HUN- chapter 5

Which of the following is not one of the ways fats are useful in foods?

Fats provide a low-calorie source of energy compared to carbohydrates.

The best way to apply the lipid advice from the Dietary Guidelines for Americans is to:

Follow an eating pattern recommended by the Dietary Guidelines.

Children and pregnant or lactating women should strictly follow recommendations set for them and ..........

choose fish species that are rich in omega-3 fatty acids and lower in mercury.

Define Lipoproteins.

clusters of lipids associated with protein, which serve as transport vehicles for lipids in blood and lymph. The major lipoproteins include chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL, and HDL.

What is the least effective way to lower your saturated fat intake? a. Eat baked chips rather than fried chips. b. Eat nuts instead of French fries. c. Use wine, lemon juice, or broth instead of butter. d. Eat ice cream instead of sherbet. e. Prepare rice without butter.

d. Eat ice cream instead of sherbet.

What is an example of phospholipid?

lecithin

What is a monoglyceride?

one glycerol and one fatty acid

Define Sterols.

one of the three main classes of dietary lipids. Sterols have a structure similar to that of cholesterol.

Hydrogenated vegetable oils become more _____________.

saturated

A benefit to health is seen when ___________ is used in place of ____________ in the diet.

unsaturated fat/saturated fat

The roles of the essential fatty acids include.....

- Forming parts of cell membranes. - Supporting infant growth and vision development. - Maintaining normal blood pressure

"Bile emulsifies fats" what does this mean?

- it breaks down fats into tiny droplets - this gives a much bigger surface area of fat for the enzyme lipase to work on - making digestion faster

An eating pattern with sufficient essential fatty acids includes.......

- nuts and vegetable oils. - two servings of seafood a week.

The AMDR for lipid fat is ____________________%.

20-35%

MATH what is the % of calories from fat in a beef burger with 328 calories and 24 g of fat:

24 X 9cal = 216 cal from fat (216/328) X 100 = 66%

1 gram of fat is = to______ cal

9

What % of lipids are Triglycerides?

95%

Within the fat cell how is the lipid stored?

A droplet

What is an unsaturated fatty acid?

A fatty acid that lacks some hydrogen atoms + has 1 or more points of unsaturation

Define adipose tissue

A type of connective tissue AKA FAT that gives smoothness and contour to the body.

To raise HDL in the blood and lower heart disease risks........

Be physically active

Sterols play roles as a part of _______, vitamin D, sex hormones.

Bile

______ is/are important for the emulsification of fat in the small intestines, and ________ is/are important for the transport of fat in the blood

Bile, Lipoproteins

What is the #1 cause of death in adults in the U.S.?

CVD, Cardiovascular disease

Fat is not an essential nutrient and is the main cause of health problems, such as obesity, in the US.

False

Sterols, phospholipids, and triglycerides are all classes of lipids, and most are phospholipids.

False

What is a survival mechanism of people?

Fat storage

Trans fatty acids form during ___________.

Hydrogenation

The Omega-6 family includes:

Linoleic acid and arachidonic acid.

What are examples of foods containing plant sterols?

Nuts, seeds, legumes, whole grains, vegetables and fruit.

The body cannot make the essential nutrients Linoleic or Linolenic acids, meaning it needs to be ____________.

Supplied

T or F Little fat digestion takes place in the stomach.

T

How can someone without a gallbladder digest food?

the gallbladder only is a storage unit for the bile, the liver sends the bile to the small intestine directly.

Subcutaneous means ....

beneath the skin

What is a primary function of fat in the body? a. Fats are converted to proteins as needed. b. Fats reduce satiety after consuming a meal. c. Fats provide the energy to fuel muscular work. d. Fats are stored as glycogen, the body's form of stored energy. e. Fats protect internal organs from overheating

c. Fats provide the energy to fuel muscular work.

Which lipoprotein is made inside the small intestinal cells and transports dietary fats through the circulatory system to the liver and other tissues? a. HDL b. VLDL c. chylomicrons d. micelles e. LDL

c. chylomicrons

Which of the following lipids can serve as an emulsifier? a. unsaturated fatty acids b. triglycerides c. phospholipids d. sterols e. saturated fatty acids

c. phospholipids

At what part of the digestive tract does fat digestion primarily take place? a. stomach b. liver c. small intestine d. mouth e. pancreas

c. small intestine

Phospholipids bind together and form strong double layer that forms the membranes of _________

cells

Plant sterols in foods inhibit ______ absorption.

cholesterol

The more unsaturated the fatty acid, the more _________ the fat will be at room temp

Liquid

Cod provides _______ EPA and DHA

Little

__________________ is a highly toxic industrial pollutant concentrated in the flesh of certain species of fish, and it is unaffected by cooking.

Methylmercury

What do pads of fat surrounding internal organs serve as?

Shock absorbers

The degree of saturation of the fatty acid determines the fats _______ and ___________.

Softness , hardness

The more saturated the fatty acid, the more ________ it will be at room temp.

Solid

_________ raises ______ ("bad") cholesterol.

Trans fat, LDL

Fat refers to the term _____________.

Triglycerides

A fatty acid carbon chain that possesses one or more of points of unsaturation are ___________________ _____ ______.

Unsaturated fatty acids

What is VLDL?

Very-low density lipoprotein made up of liver cells to transport lipids to various tissues in the body, composed of triglycerides (drop off fat)

What are the fat soluble vitamins?

Vitamin A, D, E, K

Phospholipids are soluble in _______ and fat.

Water

Heart disease kills more ________ in the U.S. than any other cause.

Women

Are fats energy dense nutrients?

Yes

What is atherosclerosis?

a disease of the arteries characterized by lipid deposits known as plaques along the inner walls of the arteries; a major cause of cardiovascular disease

Define Lipid.

a family of organic (carbon-containing) compounds soluble in organic solvents but not in water. Lipids include triglycerides (fats and oils), phospholipids, and sterols.

High blood LDL and low blood HDL are major _________ _________ risk factors

heart disease

To lower LDL cholesterol levels you would tell someone to:

reduce their intakes of solid + saturated fats.

Define triglycerides

-3 fatty acids connected to a glycerol backbone -the main type of lipid -found in the human body+ food

How Are Fats Useful to the Body?

-Fat provides most of the energy needed to perform the body's muscular work.

EPA and DHA play critical roles in regulating:

-Heart rate, -blood pressure, -reducing blood clot formation -reducing blood triglycerides - reducing inflammation

Define Saturated fatty acid.

-a fatty acid carrying the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms (having no points of unsaturation). -A saturated fat is a triglyceride with three saturated fatty acids.

Phospholipids consist of ______ molecule of glycerol with _____ fatty acids attached and ________ molecule containing phosphorus.

1, 2, 1

Lipids generally fall into _______ classes.

3

The body combines _____ fatty acids with _____ glycerol to make triglyceride, fat.

3, 1

How many main types of lipoproteins are there?

4

Define Linolenic acid

An essential polyunsaturated fat of the omega-6 family

Define linoleic acid

An essential polyunsaturated fatty acid of the omega-6 family

Lecithin is a phospholipid and an ___________ which allows it to blend with ingredients like vinegar and oil.

Emulsifier

What are essential nutrients that must be supplied to the body?

Essential fatty acids

T or F Children and pregnant or lactating women should definitely not consume fish because of contamination.

F

T or F Cod is one of the richest sources of the beneficial fatty acids, EPA and DHA.

F

T or F Methylmercury is a toxic industrial pollutant that is easily destroyed by cooking.

F

T or F Chylomicrons, a class of lipoprotein, are produced in the liver.

F - Chylomicrons are produced in small intestinal cells.

T or F Consuming large amounts of saturated fatty acids lowers LDL cholesterol and thus lowers the risk of heart disease and heart attack

F - Consuming large amounts of saturated fatty acids elevates serum LDL cholesterol and thus raises the risk of heart disease and heart attack.

T or F Taking supplements of fish oil is recommended for those who don't like fish

F - Fish, not supplements, is the recommended source of fish oil.

T or F Fats play few roles in the body, apart from providing abundant fuel in the form of calories.

F - In addition to providing abundant fuel, fat cushions tissues, serves as insulation, forms cell membranes, and serves as raw material, among other functions.

T or F Generally speaking, vegetable and fish oils are rich in saturated fat.

F - In general, vegetable and fish oils are excellent sources of polyunsaturated fats.

T or F Solid fats, saturated fats, and trans fats protect your health better than Monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats?

F - it us suggested that monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats protect your health -and are a healthy alternative to saturated, solid and trans fats.

What does fat under the skin serve as?

Insulation to maintain internal climate control.

What is a fatty acid with just one point of unsaturation?

Monounsaturated fatty acid

A small amount of raw _____ is recommended each day.

Oil

Hydrogenation of fats make them resistant to ____________.

Oxidation

What is a fatty acid with two or more points of unsaturation?

Polyunsaturated fatty acid

T or F Fat breakdown without carbohydrate causes ketones to build up in the tissues and blood and to be excreted in the urine.

T

T or F Fried fish from fast-food restaurants and frozen fried fish products are often low in omega-3 fatty acids and high in solid fats.

T

T or F LDL, a class of lipoprotein, delivers triglycerides and cholesterol from the liver to the body's tissues.

T

T or F Most solid fats in the U.S. diet are supplied by invisible fats.

T

T or F Solid fats and high-calorie choices lurk in every food group.

T

T or F Solid fats in grains can be well hidden

T

T or F Some fat is essential in our diets

T

Define glycerol

an organic compound, three carbons long, of interest here because it serves as the backbone for triglycerides.

What is Cardiovascular disease (CVD)?

a general term describing diseases of the heart and/or blood vessels. Examples of CVD include hypertension, coronary heart disease, and stroke.

Define cholesterol.

a member of the group of lipids known as sterols; a soft, waxy substance made in the body and also found in animal-derived foods.

Define lecithin

a phospholipid manufactured by the liver and also found in many foods; a major constituent of cell membranes.

Define Omega 6 fatty acids

a polyunsaturated fatty acid with its endmost double bond six carbons from the end of the carbon chain. Linoleic acid is an exampl

Define Omega-3 Fatty Acid

a polyunsaturated fatty acid with its endmost double bond three carbons from the end of the carbon chain. For ex, linolenic acid

What is an "empty spot" or "ponit of unsaturation"?

a site in a molecule where the bonding is such that additional hydrogen atoms can easily be attached.

A quarter-pound fast-food hamburger sandwich provides 400 calories and contains 20 grams of fat. What is the percentage of calories from fat? a. 45% b. 15 % c. 25 % d. 20 % e. 5 %

a. 45%

What is the most accurate statement about the process of hydrogenation of liquid vegetable oils? a. Oils that undergo hydrogenation are more resistant to oxidation and have a longer shelf-life. b. Hydrogenation makes oils healthier because the addition of hydrogen maintains the liquid structure. c. Hydrogenation maintains the double bond structure found in unsaturated fatty acids. d. Eating hydrogenated oils has virtually no effect on blood cholesterol. e. Fat-soluble vitamins are more bioavailable in oils that have been hydrogenated.

a. Oils that undergo hydrogenation are more resistant to oxidation and have a longer shelf-life.

Which of the following plant oils is (are) highly saturated? a. palm and coconut oils b. peanut oil and sesame oils c. sesame oil d. canola oil e. olive oil

a. palm and coconut oils

Which lipid has the greatest influence on blood cholesterol levels? a. dietary cholesterol b. saturated fat c. polyunsaturated fat d. omega-6 fatty acids e. monounsaturated fat

b. saturated fat

All of these are functions of lipids EXCEPT providing ________. a. energy storage b. the main energy source for the brain c. most of the body's resting energy, energy storage, the main energy source for the brain, and raw materials for important compounds in the body such as hormones d. raw materials for important compounds in the body such as hormones e. most of the body's resting energy

b. the main energy source for the brain

Ninety-five percent of the fat we consume is in the form of ________. a. cholesterol b. triglycerides c. phospholipids d. lecithin e. emulsifiers

b. triglycerides

The body stores excess energy from food as ________. a. phospholipids b. HDL c. triglycerides d. chylomicrons e. cholesterol

c. triglycerides

What happens when the body uses its energy stores to provide cellular energy during a time of fasting, when there is not enough food energy? a. Ketones are used to make glucose. b. Fatty acids are liberated from a cell's lipid bi-layer and directly used for energy. c. Fatty acids are produced by cellular machinery in the liver. d. Fat cells break down stored fat and release fatty acids into the blood. e. Cells convert fat into glucose, which is the most efficient method for producing energy.

d. Fat cells break down stored fat and release fatty acids into the blood.

Which statement about the lipid guidelines and risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is true? a. Finland has the highest CVD death rate and the highest consumption of unsaturated fat. b. Meat is an important part of a diet low in saturated fats. c. When corn or seed oils replace butter and cheese in the diet, the person's CVD risk increases. d. Total fat intake alone cannot account for differences in risks of CVD. e. Diets high in saturated fat from olive oil are linked with relatively low risks of CVD.

d. Total fat intake alone cannot account for differences in risks of CVD

Which food contains the least healthful type of fat? a. pasta drizzled with olive oil and garlic b. peanut butter on celery c. a small handful of mixed nuts d. salad in taco shell with chili, cheese, sour cream, and salsa e. garden salad with sliced avocado, sunflower seeds, and vinaigrette

d. salad in taco shell with chili, cheese, sour cream, and salsa

When energy from food is in short supply, the body.......

dismantles its stored triglycerides and releases fatty acids for energy.

Your friend Mike wants to start taking fish oil supplements. What should you recommend to your friend regarding fish oil consumption? a. Immune function is improved when taking fish oil supplements. b. Supplements are preferred over eating fish because there is no risk of mercury exposure. c. Taking daily fish oil supplements is hazardous to your health. d. Supplements are a good idea because they have been proven to prevent heart disease. e. Consuming fish in conjunction with a healthy diet is recommended over taking fish oil supplements.

e. Consuming fish in conjunction with a healthy diet is recommended over taking fish oil supplements.

Food manufacturers blend fat with watery ingredients by way of

emulsification

Bile is essential for fat digestion because it........

emulsifies fats in the small intestine.

Describe trans fat

fats that contain any number of unusual fatty acids—trans-fatty acids—formed during processing.

Define essential fatty acids.

fatty acids that the body needs but cannot make and so must be obtained from the diet.

Trans fat like saturated fats are harmful to the _________ and ________.

heart and arteries

What is HDL?

high density lipoprotein (good cholesterol) that packs up fat from arteries and returns it to the liver.

Trans-fatty acids arise when unsaturated fats are......

hydrogenated.

A way to prevent spoilage of unsaturated fats and make them harder is to change their fatty acids chemically through ____________.

hydrogenation

Define Oxidation.

interaction of a compound with oxygen; in this case, a damaging effect by a chemically reactive form of oxygen.

Without carbohydrates, ________ buildup in the tissues and blood and are excreted in urine.

ketones

Define chylomicrons

large lipoproteins that transport dietary lipids from the intestine to other locations in the body

Weight loss simply depends on taking in _________ energy than the body needs.

less

The Omega-3 Family includes:

linolenic acid, EPA, and DHA.

Define oils.

lipids that are liquid at room temperature ( or ).

Define Fats.

lipids that are solid at room temperature ( or ).

Bile is made by the _____ and stored in the _____.

liver, gallbladder

Define LDL

low density lipoprotein (bad cholesterol) (drop off fat)

Define Phospholipids

one of the three main classes of dietary lipids. These lipids are similar to triglycerides, but each has a phosphorus-containing acid in place of one of the fatty acids. Phospholipids are present in all cell membranes.

Define Fatty acids

organic acids composed of carbon chains of various lengths. Each fatty acid has an acid end and hydrogens attached to all of the carbon atoms of the chain.

Saturated far and trans fat intakes ________ blood cholesterol in most people.

raise

Hydrogenated oil has a high ____________ __________.

smoking point

Meats account for a large portion of the hidden _________ ____ in many peoples diets.

solid fats

Define Hydrogenation.

the process of adding hydrogen to unsaturated fatty acids to make fat more solid and resistant to the chemical change of oxidation.

Fats also contribute SATIETY, which is.......

the satisfaction of being full after eating

Saturation refers to

whether or not a fatty acid chain is holding all of the hydrogen atoms it can hold.

Describe the homogenization process

• a process by which milk fat is evenly dispersed within fluid milk; under high pressure, milk is passed through tiny nozzles to reduce the size of fat droplets and reduce their tendency to cluster and float to the top as cream.