HUN3126 FINAL EXAM

ayurvedic meaning

"ayur" = longetivity "veda"=science/knowledge "living a long life" purpose is to ensure a long and active life so that wisdom of elders can be passed down to future generations

traditional health beliefs and practices of SE asians

-combination of multiple belief systems and indigenous ideas about the cause of illness focus on the supernatural world chinese yin and yang and the 5 elements are considered in some areas mexican hot-cold theory prevalent in phillipines religion impacts health maintenance staying healthy requires personal harmony w/ supernatural world, nature, society, and family illness usually defined by the cause not by the symptoms

kombu

A type of seaweed used to make Japanese soup stock called dashi

which indian group has highest rate of diabetes

Pima; 70% diabetic rate; the highest in the world

cold connotation in mexican/central american hot-cold theory

associated w/ WEAKNESS

mexican and central american hot connotation

associated with STRENGTH

foods that can be hot/cold in mexican/central american hot-cold theory

beans, corn products, rice products, sugary foods, and wheat products

hot-cold classification in dominicans

believe junk food, red meat, lack of exercise, emotional distress, contact w/ negative people, and environmental stress leads to health problems

Vietnamese health beliefs

believed to be related to personal destiny experiences in life determined by behavior in past lives, and current behavior also affects health use of divination is popular for predicting life and what interventions may be needed to prevent negative experiences human body is sustained by 3 separate souls--life force, intelligence, and emotions -9 vital souls assist these 3 souls and soul loss is thought to be life-threatening chinese medical system is used -maintaining yin and yang through diet and disease treatment and belief that wind is the cause of some illnesses

how are Japanese dishes classified

by preparation method agemomo dishes, nimono dishes, and mushimono dishes

most common beverage in central europe

coffee

consumer food choice model

factors that influence decisions about food primary motivator: TASTE individuals prefer predictable colors, aromas, flavors, and textures second motivation: COST income level is most significant socio demographic factor in predicting food selection -affordability limits purchase of healthy foods other motivators: convenience, self-expression, well-being, variety

t/f: all regions of mid east consume all meats and seafood

false; most do except Muslim countries and Israeli Jews in region Muslims avoid pork israeli jews avoid pork and shellfish

seafood in germany

herring is common

omnivores paradox

Humans must be flexible enough to eat a variety of essential items, yet cautious enough to not randomly ingest harmful foods; attraction to new foods, but prefer familiar foods

caribbean islanders traditional health beliefs and practices

PR, dominicans, cubans, and haitians believe illness is punishment from god and fate determines life and death -pray, light candles to saints, and have laying on the hands to maintain health and cure disease promesa common among dominicans dominicans and haitians believe evil spirits and devil can also cause illness

kyoto

a well-known for Japanese vegetarian dishes

acculturation

adaptation to new majority society through behavior

hot foods in mexican/central american hot-cold theory

alcohol, aromatic beverage, beef, chilies, corn husks, oils, onions, pork, radishes, and tamales

Examples of Ayurvedic Medicine

aloe vera for obesity, liver problems, and high/low blood sugar licorice for indigestion, stomachaches, urinary tract problems, constipation, colds, and coughs black nightshade for heart disease and liver problems

regions of native americans

american indians and alaska natives 2009: over 5 million people of Native American heritage identified in U.S. -most live west of Mississippi river, and more than 1/2 live in rural areas well known that these groups introduced foods to the Europeans, which include corn, squash, beans, cranberries, and maple syrup

Ayurvedic system therapies

based on the idea that each human is a microcosm of the universe, the body experiences 3 inevitable laws of nature--creation, maintenance, and dissolution -believed that fundamental elements are fire, water, and wind also have counterparts in body's humors--bile (or pitta), phlegm (or kapha), and wind (or vata) pitta: regulates metabolic activity and heat kapha: provides structure and support vata: represents movement of muscle and semen balance of the 3 humors leads to a content person who has physical and emotional strength, stability, and stamina, leading to vitality and creativity good digestion is believed to be critical and indigestible foods harmful foods categorized by the humors that they enhance or inhibit

how are foods classified in mexican/central american hot-cold theory

by proximity to sun, method of preparation, or how food is though to affect the body

mediterranean diet

characterized as health promoting due to high intakes of complex carbs and phytochemicals, and low intakes of fats -greater emphasis on grains, legumes, veggies, fruits, and promotes lower intakes of meat and dairy promotes wine in moderation

cold foods in mexican/central american hot-cold theory

citrus fruits, dairy products, most fresh veggies, goat, and tropical fruits

metabolic syndrome

cluster of conditions that increase risk of heart disease, stroke, and diabetes - includes high bp, high blood sugar, excess body fat around waist and abnormal cholesterol levels increases heart attack risk most disorders associated w/ the syndrome have no symptoms **asian indians are disproportionately affected

Asian Indians - Metabolic Syndrome

clustering of high waist-to-hip ration, insulin resistance/glucose intolerance, high triglyceride levels, low HDL, cholesterol levels, and HTN, occurs in high rates in this group -possibly due to genetic predisposition and environmental influence -vegetarian diet does not necessarily protect from these conditions, and vegetarian diets may actually be higher in carbs and cals than the typical higher-protein western diet most prevalent cancers in asian indian men are lung and prostate, while the most prevalent in women is breast

western indian countries diet characteristics

common curry blend is coriander, cumin, fenugreek, tumeric, black and cayenne pepper, cloves, cardamom, cinnamon, and chili peppers other seasonings: ajwain, amchoor, asafetida, coconut, fresh coriander, garlic, mint, saffron, and tamarind

traditional health beliefs and practices-filipinos

concept of bahala na, states life is controlled by the will of God and supernatural forces -believe if one behaves properly, shows consideration and sensitivity towards others, fulfills debts and obligations, shows gratitude, and avoids shame, they will be rewarded w/ health and eternal life belief that illness is a punishment for transgressions against God

haitians traditional health beliefs and practices

concerned w/ blood conditions and these irregularities are categorized as either hot, cold, weak, thin, thick, dirty, or yellow febles sezisman other conditions: gaz, move san, and mal dvok (evil eye)

what is febles in haitian culture

conditions of insufficient blood or anemia due to poor diet, and is caused by eating liver, red meat, pigeon meat, cow's feet, or leafy green veggie

what is the mexican and central american hot/cold theory

diet and health -derived from arab system of humoral medicine brought by the Spanish and combined w/ native indian worldview - only applied to foods and treatment of illness -based on idea that world's resources are limited and must remain in balance

mid easterners health beliefs

diet, cleanliness, and keeping warm and dry maintain health wind/air believed to cause illness in some situations, such as after a woman gives birth and through the umbilicus of an infant folk remedies herbal remedies cupping to cure chronic leg pain, paralysis, headaches and obesity cauterization sometimes used

islam health beliefs

discourages superstition -however, some arabs believe in magic and supernatural causes of illness, such as evil eye

what is seizsman in haitian culture

disruption of normal blood flow due to emotional trauma or chronic poor treatment by others, and is treated w/ relaxation, cold compresses, sipping cold water, and drinking coffee w/ rum

peripheral foods

eaten sporadically; characterize individual preferences

Japanese fruits and veggies

eaten when in season but pickled veggies are available throughout the year and eaten often favorite produce: chrysanthemum greens, sweet potatoes, taro, yams, daikon, and shiitake mushrooms fresh fruit typically eaten as dessert seaweed and algae used as seasoning, wrapping, or in soups/salads

hot-cold classification in haiti

eating well, maintaining cleanliness, and getting regular sleep is essential tend to use laxatives of enemas to refresh bowels, remove impurities, and prevent acne in children

puerto rican health beliefs

empacho, susto, nervios, and mal de ojo are conditions that can occur forms of nervios: nervioso, paldecer de los nervios, and ataques de nervios nervios tends to be more common in women and is usually associated w/ weak character pasmo is described as paralysis due to an imbalance of hot and cold

south african american diet

emphasizes texture over flavor -sticky foods preferred in Africa pork, pork products, corn, and greens are foundation of diet but small poultry game, and seafood are eaten variety of greens are staples -chard, collard greens, kale, spinach, dandelion greens, etc. other popular veggies: black-eyed peas, okra, peas, tomatoes, onions, and green peppers squash may be consumed as a vegetable or as a dessert pie when prepared w/ molasses common desserts: bread pie, crumb cake, chocolate/caramel cake, fruit cobblers, puddings, shortcake, and sesame seed cookies and candies

t/f: all mexicans practice hot-cold

false; only some study found that latinos are more likely than non-latinos to consider certain foods herbal medicine other research has found that home remedies are common

ayurvedic medicine diagnosis

focuses on person who is ill, especially their tastes, work habits, character, and life history utilizes diet, herbal remedies, and meditation to re-establish equilibrium between the person who is sick and the universe, and diet is most significant therapy in india, home remedies including herbal infusions and poultices are prevalent and many came from ayurvedic medicine

ceeb (hmong)

fright illness similar to soul loss and usually occurs in children

theory for disproportionate rate of diabetes among Native americans

genetic predisposition westernized environment native americans in arizona were found to have 5x higher rates of diabetes than natives in Mexico higher rates found among alaska natives that have increased intakes of non-indigenous protein, carbs, and fat and lower intakes of native foods

asian indian diet characteristics

grains and legumes dairy known to supplement diet rice commonly eaten grain and long grain is preferred wheat often used for bread dal: dried beans, peas, and lentils that come whole, hulled, skinned, or split; or a dish where legumes are boiled and seasoned fermented milk products, such as yogurt ghee is a term for pure, clarified butter that is used in cooking masalas are mixtures of spices and herbs

pacific islanders religious beliefs

hawaiians: protestantism, buddhism, and shintoism samoans: methodist, catholic, mormon, and anglican Chamorros: mainly catholic tongans in U.S.: typically mormon culture, religion, and medicine closely related folk healers specialize in herbs, massage, and religious and/or spiritual intervention lokahi holidays usually associated w/ religion hawaiians honor prince kuhio and hamehameha dyansty samoans feast on almost every sunday and celebrate white sunday in october guamanians celebrate liberation day in july tongans celebrate the former king's birthday as national holiday

health and balance in SE asians

health maintained through balance of natural and supernatural elements and unbalanced conditions can increase an individual's vulnerability to illness balance maintained through heating, protecting and flushing

foods that are incompatible w/ ayurvedic medicine

honey w/ ghee, rice w/ vinegar, and honeydew melon w/ yogurt

iranian health beliefs

humoral medicine important for those who follow hot/cold theory individuals are born w/ physiological temperament dependent on humors based on gender, age, and race -can be influenced by diet, climate, geography, and certain conditions foods classified as hot/cold -imbalance in intake can cause illness -conditions and symptoms of sickness are NOT classified this way concerned w/ blood and conditions include thinness, weakness, irritability, lethargy, and headaches narahati used to describe feelings of physical and emotional discomfort narahati qalb, heart distress -includes fluttering of the heart due to strong expression of anger/sadness put health in hands of god -gods will thought to determine all aspects of life and death, and illness thought to be a punishment of god

pacific islander diet staples

indigenous: breadfruit, taro, cassava, yams, and possibly pigs and poultry sugarcane and pineapple brought over by European plantation owners starchy veggies are FOUNDATION of diet europeans introduced wheat and bread asians brought short and long grain rice and noodles seaweed; specialty to wrap food in leaves then steam them for hours fish and seafood eaten at every meal in some areas pork is most common meat eaten; chicken and eggs are popular bananas, candlenuts, citrus fruits, coconuts, pineapples, guavas, litchis, jackfruit, mangoes, melons, papayas, passion fruit, and vi flavors: lime/lemon juice, coconut milk/cream, salt, sometimes ginger, garlic, tamarind, and scallions, or onions foreign spices added to some dishes preferred fats: coconut oil and lard

Nagasaki

known for dishes w/ strong chinese influences in Japan

Osaka and Tokyo

known for seafood dishes in Japan

how is rice used in Japan cuisine

made into noodles though noodles made from wheat and buckwheat are more common

Japanese diet staples

main: rice; eaten w/ almost every meal key ingredients influenced by chinese: rice, soybeans, and tea

filipino cuisine influences

malaysian, polynesian, spanish, and chinese

different traditional healers in phillipines

midwives, masseurs, curers, arbularvos, and shamans faith healers gaining popularity in urban areas, and they cure diseases by prayer, anointing w/ oil and laying on of hands

many haitians recognize 2 different types of illness

natural--due to poor diet, blood conditions, bone displacement, cold drafts, and other environmental factors supernatural illnesses that are caused by angry spirits

chinese yin and yang foods

necessary for harmony and to strengthen the body against disease

in india where is greatest difference in diet seen

north and south in north: food prepared by boiling, stewing, or frying -cuisine characterized by use of wheat, tea, eggs, garlic, dried/pickled fruits and veggies, and use of aromatic dry masalas south: food prepared by steaming and cuisine is known for rice, coffee, fresh pickles, pachadi, wet spicy masalas, and fresh fruits, veggies, herbs, and spices

assimilation

occurs when individuals from one culture group completely shed their previous cultural identity and adopt a new culture

where is incidence of type 2 DM in native american groups most common in US

plains and southwest, estimated at 2-4 times the general population more than 16% of american indians and alaskan natives have diabetes, which is highest of any ethnic group in US

cold conditions in mexican/central american hot-cold theory

pneumonia, colic, and empacho

anoriko

powdered seaweed used as seasoning in Japan

how is japanese rice different from chinese rice

prefer short-grain that is stickier when done cooking

hot conditions in mexican/central american hot-cold theory

pregnancy, HTN, diabetes, ingestion, susto, bilis, and mal de ojo

what is promesa in dominican culture

promise to perform an obligation in exchange for maintenance or restoration of health

cold-weather fruits and veggies eaten by central europe and FSU

red/green cabbage, potatoes, beets, kohlrabi, cucumbers, onions, mushrooms, apples, cherries, plums, and berries

healing practices in carribean

related to african beliefs mild conditions treated by older women w/ teas, amulets, and charms serious conditions treated w/ voodoo and santeria

4 main types of sausages in Germany

rohwurst, bruhwurst, knockwurst, bratwurst

green tea in Japanese cuisine

served w/ most meals and was originally used in a Zen Buddhism devotional ceremony where 6 small course and a frothy green tea drink were served

cuisine of central europe and the former soviet union

similar to mid eastern cuisine common foods: potatoes, beans, cabbage, beets, eggs, dairy products, pork, beef, fish, seafood, apples, rye, wheat, and barley foods often dried, pickled, or fermented bread was a staple, more than 100 varieties, most made w/ rye and grains other than wheat ex. soft pretzels, noodles, and dumplings other than bread, meat is most important part of meal pork is most popular meat consumed, but beef and poultry also common meat used to be scarce, so it was typically ground and mixed w/ a binder -ground meats also made into sausages freshwater and saltwater fish and seafood are eaten and they may be served fresh, smoked, or cured -trout, carp, and eel are common dairy products eaten daily including cheese, fresh milk, and butter -buttermilk, fresh cream, and sour cream added to sauces, soups, stews, and baked products

seafood in russia

smoked salmon and sturgeon and caviar are common and there are various classifications according to quality and source

diabetes in native americans

some experience an indadequate diet due to lower SES and higher unemployment rates in general, changes in morbidity and mortality rates show conditions of overconsumption, such as obesity, type 2 DM, and cardiovascular disease indians and alaska natives have diabetes, which is highest rate of any ethnic group in U.S

Japanese primary protein sources

soybean products, fish, and shellfish - fresh fish and shellfish are often eaten raw but can be dried/smoked -beef, pork, and poultry are popular but $$$ speciality: Kobe beef

hot-cold theory in phillipines

spanish influence mal aire supernatural illnesses often due to unhappy ghosts of ancestors, but also witchcraft and powers of animal spirits illness can be transmitted through the evil eye or use of hands, fingers, or words, or physical proximity; undesirable traits can be transferred through contact w/ a person/object; pregnant women stare at beautiful objects/people and avoid looking at people w/ deformities to prevent that condition in their child

cambodians, laotians, and hmong health beliefs

spiritual intervention in health laotians believe in 32 spirits that oversee 32 organs of body hmong recognize the world of invisible -consider soul loss the most important cause of illness -results in malaise, weight loss, and more serious disease

core foods

staple foods used on a regular bases (daily) ex. rice, meat, corn, plantains, etc.

Chinese diet staples

staples are third category and considered neutral in the hot-cold system - boiled rice and noodles, soy sauce, and red/black tea

one of the most popular japanese foods

sushi made of rice mixed w/ rice vinegar, then formed w/ fish and seafood different types: nigirsushi, makisushi, and chirashizushi

common bev in russia

tea dilluted w/ hot water

southern nations of FSU vegetables

temperate veggies are grown sweets are enjoyed in these countries daily and coffee houses and bakeries are frequented -austria is home of apple strudel -germany known for black forest cake -hungary known for dobosch torte

soybean products in Japan

tofu, soy sauce, and miso, or fermented bean paste miso: comes in multiple varieties and teriyaki sauce is common

best way to treat illness according to dominicans

traditional healers w/ catholic saints and appropriate home remedies

mainlaind (U.S.) SE asianers health beliefs

traditional healers=specialized practitoners -hmong herbalists and shamans, magic healers and monks minor illnesses treated by anyone w/ healing experience (grandmothers/mothers) botanical remedies physical therapies are popular -massaging, cupping, moxibustion, and coining, scratching, or pinching affected areas religious rituals used to intervene health and mandate of life ceremony is performed by hmong to return lost soul to body -sometimes include animal offerings, and shrines are made in vietnam to appease ancestor spirits or souls of dead premature infancts catholic vietnamese appeal to virgin mary, and christian hmong avoid traditional healers but utilize herbs

t/f: illnesses classified as hot/cold are treated w/ a diet rich in the opposite classification

true

t/f: in balkans and mid east, rice is added to soups and stuffings

true

t/f: some mexicans believe that sour foods can cause the blood to thin and acidic foods can cause menstrual cramps

true

t/f: many asian indians are vegetarian

true most use milk products but avoid eggs some in west eat pork, while some in north eat beef and lamb along coast, fish and poultry are eaten pakistani cuisine combines spices of india w/ more traditional arab flavors wheat is a staple and flatbreads eaten at every meal common grains: dalia, rice, and khichi (rice/legume mix) corn popular in some areas barley, sorghum, and millet chickpeas and lentils eaten daily dairy from cows and water buffaloes whole milk yogurt used to make raytas (yogurt and veggie side dish eaten at every meal) lassi, paneer, fresh milk, cream, and ice cream lamb, mutton, goat, beef, and chicken are favorite proteins, while pork is not often eaten due to Muslim population common prep: braising and tandoor style and stewing gee is preferred method to cook fat, veggie oils also used tropical and temperate fruits and veggies but not commonly eaten--apples, apricots, cabbage, cauliflower, grapes, onions, pea, potatoes veggies typically added to raytas, chutneys, stews, and curried dishes desserts quite popular in pakistan, especially ice cream and pudding common flavorings for dishes are cardamom, cloves, ginger, poppy seeds, aniseed, saffron, almonds, and pistachios

t/f: most caribbean islanders use herbal teas and otc medication to relieve symptoms of illness/disease

true some dominicans take baths w/ herbs and flowers

t/f: santeria believed to be linked to the past by cubans

true tend to visit biomedical practitioners for physical symptoms of their illness

t/f: fruits are often added to savory dishes in mid east

true; served as jams, compotes, or as juices and syrups

t/f: extra care is taken for diets of children in Chinese culture

true; they are believed to be more susceptible to disease

hot foods in Chinese hot-cold system

typically high in cals, cooked in oil, irritating to the mouth, and red, orange, or yellow in color -most meats, eggs, chili peppers, tomatoes, eggplant, persimmons, pomegranates, onions, leeks, garlic, ginger, and alcoholic bevs

cold foods in chinese hot-cold system

typically low in cals, raw, boiled or steamed; soothing; and green/white in color -many fruits/veggies, some legumes, pork, duck, crab, clams, shrimp, snake meat, and honey

sudden expected nocturnal death syndrome (SUNDS)

unexplained condition in which a seemingly healthy person dies in sleep -leading cause of death among hmong men aged 25-40 and there may have been no proven biomedical reasons risk factors: guilt, depression, PTSD, panic attacks, exposure to chemical warfare agents, or blood electrolyte imbalances

wakame and hiijiki

used in soups and salads in Japan

health beliefs in SE asians

warm body is needed to prevent illness and heating means that the person maintains warmth w/o overheating protection provided by fat, as it keeps the body from external cooling and wind whooping cough and mental illness are 2 serious conditions thought to be caused by wind flushing believed to cleanse the body of impurities or evil force, done through perspiration flatulence, vomiting, or menstrual blood

middle eastern diet staples

wheat is eaten at every meal -both leavened and unleavened breads are popular and pita and lavish are 2 examples wheat doughs also used to makes pies and turnovers; raw kernels of cracked whole wheat used in dishes dumplings and pasta are popular rice considered a staple and long grain rice used to make pilaf basmati rice more popular in Iran legumes are important and can be seen in hummus, falafel, and soups many veggies are eaten, eggplant is most popular in mid east, greece, and southern balkan nations veggies may be cooked w/ tomatoes or tomato paste and onions, in a salad, and stuffed w/ meat and rice, or pickled olives and olive oils are used often in hot/cold dishes fresh fruits eaten for desserts and snacks -apricots, cherries, figs, dates, grapes, melons, pomegranates, and quince fresh milk is not widely consumed but can be used to make puddings and custards cheese often made from goat's, sheep's, or camel's milk -feta cheese is eaten most often grilling, frying, grinding, and stewing are popular prep methods -meatballs, kabobs, and souvlaki or shawarma are common many spices and herbs used: dill, garlic, mint, cardamom, cinnamon, oregano, oregano, parsley, pepper, sumac, and za'atar

secondary foods

widely eaten but less frequently than core foods (1 or more x per week) ex. chicken, lettuce, apples

do southwestern germany, austria, and hungary all produce wine

yes but beer is more commonly consumed