HW 14

The Dietary Guidelines recommended limiting added sugar in a diet. Which of the following foods would be considered a significant source of added sugar?

Nutri-Grain cereal bar

Food that has been moistened with saliva and then swallowed through the esophagus is called __________.

a bolus

(T/F) Meats are the only food group with a significant amount of iron.

false

(T/F) Small fat-soluble molecules, such as free fatty acids and fat-soluble vitamins, are absorbed through facilitated diffusion in the small intestine.

false

(T/F)The mouth is involved only in mechanical breakdown of food.

false

Your small intestine can absorb ____ without their being further digested.

fructoses

A muscle located at the end of the esophagus must relax before the bolus can enter the stomach. This muscle is called the __________.

gastroesophageal or lower esophageal sphincter

Another name for the alimentary canal is ________.

gastrointestinal tract

What acid is responsible for stomach acidity?

hydrochloric acid

What is the main component of gastric juice?

water

Although the stomach contents are very acidic, the stomach usually does NOT cause damage to itself. Why?

- The release of gastric juices is controlled to avoid too high a concentration. - The stomach lining is quick to repair itself. - Food and water dilute the gastric juices. - Mucus forms a thick protective coating for the stomach.

Describe how to keep teeth and gums healthy

- avoid sticky foods - brush your teeth twice a day and floss regularly - use fluoridated toothpaste or get fluoride treatments from your dentist - choose a diet low in sugar

What secretions are needed to digest complex proteins into single amino acids for absorption?

- hydrochloric acid and pepsin in the stomach - proteases secreted from the pancreas and the small intestine - saliva from the salivary glands in the mouth

Which of the following nutrients is a carbohydrate?

-high fructose corn syrup - starch - fructose

In which of the following places are doctors likely to see the highest percentage of young people dying of cirrhosis?

A community with a large percentage of Native Americans.

Which of the following people is most likely to suffer from cirrhosis?

An obese man with an alcohol problem.

_____ is secreted by the _____ and acts to emulsify _____ in the _____.

Bile ... liver ... fats ... small intestine

What is the function of bile?

Bile aids in the digestion of fats by emulsifying fats.

Which of the following appears most likely to be true?

Binge drinking increases the risk of cirrhosis in young people.

What would happen if the liver were unable to produce enough bile salts?

Fatty acid absorption would decrease.

You are a doctor seeing a patient. Which of the following would be most likely to lead you to think he has a problem with his liver?

He has a yellow hue.

You are a gastroenterologist seeing a 37-year-old patient with alcohol-related cirrhosis. Which of the following is true?

Your patient may be able to reverse the disease if she quits drinking.

Which of the following statement(s) regarding digestion is/are correct? a) The presence of chyme in the duodenum stimulates the gallbladder and the pancreas to release bile and pancreatic juice. b) Mechanical digestion in the stomach mixes and churns the bolus until it becomes a liquid called chyme. c) The gallbladder secretes bile, which emulsifies the fat, breaking it into smaller particles.

all statements are correct

When digested, proteins are broken down into _____.

amino acids

Which of these enzymes begins the breakdown of starch?

amylase

Which of the following lists presents the foods in order from the best to the poorest source of iron?

beef, dark meat chicken, white meat chicken

When digested, fats are broken down into _____.

both glycerol and fatty acids

Which of the following foods contains primarily saturated fats?

butter

Which of the following macromolecules go directly from the lumen of the small intestine to the epithelial cells of the intestine and on through to the blood stream?

carbohydrates and proteins

What is the primary function of the digestive system?

chemical and mechanical breakdown of food

Jessi is a vegan and knows she needs to consume more iron. She does not want to take supplements, but instead get iron from natural foods. Which of the following would be the best source of iron for Jessi that does not include animal products?

lentils

Starch can be broken down into the disaccharide known as _____.

maltose

Which of the following foods is the best source of iron?

meat

Which of the following foods would be a good source of naturally occurring sugar?

milk

The body absorbs which form of digested carbohydrates?

monosaccharides

Where does chemical digestion of food begin?

mouth

Chemical digestion __________.

occurs when enzymes break apart large molecules into smaller molecules

Which of the following foods is the best source of monounsaturated fatty acids?

peanut oil

Starch is a type of _____.

polysaccharide

The tongue functions to __________.

position food for swallowing

Which of the following is likely to be the MOST significant source of fiber in a cereal bar?

rolled oats, cracked oats, steal cut oats

Which type of fatty acid is most common in animal-based foods, such as steak, butter, and milk?

saturated fat

Chemical digestion of fats first occurs in the __________.

small intestine

The absorption of the majority of ingested nutrients takes place largely in the __________.

small intestine

The main area of absorption in your digestive system is found in the __________.

small intestine

Which of the following vegetables would be the best source of iron?

spinach

Protein digestion begins in the _____.

stomach

Where does protein digestion begin?

stomach

Where does the chemical digestion of proteins begin?

stomach

What is denaturation?

the uncoiling of the protein molecule by hydrochloric acid in the stomach

What is primarily the role of the bacteria found in the large intestine?

to help digest food and produce vitamins

(T/F) Although protein digestion begins in the stomach, pancreatic enzymes break the final polypeptide chains into amino acids.

true

(T/F) Amino acids are absorbed through the process known as active transport.

true

(T/F) Fiber is not digested by the human digestive tract.

true

(T/F) Foods only contain one type of carbohydrate.

true

(T/F) Glucose is absorbed mostly through the lining of the small intestine.

true

(T/F) Some, but not all, monosaccharides are absorbed by passive transport.

true

(T/F) The pharynx is shared by the digestive and respiratory systems.

true

The absorption mechanism that requires a specific carrier molecule, but no energy, to move digested nutrients across the cell membrane is called __________.

facilitated diffusion

(T/F) Chemical digestion of protein begins in the mouth with enzymes found in the saliva.

false

(T/F) Disaccharides like sucrose do not need to be further broken down before being absorbed.

false

(T/F) Foods contain only one type of fatty acid, either saturated or unsaturated, but never both.

false

(T/F) It takes more than 8 hours for ingested carbohydrate to be digested, absorbed, and circulated in the cells.

false

Which of the following foods is the best source of polyunsaturated fatty acid?

corn oil