Humn exam 4

Santiago de Compostela

(burial site of St. James) most popular pilgrimage site, located in Spain.

knights templars

-A medieval group that guarded valuables, negotiated loans, and transported money. -task was to protect pilgrims traveling to Jerusalem

Describe the cultural accomplishments of islam

-conquered large territory -Arabic = important language -prayer & pilgrimage served to solidify Muslim world -laws according to Qu'ran & Summa -large trade network

Thomas Aquinas

-religious truths could be proved by argument. -summa theological (summary of knowledge available at the time -faith and reason = path to single truth mind can grasp physical world, faith can grasp spiritual truth ARISTOTLE

battle of hastings

1066; normans v anglo-saxons

early christian mosaics

3d garments with folds natural against 3D backgrounds Scenes show the earthly life of Jesus Figures wear simple Roman togas

treaty of verdun

843 Treaty that ended power struggle of Charlemagne's 3 sons after his death and split Franks into 3 kingdoms

concordat of worms

A compromise between the king and the Pope that started that the church alone could grant a bishop his ring and staff (church power) but his power could be vetoed by the king

Vassal

A knight who promised to support a lord in exchange for land

cluny

A new French monastery where monks strictly followed Benedictine rule.

Feudalism

A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land

Alcuin of York

A respected scholar who hired other scholars (usually monks) to teach at Charlemagne's schools. He also established a curriculum.

who founded Communal Monasticism

Benedict of Nursia

Who led the second crusade?

Bernard of Clairvaux

St patrick

Brought Christianity to Ireland ended slave revolt

urban II

Called First Crusade; appealed to Christians to mount military assault to free the Holy Land from the Muslims.

chirstmas day 800

Charlemagne's coronation into holy roman empire

Carolignian Renaissance

Charlemagne; the development of schools

Result of First Crusade

Christians won back Holy Land

5 Pillars of Islam

Confession Prayer (5x/day, communal friday) Almsgiving (give to needy) Fasting (fast=day, celebrate=night) Pilgrimage (Haj) to mecca

Anselm of Canterbury

Father of Scholasticism "faith seeking understanding" proof that God exists atonement

common law

Laws from customary use rather than legislation

Charles Martel

Monarch of Franks that defeated the Muslims in battle of tours

Explain the rapid spread of Islam

Muhammad spread his ideas to tribes his followers converted people Battle of tours against Charles Martel Jihad (holy war) = convert or die

Hijra

Muhammad's move to Medina. Start of the Islamic calendar (632 CE)

Caliphs

Muhammad's successors; deputies of the prophet

Danelaw and who created it

Must convert to christianity; Alfred the great

who wrote yes and no what was it

Peter Abelard 150 questions

Innocent III

Pope who instituted the Fourth Crusade and under whom papal intervention in European politics reached its height

saladin

Powerful Muslim ruler during Third Crusade, defeated Christians at Hattin took Jerusalem

children serfs

Responsible for younger sibs and worked in land

Missi Dominici

Royal officials under Charlemagne who traveled around the country to enforce the king's laws

Magna Carta

Signed in 1215, this agreement between King John and the English nobility preserved the monarchy, but gave the nobility the right to representation in matters such as taxation.

Cause of the first crusade

The Turkish Muslims were not allowing Christians to visit the holy sites in Jerusalem

Cistercians

This monastic order: a reaction against the worldiness of the monastery at Cluny

Otto 1

Used his power to defeat German princes. Invaded Italy on the Pope's behalf and was crowned emperor as a reward from the pope.

inquisition

a Church court set up to try people accused of heresy

Benedictine rule

a collection of rules or guidelines for monks and monasteries

courtly love

a knight devotes himself to a noblewoman who is usually married preserves her reputation.

Peter Abelard

applied logic to problems of theology; applied critical reason to sacred texts tutored & married Heloise

Celtic Christianity

appreciation for beauty of God's work

origins of islam

arabian peninsula, 7th century

The basic method of Scholasticism, as somewhat demonstrated by Abelard in his "Yes and No"

ask a question Cite Conflicting authorities on the question Harmonize the conflicting authorities

Moses Maimonides

author of Guide of the Perplexed; he used Aristotle's philosophy to create a synthesis between science and faith.

justinian

authorized the building of the Hagia Sophia He imposed doctrinal conformity on the Eastern Christian Church He authorized the codification of Roman law He reconquered large parts of the old western Roman empire, including Italy and North Africa

where did universities begin and how did they function

began in cathedrals students studied trivium & quadrivium

Doctrine of Transubstantiation

bread and wine literally become the body and blood of Christ

Investiture Controversy

concerning who would control appointments of church officials

typical manor

estate for serfs and lords that consists of lord's home, outbuilding, village for peasants

Muhammad

founder of islam, religious experience on mount hira

serfs

grow crops, gathered off forest ground, personally free but bound to land, gave %of crops to lord

Averroes (Ibn Rushd)

he helped preserve and promote the philosophy of Aristotle among medieval Jews and Christians in the West.

Jihad

holy war (concert or die)

Book of kells

illustrated manuscripts of gospel

caesaropapism

kings exercising power of church acting like they are head of church

domesday book

land survey ordered by William the Conqueror

fief

land, etc that generates income for vassal

statutory law

laws established by king/legislation

liege lord

lord that vassal owes loyalty

developments

medicine: herbs, healthy diets discovery of foods w iron & protein surgeons, hospitals wind & water. mills decimals/fractions geometric patterns/domes

quadrivium

medieval curriculum of arithmetic, music, geometry, and astronomy

trivium

medieval curriculum of grammar, rhetoric, logic

mendicant orders

members of religious order who wander from city to city begging for alms rather than residing in a monastery

women serfs

men's duties & household chores

Eremitic Monasticism

monk who live as hermits in desert

friars

monks who did not live in isolated monasteries

lanval

obligations of lords to vassal and how they aren't being fulfilled

3 traditional monastic vows

poverty: communal ownership of goods celibacy: lifelong obedience to abbot

lords

provide expensive capital (barns) offered justice /protection to serfs

Scolasticism

reconcile faith and reason (understaff in mind what's believed in heart)

Shia

strong emphasis on martyrdom biggest group

Accident / Substance

substance: body/blood accident: bread/wine

Thomas becket

the archbishop of Canterbury, close friend of Henry who later opposed his attempt to bring Church/clergy into royal court system. Murdered by Henry's knights, then declare a saint by the Church

Essential ingredients in rise of islam

the community military conquest muhammed

Mecca

the holiest city of Islam; Muhammad's birthplace

Muhammad's message

the oneness of God God demands moral uprightness, purity, integrity

The quran

the sacred scriptures of Islam

Alfred the great

translated Bede's works to english 1st navy wanted education available to all

chivalry & how it was promoted

values and rituals for knights use power to defend church, women, military loyal, generous, noble

Marie de France

wrote romances