HW-CH19
Which of the following blood pressure readings would be indicative of hypertension? -110/60 -140/90 -120/80 -130/85
140/90
A thrombus (blood clot) in the first branch of the arch of the aorta would affect the flow of blood to the ________. -left side of the head and neck -myocardium of the heart -left upper arm -right side of the head and neck and right upper arm
right side of the head and neck and right upper arm
Normal average blood pressure for a newborn baby is ________. -130/80 -90/55 -120/80 -150/90
90/55
Which statement best describes arteries? All carry oxygenated blood to the heart. Only large arteries are lined with endothelium. All contain valves to prevent the backflow of blood. All carry blood away from the heart.
All carry blood away from the heart.
Select the correct statement about blood flow. -It is measured in mm Hg. -It is greatest where resistance is highest. -Blood flow through the entire vascular system is equivalent to cardiac output. -It is relatively constant through all body organs.
Blood flow through the entire vascular system is equivalent to cardiac output
If a person has lost a significant amount of blood but still maintains a normal blood pressure it does not necessarily mean that the person is maintaining adequate perfusion. Which of the following best explains why this is so? -Blood vessels are constricting causing greater peripheral resistance. -The sympathetic nervous system has increased its nervous impulses. -The heart has increased its rate to increase cardiac output. -The heart has increased its contractile force increasing cardiac output.
Blood vessels are constricting causing greater peripheral resistance.
Which of the following is likely during vigorous exercise? -Blood will be diverted to the digestive organs. -Blood flow to the kidneys increases -The skin will be cold and clammy -Capillaries of the active muscles will be engorged with blood.
Capillaries of the active muscles will be engorged with blood
Which of the following is most likely to occur in the arteriovenous shunts present in the blood vessels of the finger tips and toes? -Colder temperatures will result in vasoconstriction in the arteriovenous shunts. -Warmer temperatures will result in vasoconstriction in the arteriovenous shunts. -Exercise will result in vasoconstriction in the arteriovenous shunts. -Colder temperatures will result in vasodilation in the arteriovenous shunts.
Colder temperatures will result in vasoconstriction in the arteriovenous shunts.
The aorta receives the full force of blood exiting the heart during ventricular systole. Which of the following statements best describes the adaptive anatomy of the aorta? -Elastic fibers are extensive in the tunica media of the aorta and dampen the pulse pressure generated by the heart. -The aorta's tunica media is thick with dense regular connective tissue to withstand the blood's pressure. -The tunica external of the aorta is nearly absent compared to other vessels. -Smooth muscle is relatively thin in the aorta to increase lumen size and systemic blood flow.
Elastic fibers are extensive in the tunica media of the aorta and dampen the pulse pressure generated by the heart.
Select the correct statement about factors that influence blood pressure. -An increase in cardiac output corresponds to a decrease in blood pressure, due to the increased delivery. -Excess red cell production would cause a blood pressure increase. -Systemic vasodilation would increase blood pressure, due to diversion of blood to essential areas. -Excess albumen transport protein production would decrease blood pressure.
Excess red cell production would cause a blood pressure increase
Arterial pressure in the pulmonary circulation is much higher than in the systemic circulation because of its proximity to the heart.
False
Osmotic pressure is created by the presence in a fluid of small diffusible molecules that easily move through the capillary membrane.
False
The outermost layer of a blood vessel is the tunica intima.
False
The thick-walled arteries close to the heart are called muscular arteries.
False
Vasodilation is a widening of the lumen due to smooth muscle contraction
False
Which of the following is not true regarding fenestrated capillaries? -Fenestrated capillaries form the blood-brain barrier. -Fenestrated capillaries in the small intestine receive nutrients from digested food. -Fenestrated capillaries are essential for filtration of blood plasma in the kidney. -Fenestrated capillaries in endocrine organs allow hormones rapid entry into the blood.
Fenestrated capillaries form the blood-brain barrier.
Which of the following statements regarding the hepatic portal system is false? -It branches off of the inferior vena cava. -It carries nutrients, toxins, and microorganisms to the liver for processing. -It consists of a vein connecting two capillary beds together. -Its major vessels are the superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric, and splenic veins.
It branches off of the inferior vena cava
Which of the following best describes the benefit of the vasomotion process? -It decreases hydrostatic pressure while also increasing osmotic pressure to enhance reabsorption. -It allows for rapid increase in blood flow to vital organs during fight or flight response. -It provides a balance between adequate perfusion to all of the tissues while maintaining blood's pressure. -It lowers blood's pressure by reducing the distribution of blood flow to all of the tissues in the capillary bed.
It provides a balance between adequate perfusion to all of the tissues while maintaining blood's pressure.
Each of the following describes the action of aldosterone except one. Which of the following does not describe the activity of aldosterone hormone? -It will reduce urine output. -It promotes an increase in sodium reabsorption from the kidney to the blood. -It will result in higher sodium levels in the urine. -It promotes an increase in blood pressure.
It will result in higher sodium levels in the urine
Which of the choices below does not explain why low capillary pressures are desirable? -Low capillary pressure reduces the load of drainage the lymphatic drainage must handle -Capillaries are fragile and high pressures would rupture them. -Most capillaries are extremely permeable and thus even low pressures force solute-containing fluid out of the bloodstream. -Low blood pressure is associated with longer life span than high blood pressure.
Low blood pressure is associated with longer life span than high blood pressure
The velocity and pressure of blood is slowest and lowest in the capillary beds. Which of the following is not an accurate description of the benefits of slow, low pressure blood in the capillary beds? -Lower pressure reduces the chance of injury to delicate capillary vessels. -Lower pressure on the venous end of the capillary bed allows for greater reabsorption of fluid back to the plasma. -Lower pressure in the capillary bed helps to increase pressure in the venous circulation. -Slower blood flow through capillaries allows more time for diffusion to take place in the capillary bed.
Lower pressure in the capillary bed helps to increase pressure in the venous circulation
Which of the choices below explains why the arterioles are known as resistance vessels? -Their prime function is the exchange of nutrients and wastes between the blood and tissue cells. -They contain a large quantity of elastic tissue. -The contraction and relaxation of the smooth muscle in their walls can change their diameter. -They distribute blood to various parts of the body.
The contraction and relaxation of the smooth muscle in their walls can change their diameter.
Mechanisms that do not help regulate blood pressure include ________. -chemical controls such as atrial natriuretic peptide -renal regulation via the renin-angiotensin system of vasoconstriction -nervous control that operates via reflex arcs involving baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, and higher brain centers -the dural sinus reflex
The dural sinus reflex
Which of the following statements is not true of the precapillary sphincters? -They increase or decrease rates of perfusion to the tissues served by the true capillaries. -They allow blood to bypass the true capillaries that are fed by the metarteriole. -They decrease the osmotic pressure in the thoroughfare channel. -They regulate the flow of blood to tissues served by the true capillaries.
They decrease the osmotic pressure in the thoroughfare channel.
A precapillary sphincter is a cuff of smooth muscle that regulates the flow of blood into the capillaries.
True
Hypotension is generally considered systolic blood pressure that is below 100 mmHg
True
The adjustment of blood flow to each tissue in proportion to its requirements at any point in time is termed autoregulation.
True
The carotid sinus reflex protects the blood supply to the brain, whereas the aortic reflex is more concerned with maintaining adequate blood pressure in the systemic circuit as a whole
True
The cerebral arterial circle (circle of Willis) is an arterial anastomosis.
True
Which of the following would not result in the dilation of the feeder arterioles and opening of the precapillary sphincters in systemic capillary beds? a local increase in pH a decrease in local tissue oxygen content an increase in local tissue carbon dioxide a local increase in histamine
a local increase in pH
The term ductus venosus refers to ________. -a condition of the aged in which the arteries lose elasticity -damage to the valves in the veins, leading to varicose veins -a fetal shunt that bypasses the lungs -a special fetal vessel that allows umbilical blood to bypass the liver
a special fetal vessel that allows umbilical blood to bypass the liver
The short-term controls of blood pressure, mediated by the nervous system and bloodborne chemicals, primarily operate via all but which of the following? -reflex arcs associated with vasomotor fibers -altering blood volume -chemoreceptors -reflex arcs involving baroreceptors
altering blood volume
Which of the following chemicals effects blood pressure for both the short and long term? -nitric acid -aldosterone -atrial natriuretic peptide -angiotensin II
angiotensin II
Due to the branching of arteries the type of arteries that would be most numerous would be ________. -arterioles -muscular arteries -elastic arteries -pulmonary arteries
arterioles
Secondary hypertension can be caused by ________. -stress -obesity -arteriosclerosis -smoking
arteriosclerosis
During a marathon which of the following hormones is least likely to be released by the runner? -atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) -angiotensin II -epinephrine -antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
Which of the following is the most significant source of blood flow resistance? -blood vessels type -blood vessel diameter -total blood vessel length -blood viscosity
blood vessel diameter
Permitting the exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and tissue cells is the primary function of ________. -capillaries -arterioles -veins -arteries
capillaries
The baroreceptors in the carotid sinus and aortic arch are sensitive to which of the following? -a decrease in oxygen levels -an increase in oxygen levels -a decrease in carbon dioxide -changes in arterial pressure
changes in arterial pressure
In the brain the fluid that filters out of capillaries is highly regulated. You would expect to see ________ feeding the brain. -continuous capillaries, with no intercellular clefts -sinusoid capillaries, with incomplete basement membrane -metarterioles leading directly to thoroughfare cannels -fenestrated capillaries, with thin diaphragms made of extracellular glycoproteins
continuous capillaries, with no intercellular clefts
If a person were to have substantial blood loss you would expect to see all of the following physiological events to except one. Select the least likely response to substantial blood loss. -increased vasomotor tone -a weak, thread pulse -decreased heart rate -increased peripheral resistance
decreased heart rate
A patient with essential hypertension might have pressures of 200/120 mm Hg. This hypertensive state could result in all of the following changes except ________. -increased work of the left ventricle -increased damage to blood vessel endothelium -decreased size of the heart muscle -increased incidence of coronary artery disease
decreased size of the heart muscle
Reduction in the concentration of albumin in blood plasma would alter capillary exchange by ________. -decreasing colloid osmotic pressure and edema will occur -increasing hydrostatic pressure and blood volume, blood pressure increases -increasing hydrostatic pressure and edema will occur -decreasing colloid osmotic pressure and blood volume, blood pressure increases
decreasing colloid osmotic pressure and edema will occur
Arteriolar blood pressure increases in response to all but which of the following? -falling blood volume -increasing heart rate -increasing stroke volume -rising blood volume
falling blood volume
Which of the following would not be expected from taking a diuretic drug? -decreased blood pressure -lower plasma volume -greater stress on the heart to provide adequate perfusion -increased urine output
greater stress on the heart to provide adequate perfusion
Which of the choices below reflects the balance (or imbalance) between the direction and amount of fluid that flows across the capillary walls? -blood volume and viscosity -hydrostatic pressure only -plasma and formed element concentration -hydrostatic and osmotic pressure
hydrostatic and osmotic pressure
In general it is expected that ________. -osmotic pressure will be lower in the arteriole end of the capillary bed compared to the venous end -hydrostatic pressure will drop as blood moves away from the arteriole end of the capillary bed -hydrostatic pressure will rise as blood moves away from the arteriole end of the capillary bed -hydrostatic pressure will remain constant throughout the capillary bed
hydrostatic pressure will drop as blood moves away from the arteriole end of the capillary bed
If a person stands up suddenly from the prone (lying) position they may feel a sudden dizzy or lightheadedness. Which of the following is the least likely physiological response to this situation? -faster heart rate and greater heart contractility -increased sympathetic output to the heart -increased parasympathetic nerve impulses to the heart -increasing peripheral resistance due to vasoconstriction
increased parasympathetic nerve impulses to the heart
A drug that restricts the activity of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) would like result in all of the following physiologic changes but one. Which of the following is the least likely to result from a drug blocking ACE activity? -lower levels of circulating aldosterone and lowered sodium reabsorption -increased thirst and higher blood volume -decreased peripheral resistance due to decreased vasomotor tone -increased urine output due to reduction in circulating antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
increased thirst and higher blood volume
Peripheral resistance ________. -increases as blood vessel diameter increases -is not a major factor in blood pressure in healthy individuals -decreases with increasing length of the blood vessel -increases as blood viscosity increases
increases as blood viscosity increases
Blood flow to the skin ________. -is controlled mainly by decreasing pH -is not an important source of nutrients and oxygen for skin cells -increases when environmental temperature rises -increases when body temperature drops so that the skin does not freeze
increases when environmental temperature rises
Which of the following would not promote filtration from the arteriole end of the capillary bed? -reducing hydrostatic pressure within the interstitial fluid -relaxing precapillary sphincters -increasing plasma protein concentration -increasing blood pressure
increasing plasma protein concentration
Which of the following would not promote reabsorption from the venous end of the capillary bed? -decreasing hydrostatic pressure of the blood. -increasing solute concentration in the plasma of the circulating blood -reducing solute concentration in the nearby interstitial fluid -increasing solute concentration in the nearby interstitial fluid
increasing solute concentration in the nearby interstitial fluid
Cerebral blood flow is regulated by ____________________. -skin temperature -ADH -the hypothalamic "thermostat" -intrinsic autoregulatory mechanisms
intrinsic autoregulatory mechanisms
Brain blood flow autoregulation ________. -is less sensitive to pH than to a decreased oxygen level -causes constriction of cerebral blood vessels in response to a drop in systemic blood pressure -is controlled by cardiac centers in the pons -is abolished when abnormally high CO2 levels persist
is abolished when abnormally high CO2 levels persist
What do the ductus arteriosus and the foramen ovale become at birth? -ligamentum teres; fossa ovalis -fossa ovalis; ligamentum arteriosum -ligamentum arteriosum; ligamentum teres -ligamentum arteriosum; fossa ovalis
ligamentum arteriosum; fossa ovalis
A person suddenly gaining significant amounts of adipose tissue can expect all of the following physiological changes except one. Which of the following is least likely to occur with a sudden and significant gain in adipose tissue? -increased risk of developing atherosclerosis -increased angiogenesis and higher peripheral resistance -lower heart rate and reduced blood flow -higher peripheral resistance and higher blood pressure
lower heart rate and reduced blood flow
Where in the body would you find low oxygen levels causing vasoconstriction and high levels causing vasodilation? heart lungs kidney liver
lungs
The arteries that are also called distributing arteries are the ________. arterioles elastic arteries muscular arteries capillaries
muscular arteries
In general it is expected that ________. -osmotic pressure will be lower in the arteriole end of the capillary bed compared to the venous end -hydrostatic pressure will remain constant throughout the capillary bed -osmotic pressure will remain relatively consistent throughout the capillary bed -osmotic pressure will be higher in the arteriole end of the capillary bed compared to the venous end
osmotic pressure will remain relatively consistent throughout the capillary bed
Which of the following signs of hypovolemic shock is a relatively late sign? -rapidly falling blood pressure -rapid, thready pulse -cold, clammy skin -increased heart rate
rapidly falling blood pressure
Which of the following processes provides a long-term response to changes in blood pressure? renal regulation baroreceptor-initiated reflexes chemoreceptor-initiated reflexes neural controls
renal regulation
The form of circulatory shock known as hypovolemic shock is ________. -always fatal -the form of shock caused by anaphylaxis -any condition in which blood vessels are inadequately filled and blood cannot circulate normally -shock that results from large-scale loss of blood volume, or after severe vomiting or diarrhea
shock that results from large-scale loss of blood volume, or after severe vomiting or diarrhea
The influence of blood vessel diameter on peripheral resistance is ________. insignificant because vessel diameter does not vary significant because resistance is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the vessel radius the only factor that influences resistance significant because resistance is directly proportional to the blood vessel diameter
significant because resistance is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the vessel radius
In red bone marrow newly formed blood cells enter the circulation. You would expect to see many ________ type of capillaries in red bone marrow. -sinusoid capillaries -metarterioles -continuous capillaries -fenestrated capillaries
sinusoid capillaries
These capillaries may be lined with phagocytes that can extend their process into the plasma to catch "prey." -sinusoids -anastomoses -fenestrations -thoroughfare channels
sinusoids
The velocity of blood flow is ________. -slower in the arteries than in capillaries because arteries possess a relatively large diameter -in direct proportion to the total cross-sectional area of the blood vessels -slowest in the capillaries because the total cross-sectional area is the greatest -slower in the veins than in the capillaries because veins have a large diameter
slowest in the capillaries because the total cross-sectional area is the greatest
Which of the following is least involved in pulmonary circulation? -pulmonary arteries and veins -left atrium -right ventricle -superior vena cava
superior vena cava
The pulse pressure is ________. -systolic pressure plus diastolic pressure -diastolic pressure plus 1/3 (systolic pressure plus diastolic pressure) -systolic pressure divided by diastolic pressure -systolic pressure minus diastolic pressure
systolic pressure minus diastolic pressure
The pulse rate depends on all of the following except one. Select the one answer the does not affect a pulse rate reading. -activity -postural changes -emotions -the vessel selected to palpate
the vessel selected to palpate
Histologically, the ________ is squamous epithelium supported by a sparse connective tissue layer. -tunica intima -tunica externa -tunica media -tunica adventitia
tunica intima
Which tunic of an artery is most responsible for maintaining blood pressure and continuous blood circulation? -tunica externa -tunica adventitia -tunica media -tunica intima
tunica media
Factors that aid venous return include all except ____________. -pressure changes in the thorax -venous valves -urinary output -activity of skeletal muscles
urinary output
Which of the following is a type of circulatory shock? -circulatory, where blood volume is normal and constant -cardiogenic, which results from any defect in blood vessels -hypovolemic, caused by increased blood volume -vascular, due to extreme vasodilation as a result of loss of vasomotor tone
vascular, due to extreme vasodilation as a result of loss of vasomotor tone
Which of the following would have the least influence on blood pressure? -blood volume -white blood cell count -cardiac output -peripheral resistance
white blood cell count
