HY-102
Why did Scotland, outside of France, become a major center of Enlightenment thought as exemplified by the contributions of Adam Smith and David Hume?
After the Act of Union, Scotland was freed from political crisis
Galileo was placed on trial for heresy owing to publication of...
Dialogue on the Two Chief Systems of the World
Moses Mendelssohn is most closely associated with what?
Haskalah (Jewish Enlightenment)
Why was the Declaration of Independence so important to the American Revolution?
It universalized the traditional rights of English people and made them the rights of all mankind
Who was Denis Diderot's coeditor of the Encyclopedia?
Jean le Rond d'Alembert
His victory in 1709 at Poltava, Peter the Great built a new, Western-style capital on the Baltic sea called...
St. Peterson
Why did the Directory continue French wars of conquest began by early revolutionary governments?
The Directory understood that big victorious armies kept men employed
Which two fundamental principles of the French Revolution were incorporated into the Napoleonic Code?
The equality of all male citizens before the law and the absolute security of wealth and private property
How did European governments respond to the new science?
They established academics of science to support and sometimes direct scientific research
Descartes' deductive mathematical reasoning and Bacon's inductive experimentatalism combined to help produce...
the modern scientific method
In the "separate spheres" pattern of gender relationships
women generally stopped working outside of the home after the first
Which definition describes the Republic of Letters?
A cosmopolitan network involving western Europe and its colonies as well as eastern Europe an Russia
How did the nature of the armed forces change in the latter half of the seventeenth century?
Army officers became obedient to monarchs instead of serving their own interests
How did industry grow in the continental Europe?
Belgium led continental Europe in adopting British technology for production
In the wake of the Thirty Years War, what religion was recognized in the Holy Roman Empire via a renewed Peace of Augsburg
Calvinism
Which benefit did James Watt gain from his partnership with Mathew Boulton?
Capital and skills in salesmanship
How did cotton transform the textile industry?
Cotton could be spun mechanically with much greater efficiency than wool or flax, helping to solve the shortage of thread for textile production.
What began the War of Austrian Succession?
Fredrick II invaded Silesia
For Newton, what was the most important, defining force in the universe?
Gravity
What happened to King Charles I
He was beheaded
What royal family ruled Prussia
Hohenzollern
How did America's Constitutional Convention of 1787 deal with the discord between pro and antislavery delegates
It compromised by stipulating that an enslaved person would count as three-fifths of a person for purposes of taxation and proportional representation in the House of Representatives.
How did Isaac Newton's law of universal gravitation bring the Scientific Revolution to maturity?
It synthesized mathematics with physics and astronomy to demonstrate that the entire universe was unified on one coherent system
The 1688-1689 Glorious Revolution and the concept of representative government found their best defense in the Second Treatise of Civil Government by...
John Locke
Which statement correctly characterizes the responce of various religious perspectives to Nicolaus Copernicus's hypothesis?
Lutheran and Catholic officials rejected Copernicus's hypothesis as heretical compared to literal interpretation of Scripture, while Protestants recognize a more modern approach to truth and adopted it
How did railroads affect the nature of production?
Markets become broader, encouraging manufacturers to create larger factories with more sophisticated machines.
The U.S. Constitution used which Enlightenment thinkers ideas of political checks and balances?
Montesquieu
What treaty marked the end of the Thirty Years War?
Peace of Westphalia
Who wrote the influential Historical and Critical Dictionary (1969)?
Pierre Bayle
After a defeat at Narva, Peter the Great constructed a new army and eventually beat the Swedish in 1709 at...
Poltava
Thomas Malthus argued in his essay on the Principle of Population (1798) that
Population tends to increase beyond the means of subsistence
In 1685, King Louis XIV infuriated Huguenots and caught the attention of European leaders when he...
Revoked the Edict of Nantes
Following the War of Austrian Succession, alliances were broken and new ones formed across Europe. A new war began. What was the resulting war?
Seven Years War
In North America, the French and Indian War ranged from 1754-1763. What larger conflict was it a part of?
Seven Years War
Who forced the king and the royal family to abandon Versailles and return to Paris?
Several thousand Parisian women
Why did members of the National Convention turn against Robespierre on 9 Thermidor?
They believed that Robespierre might soon have them arrested and executed
Why did the British decide to stop fighting the Americans at Yorktown in 1781 and to offer such favorable terms to the Americans in Paris in 1783?
To cut their losses and end a war that had gone global
The proletarianization of peasants in the eighteenth century forced them to...
become landless rural wage earners
Jean-Jacques Rousseau believed that
civilization was founded on freedom
Mercantilist theory postulated that
economic activity should be regulated by and for the state
Francis bacon formalized the research methods of Tycho Brahe and Galileo into a theory of reasoning know as...
empiricism
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen guaranteed
equality before the law
How did Cardinal Richelieu increase the power of the centralized French state?
extended the use of intendants, commissioners for each of France's thirty-two districts.
The discipline of natural philosophy focused on
fundamental questions about the nature, purpose, and function of the universe.
During the Enlightenment, reading changed as result of the...
invention of the printing press
in nineteenth century Germany, Fritz Harkort sought
to match English achievements in machine production as quickly as possible, even at great, unprofitable expense.
Who invented the spinning jenny?
James Hargreaves
How did the princes of Moscow seek to legitamizetheir authority as rulers of an independent state?
They modeled their rule on the Mongol Khans
Which statement describes a consequence of Prince Francis Rakoczy rebellion for Habsburg rule?
Hungry was never fully integrated into a centralized, absolute Habsburg state.
In music, the baraque style reached its culmination in the world of...
Johann Sebastion Bach
Which factor caused the life and death political struggle between the Girondists and the Mountain?
The Girondists more moderate policies
In the late-seventeenth-century Netherlands, tensions were always present between supporters of the staunchly republican Estates and supports of...
The House of Orange
How did iron become the basic building block of the British economy in the nineteenth century?
The spread of coke smelting and the development of stream-powered rolling mills increased production enormously and reduce the price of iron products
The idea of the public sphere that emerged during the Enlightenment refers to
an idealized space where individuals gathered to discuss social and political issues
Domestic political power in the Dutch Republic in the late seventeenth century was held by...
an oligarchy of wealthy buisnessmen
How did the Peace of Westphalia mark a turning point in European history?
brought peace to the region and and structure for the future of Europe.
In the summer of 1789, the Natural Assembly was driven toward more radical action by
revolutionary actions of French peasants and the common people of Paris
The legal definition of the composition of the prerevolutionary third estate included
members of the clergy
According to Olympe de Gouges
men and women should be equal in the eyes of the law
Carl Linnaeus is best know for
naming and classifying living organisms
In the 17th-century, in central and eastern Europe...
peasants had largely lost the ability to own land independently; serfdom grew harsh
In the eighteenth century, many liberal thinkers believed that representative institutions could defend the liberty and interests of the people. In terms of political practice, this meant that..
voting for representatives would be restricted to men of property
After the development of the idea of race, Europeans increasingly defined themselves in relation to other people as
religiously superior rather than biologically superior
Soft pastels, ornate interiors, and sentimental portraits are all characteristics of the style know as
rococo
Between 1789 and 1791, the National Assembly passed legislation to undermine the power of
the Catholic Church