HY 112 Chapter 24

How did Ismail transform Egypt in the nineteenth century?

He promoted large irrigation networks for cotton production and export.

What pattern did migration out of Europe often follow in the nineteenth century?

Families and friends would coordinate their migrations so that they would settle together in a new land.

After 1860, why did foreign aggression diminish in China until near the end of the century?

Europeans had obtained their primary goal of commercial and diplomatic relations.

How did Muhammad Ali reorganize the Egyptian army?

He drafted illiterate peasants and hired French and Italian army officers to train the recruits and their Turkish officers.

How did Muhammad Ali finance his modernization of Egyptian society?

He forced farmers to become tenants of large, private landowners who adopted commercial agriculture.

By 1890, how had Japan met the challenge of Western expansion?

It selectively adopted those elements of Western society that were in keeping with Japanese tradition.

What was the result of the Berlin Conference of 1884-1885?

It set up the terms for the division of most of Africa among European colonial powers.

The Meiji Restoration restored the Japanese emperor to power in 1867 and

initiated a series of measures to reform Japan along modern lines.

What new model for European expansion did Britain establish in Egypt?

A combination of trade, educational support, and technological assistance

What was the Boxer Rebellion?

A rebellion of traditionalist Chinese patriots who wished to expel all Westerners from China

What is "Orientalism"?

A term used by modern scholars to describe the way Westerners misunderstood and described colonial subjects and cultures

Why did Japan open its shores to Western trade?

As a response to U.S. military pressure

According to Map 24.2: The Partition of Africa, which European states acquired their first colonies after 1878?

Belgium, Germany, and Italy

What was "nativism" in the nineteenth century?

Beliefs and policies that gave preferential treatment to established inhabitants over immigrants

What was Britain's decisive advantage in its war with China?

Britain had control of the seas.

What happened in 1898 at Fashoda?

British and French troops encountered one another and set off a serious diplomatic crisis that only ended when the French backed down.

How was the flow of goods directed around the globe in the nineteenth century?

By new communication systems, such as the telegraph, that could direct ships from port to port

What was the principle by which the European powers established their claim to an African territory after the Berlin Conference in 1884 and 1885?

Effective occupation

In most European countries, how was emigration related to population growth in the late nineteenth century?

Emigration increased about twenty years after a rapid growth in population, as land became scarce.

According to Map 24.1: European Investment to 1914, which areas appear to be receiving the bulk of French and German investments?

European countries, including Russia

How did the Union of South Africa function differently than any other territory in Africa?

It functioned as a largely "self-governing" colony.

The following is an excerpt from Henry Labouchère's "The Brown Man's Burden" (Evaluating the Evidence 24.3):"Pile on the brown man's burden;And if ye rouse his hate,Meet his old-fashioned reasonsWith Maxims up to date.With shells and dumdum bulletsA hundred times made plainThe brown man's loss must everImply the white man's gain."What does the passage imply is the true advantage of Westerners over non-Europeans?

Military technology

What was China required to do in the Treaty of Nanking (1842) that ended the first Opium War?

Open up four large cities to unlimited foreign trade with low tariffs

What did the British use to break China's self-imposed isolation?

Opium

How did the British obtain the opium that they smuggled into China?

Opium was grown legally in British-occupied India.

What medication proved to be effective in controlling malaria and allowing Europeans to venture into the mosquito-infested interior of Africa?

Quinine

How did the building of railroads in Latin America, Asia, and Africa facilitate Western economic interests as opposed to regional economic interests?

Railroad lines connected resource-rich inland cities to seaports to facilitate Western trade but did not link inland cities to each other.

According to Map 24.3: Asia in 1914, which Western power had the latest date of colonization in Asia?

The Japanese Empire

In the nineteenth century, what country dominated the three-thousand-mile archipelago that is now Indonesia?

The Netherlands

According to Map 24.1: European Investment to 1914, which areas appear to be receiving the largest amount of British investments?

The United States and Canada

To what extent did the New Imperialism result in economic gains and why?

The economic gains were limited because the new colonies were too poor to buy European goods and offered few immediately profitable investments.

What did the Western world hope to achieve through the global economic system?

The largest share of gains from trade, technology, and migration would flow to the West and its propertied classes.

What belief drove native opponents to European colonial rule?

The nationalist assertion that every people had a right to control their destiny

What was the primary factor that influenced whether European immigrants returned to their native lands?

The possibility of buying land in the home country

Why were Jewish immigrants in the nineteenth century unlikely to return to their native land?

Violent anti-Semitism in eastern Europe

How were governments able to use empires to ease social tensions and domestic political conflicts in the nineteenth century?

They encouraged the masses to savor foreign triumphs as examples of national glory and prestige.

What did Heinrich von Treitschke believe was the significance of colonies?

They were essential to great nations.

How did some British women seek to affect British colonialism in India in the nineteenth century?

They worked to improve the lives of Indian women, moving them closer to Western standards through education and legislation.

What was the goal of the New Imperialism of the late nineteenth century?

To create large political empires

What was the all-important goal of the architects of the Meiji Restoration?

To meet the threat posed by outside powers

The typical European immigrant was

a small farmer or rural craftsperson.

The United States between 1815 and 1932

absorbed the largest overall number of European emigrants.

Great Britain chose to seize land in Africa and Asia in the late nineteenth century because it

feared that France and Germany would seal off their empires with high tariffs, causing it to lose future economic opportunities.

The following is an excerpt from Rudyard Kipling's "The White Man's Burden" (Evaluating the Evidence 24.2):"Take up the White Man's Burden—Send forth the best ye breed—Go, bind your sons to exileTo serve your captive's need;To wait, in heavy harness,On fluttered folk and wild —Your new-caught sullen peoples,Half devil and half child."Kipling's poem implies that non-Europeans are

more like wild animals than civilized humans.

The following is an excerpt from Rudyard Kipling's "The White Man's Burden" (Evaluating the Evidence 24.2):"Take up the White Man's burden,And reap his old reward—The blame of those ye betterThe hate of those ye guard—The cry of those ye humor(Ah, slowly!) toward the light:—'Why brought ye us from bondage,Our loved Egyptian night?'"Kipling's poem implies that non-Europeans are likely to

resent efforts to help them.

The Russian Marxist Vladimir Lenin asserted that imperialism

signaled the coming decay and collapse of capitalist society.

The following is an excerpt from a speech by Henry Cabot Lodge on immigration reform (Evaluating the Evidence 24.1):"[I]t is on the moral qualities of the English-speaking race that our history, our victories, and all our future rest. There is only one way in which you can lower those qualities or weaken those characteristics, and that is by breeding them out. If a lower race mixes with a higher in sufficient numbers, history teaches us that the lower race will prevail. . . . The lowering of a great race means not only its own decline, but that of civilization. . . ."Lodge believed that unrestricted interracial sexual relations would result in

the decline of civilization.

Rudyard Kipling's "white man's burden" referred to

the white race's supposed duty to civilize inferior, nonwhite races.

The following is an excerpt from a speech by Henry Cabot Lodge on immigration reform (Evaluating the Evidence 24.1):"[I]t is on the moral qualities of the English-speaking race that our history, our victories, and all our future rest. There is only one way in which you can lower those qualities or weaken those characteristics, and that is by breeding them out. If a lower race mixes with a higher in sufficient numbers, history teaches us that the lower race will prevail. . . . The lowering of a great race means not only its own decline, but that of civilization. . . ."Lodge believed that moral qualities

were inherent characteristics of each race.