Humanities1020 Chapter Eleven: Enlightenment: Science and the New Learning

Which statements about Alexander Pope are correct?

His poem Essay on Man is an attempt to explain humankind's place in the universe. He was largely self-taught. He was a British poet.

What is true about William Hogarth and his prints?

Hogarth's prints were so popular that they were often pirated and sold without his consent.

Rococo sculpture is characterized by what features?

Intimacy and spontaneity

How does Neoclassical architecture compare to earlier architectural styles?

It is austere It is geometric

Which statements about Rococo sculpture are true?

It usually depicted lighthearted subjects. The finest examples are small in scale.

Who wrote: "Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains"?

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

What principle by Isaac Newton stated that every particle of matter attracts every other particle of matter?

Law of universal gravity

What was a main topic in Johannes Kepler's New Astronomy?

Laws of planetary motion

What rights are part of the Enlightenment concept of natural rights?

Liberty Property Life

What were some of the social effects of early industrialization?

Long working hours under dangerous conditions

What emerged in the eighteenth century?

Magazines Daily newspapers

Who were the eighteenth-century figures who explicitly argued for women's rights?

Mary Wollstonecraft Antoine Nicolas de Condorcet

Newton's discoveries promoted the idea that the physical world could be described by what approach?

Mathematics

What was the voyage on which slaves were transported between Africa and the America called?

Middle Passage

Jean-Antoine Houdon's sculpture is ______ in style

Neoclassical

Which is true about Neoclassical architecture?

Neoclassical architects took inspiration from simple geometric shapes.

How can Alexander Pope be described?

Optimist

Which of the following statements are true about music during the classical era?

Order and formality were emphasized over spontaneity and improvisation. Composers sought the patronage of wealthy aristocrats, at whose courts they often served.

John Locke's understanding of the mind as a blank slate meant that human knowledge was gained through what means?

Perceived experience

What did Jean-Antoine Houdon sculpt?

Portrait busts and life-sized sculptures

Gottfried Leibniz's view that there must be a reason for everything in nature is known by what name?

Principle of sufficient reason

What can be said about the rise of newspapers and periodicals in the eighteenth century?

Prose style became more informal.

What style emerged at the end of the Baroque era is described as rich in ornamentation, delicate and playful?

Rococo

What style of eighteenth-century visual art earned the disapproval of many philosophes, prompting Denis Diderot to demand an art that made "virtue attractive and vice odious?"

Rococo

Where did the philosophes develop and disseminate their ideas?

Salons in Parisian town houses

Neoclassicism differed from earlier revivals of classical ideals due to what circumstance?

Scientific studies of ancient ruins.

A proponent of constitutional monarchy, Montesquieu advocated for what governing precept?

Separation of the powers of state

In the eighteenth century, what was the primary product for which Europeans enslaved African people?

Sugar

John Locke understood the mind as a blank slate, also known by what phrase?

Tabula rasa

What scientific instrument did Galileo perfect?

Telescope

Which industry was transformed first in the Industrial Revolution (around 1700 to 1800)?

Textile manufacturing

Which resulted within a few years from the end of the French Revolution?

The Declaration of the Rights of Woman and Citizen The execution of tens of thousands of people

How is Adam Smith generally known?

The father of modern economics

Which of the following elements of The Oath of the Horatii mark it as Neoclassical in style?

The figures stand on a horizontal line of the picture plane The use of hard contours and somber colors The archaeological correctness of elements such as clothing and helmets

Which are characteristics of the paintings of Antoine Watteau?

The fleeting nature of love The pursuit of pleasure

According to Adam Smith, what is the primary basis for wealth in the natural economic order?

The labor of self-interested individuals

What is so "surprising" about Haydn's Symphony No. 94 in G Major, known as the "Surprise" Symphony?

The sudden fortissimo in the middle of a quiet passage

What does this painting, The Oath of the Horatii, depict?

Three brothers swearing to fight to the death to defend Roman liberty

The author of On the Workings of the Human Body was physician Andreas

Vesalius

Which composer was a child prodigy who wrote his first symphony at the age of eight and was able to write down entire compositions perfectly after hearing them played only once?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

The author of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman was Mary

Wollstonecraft

Immanuel Kant's idea of the "_____ imperative" holds that our actions ought to be based on a sense of universal morality.

categorical

In the eighteenth century, _____ music was made distinct from popular or folk music.

classical

René Descartes developed his philosophical ideas through _______ reasoning.

deductive

Johannes Kepler proved that the orbits of the planets are ______.

elliptical

Francis Bacon promoted the use of direct, systematic observation for scientific discovery, or the _____ method.

empirical

Eighteenth-century genre paintings tended to reflect ______ values, like the contemporary novel and theater.

middle-class

The belief that universal principles should govern human behavior was known as _____ law.

natural

The term "_____" style derives from rocaille, the French word for ornate rock or shellwork that ornamented gardens or grottoes.

rococo

Montesquieu condemned as _____ "unnatural and evil."

slavery

Early orchestras were ______ in size than those of today.

smaller

The instrument group that forms the nucleus of an orchestra is the _____.

string

What was the primary target of Hogarth's visual satire, The Marriage Transaction?

Arranged marriages for money and status

Why is Haydn's Symphony No. 94 known as the "Surprise Symphony"?

Because of an unexpected fortissimo instrumental crash on a weak beat in the second movement

Which of the following statements about Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart are true?

His father was a composer He performed in many concerts as a child He composed music as a child

Order these events in the French Revolution from earliest to latest.

1. Crowds storm the Bastille 2. The National Assemble issues the Declaration of rights of Man and Citizen. 3. Olympe de Gouges writes the Declaration of the Rights of Women and the Female Citizen 4. Over 40,000 people are executed during the Reign of Terror 5. Napoleon Bonaparte establishes a military dictatorship

In addition to its broader meaning, classical music refers to music composed between approximately what years?

1760 and 1820

Who painted this work, the Departure from the Island of Cythera?

Antoine Watteau

What were the steps for proper reasoning, as advocated by Rene Descartes?

Do not accept something as true if you do not clearly know it to be true. Draw complete conclusions. Break a problem into parts

What were the foundations of the Scientific Revolution?

Empirical method Use of mathematical theory Development of new measuring instruments

In Critique of Practical Reason, Immanuel Kant proved that reason had little to do with morality.

False

True or false: Composers were directly inspired by the music of Greece and Rome.

False

True or false: Inductive reasoning begins with a known general principle and uses that to establish particular truths.

False

True or false: The philosophes were interested in developing new ideas, but felt that intellectual pursuits could not impact society.

False

Who was the philosopher behind "philosophical optimism," saying our world was "better than any other possible world?"

Gottfried Leibniz

Galileo's law of falling bodies proved facts about what phenomenon?

Gravity

Jean-Jacques Rousseau was one of the Enlightenment's most outspoken critics for which reason?

He emphasized instinct over reason.

Neoclassicism was inspired and fueled by the archaeological excavations of which locations?

Herculaneum and Pompeii