital sex; midwest = lowest frequency); males AND females both initiate sex

FemCap

silicone rubber in 3 sizes depending on if you've given birth or been pregnant; non latex; 86% effective

Lea's Shield

silicone rubber, one-size fits all; has a valve and loop to make removal easier; must leave in for 8 hours; 86% effective; non latex

Dr. Cindy Meston

studied sexual arousal of women of a certain age; looked at physical cues of sexual arousal found men and women respond differently to viagra

Simon Levay

studied the brains of gay and straight men

Mary Roach

studied vaginal penetration and orgasms; measure distance between clitoris and vagina - closer means better penetration and orgasm Marie Bonaparte - relocated her clitoris

Gender Dysphoria

the condition of feeling one's emotional and psychological identity as male or female to be opposite to one's biological sex

Erotic Plasticity

the degree to which innate sexual responses are shaped and altered by social, cultural, and situational factors (i.e., how shapeable is your sexual identity?) argues that we give women much more plasticity; it is easier to talk a woman out of her sexual identity

Sexology

the study of human sexual life or relationships; has not always been viewed as a respectable field; data collection not easy: anatomical or verbal report early philosophers and physicians sought to explain anatomy and physiology according to the belief systems of their time, but bodies were not always available

Power Rape

to overcome personal feelings of insecurity and inadequacy; to gain control; to humiliate and degrade

Goals of Sexology

to understand to predict to control

The Patch

transdermal hormone delivery pros - highly effective and easy to use cons - less effective if you are overweight and more likely to come off

Cohabitation

two people live together without formally getting married 40% of US couples 2x more likely to be of different races than married couples half of all cohabitating couples break up within 1 year

Condoms

use latex or polyurethane; 85-98% effective; buy with reservoir tip or make your own pros - cheap, easy to find, and some STI protection cons - disrupted spontaneity, latex allergy?, and could be used incorrectly

Cisgender

when your sex and gender match (sexual identity = same as birth certificate)

Transsexualism

your gender identity is different from your biological sex

Gender Identity

your personal, social, legal status as "male" or "female"