HY 222 Review
Why did political reformers label themselves "progressives" in the early twentieth century?
They believed that political reform required critically examining current political models.
Why did so many Mexicans migrate to the United States in the 1940s?
They came to fill labor shortages in the Southwest and on the Pacific coast
Why did nativists embrace the idea of eugenics around the turn of the twentieth century?
They could counter the rapid population growth of southern and eastern European immigrants through selective breeding of "desirable" races.
Why could reformers not solve urban problems in the early twentieth century?
They could not change the power structure
How were conditions for African Americans in the North better than in the South during the 1930s?
They could vote, which Southern Blacks could not do
What was the role of black newspapers in the Great Migration?
They encouraged African Americans to migrate north by promoting the opportunities for jobs there.
Which of the following describes the experience of African Americans who migrated north during the Great Migration?
They found jobs but most were paid little.
How did unions increasingly respond to the disparity between workers' wages and corporate profits during World War II?
They increasingly went on strike until 1943.
What was the role of churches and synagogues in immigrant communities around the turn of the twentieth century?
They provided places of worship and for social activities as well as financial help.
How did leaders of the Allied Powers view Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points?
They rejected many of Wilson's points, wanting to punish the Central Powers.
Why did leaders of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) object to Marcus Garvey's ideas?
They wanted integration and Garvey wanted racial separation.
What was the experience of women who worked during World War II?
They were discriminated against in pay and advancement opportunities.
What was the purpose of the new professional organizations the middle class created at the beginning of the twentieth century?
To promote their professional goals and build a better society
What was the purpose of the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) after its founding in 1920
To protect fundamental constitutional rights
What was the purpose of the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) after its founding in 1920?
To protect fundamental constitutional rights
What was the purpose of the Tuskegee Institute?
To provide teaching and vocational education for African Americans
What was the purpose of the American Protective League during World War I?
To spy on German Americans suspected of disloyalty
What was the purpose of settlement houses in the early twentieth century?
To try to help immigrants live better lives
What did the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty grant the United States?
Granted the US the right to construct a canal
What did the social gospel support in the early twentieth century?
A broad range of political and economic reform
What were the unintended consequences of Prohibition?
A rise in violence and organized crime
Where did racial violence erupt in 1919?
Across many northern cities
How did the political rights of African Americans evolve during World War II?
African Americans made gains in several areas during the war.
How did the New Deal impact African Americans?
African Americans made some gains, but discrimination remained entrenched
Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "There are many who can never be made to feel that it was a mistake thirty years ago to give the unlettered freedman the franchise, their only weapon of defense, any more than it was a mistake to have fire for cooking and heating purposes in the home, because ignorant or careless servants sometimes burn themselves. Does this mean that the Negro objects to industrial education? By no means. It simply means that he knows by sad experience that industrial education will not stand him in place of political, civil and intellectual liberty, and he objects to being deprived of fundamental rights of American citizenship to the end that one school for industrial training shall flourish." Which of the following statements paraphrases Ida B. Wells's critique of Booker T. Washington excerpted above?
African Americans should not have to choose between either industrial or civic education.
What was the result of the Hawley-Smoot Tariff that Congress passed in 1930?
American exports fell when European countries raised their own tariffs.
Why was Roosevelt initially reluctant to assist France and Britain against Germany and Italy?
American public opinion and legal constraints
How did World War I reinforce sentiment in America against collective security agreements?
Americans believed that an international conspiracy of bankers and munitions makers had pushed the United States into the war.
What was the significance of the ethnic diversity of the American military during World War II?
Americans from other ethnic backgrounds and regions interacted.
Why did the Teller Amendment, which pledged Cuba's independence from Spain, fail to deliver on its promises?
Americans refused to accept Cubans as independent actors.
How did American businessmen view their expansion into international markets?
As vital to survival
What was an important use of tenements in the early twentieth century besides housing?
As workplaces
Why did imperialists claim a right to rule other countries during the late 1880s?
Based on an ideology of racial superiority
What was the similarity between the views of Marcus Garvey's United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) and the Ku Klux Klan?
Both agreed on the necessity of racial segregation
What impact did World War II have on marriage and birth rates?
Both increased dramatically during the war.
What was the difference between how American imperialist and anti-imperialists viewed non-Western peoples?
Both viewed non-Western peoples as inferior to Westerners, although they differed on the potential of these people to improve.
What was the difference between Great Britain and the United States' treatment of young, married women with children?
Britain provided child care programs while the United States largely did not.
How did the federal government fund military production during World War II?
By borrowing and increasing income tax rates
How did American politicians justify the United States governing the Philippines?
By claiming that Filipinos were childlike and needed to be governed
How did the Platt Amendment ensure American control over Cuba?
By limiting Cuba's ability to conduct independent foreign relations
How did the Naval Act of 1890 support Alfred Thayer Mahan's ideas?
By ordering construction of more naval ships, it increased naval power.
Around the turn of the twentieth century, how did urban political machines attract the support of immigrants?
By providing a kind of public welfare program
How did some American mayors implement progressive reforms in their cities?
By reforming tax assessments, regulating utility companies and establishing an eight-hour workday
How did African American artists in the Harlem Renaissance challenge notions about race?
By rejecting white cultural standards and promoting their own
What was city government like at the turn of the twentieth century in most American cities?
City government was fragmented, and mayors had limited power.
What actions did the Communist Party take during the Depression?
Communists set up councils, marches, and rallies in cities across America.
How did Woodrow Wilson change his policies after the congressional election of 1914?
He adopted several positions he had rejected before in the hopes of shoring up his support
What was the primary difference in the economic policies of presidents Warren G. Harding and Calvin Coolidge?
Coolidge continued the pro-business policies of Harding's administration.
What was the relationship between Christians and corporate leadership during the New Deal era?
Corporate leaders joined with Christian ministers to promote capitalism and oppose the New Deal.
What was the difference between Roosevelt's critics on the left and right?
Critics on the left thought the president was too close to big business while those on the right thought the president had expanded the government's scope too much.
What happened to U.S. agricultural production in the 1920s?
Declined
What was the goal of Gifford Pinchot, chief forester in the Department of Agriculture in the early twentieth century?
Emphasized the efficient use of resources and sought ways to reconcile the public interest with private profit motives
Why was the idea of the melting pot more of an ideal than a mirror of reality around the turn of the twentieth century?
European immigrants never fully assimilated and native-born Americans did not fully accept them.
What factors contributed to frequent outbreaks of disease in urban slums in the early twentieth century?
Faulty sewage disposal
What is the message conveyed by the photograph of Roosevelt and Muir in front of the giant sequoia tree?
Federal control over the parks would be a positive development.
What was the impact of the war on federal employment?
Federal employment increased dramatically.
Why did the American government intervene in the Cuban struggle for independence just before it ended?
For political and economic reasons
Why did A. Mitchell Palmer make no distinction between the ideals and deeds of Communists?
He believed that communism posed an existential threat to America, and this belief justified prosecuting all Communists
What was Charles E. Coughlin's appeal to Catholics and the lower middle class during the Great Depression?
He blamed specific groups for the Depression.
What accounts for Franklin Roosevelt's election and wide popularity among the American people?
He displayed an ability to relate to the American people.
Why did Herbert Hoover support an increase in income, estate, and corporate taxes for the wealthy in 1932?
He feared a growing federal deficit.
What was the significance of A. Philip Randolph's planned march on Washington in 1941?
He hoped to rally African Americans to protest racial discrimination.
How did President Franklin Roosevelt respond to the Japanese invasion of Indochina in 1940?
He limited Japanese access to military supplies through trade restrictions.
What accounts for Truman's decision to drop the atomic bomb on Japan?
He reasoned it would save American lives and would exact revenge for Japanese actions.
Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "The S.F. Registrar has made a statement that we will be sent absentee ballots to which Mr. James Fisk of the Joint Immigration Committee protests greatly. Tomorrow I am going to carry a petition around to protest against their protests. I think that they are stabbing us in the back and that there should be a separate concentration camp for these so-called Americans. They are a lot more dangerous than the Japanese in the United States ever will or have been." What is the author's view of the internment situation?
He thinks that the internment violates the rights of Japanese Americans.
How did President Roosevelt react to A. Philip Randolph's planned 100,000-person march on Washington?
He worked out a compromise to satisfy the protesters without having a march.
Why was Roosevelt concerned with the Japanese's ability to drive Russia from Manchuria?
He worried about rising Japanese military power.
Why was President Theodore Roosevelt concerned about what he called "muckraking" in the early twentieth century?
He worried that muckraking would lead to radical reform.
Why were mutual aid societies and similar organizations so important to immigrant communities around the turn of the twentieth century?
Helped immigrants adjust to there new lives
What economic factors in the United States contributed to the Red Scare of 1919-1920?
High inflation, a shortage of consumer goods, and widespread strikes
What was the experience of African Americans, Asian Americans, and Latinos during the Great Depression?
High unemployment as a result of being at the bottom of the labor force
What caused Marcus Garvey's eventual downfall?
His own business practices
How did the bonus march end?
Hoover called in the army to disperse the veterans
How did Japanese Americans respond to internment during World War II?
In a variety of ways including protest
What factors caused the Great Depression?
Income inequality, unwise use of credit, and lack of government oversight
What broke the influence of the Progressive Party in the 1920s?
Increasing conservatism of the electorate
What was the impact of the automobile on sexual norms during the1920s?
It allowed couples the ability to go on dates alone.
What was the impact of Roosevelt's court-packing plan?
It angered southern Democrats, who supported states' rights.
How did the 1917 immigration law signal a victory for those who wanted to limit immigration?
It banned immigration of many types of individuals deemed undesirable.
Why did Charles Darwin's theory of evolution bother fundamentalist Protestants?
It challenged their view of the Bible.
What was significant about the way African Americans raised money to support black schools in the South?
It demonstrated their commitment to fighting the effects of segregation.
What was the significance of the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine?
It established the right of the United States to intervene in Latin America if it wished.
How did the Boxer Rebellion affect U.S. access to China in the early 1900s?
It forced European countries to grant the United States access to China.
Why did more than 60 million people around the world move from rural to urban areas between 1820 and 1920?
Looking for jobs resulting from industrialization
What offer did Germany make to Mexico in the Zimmerman telegram?
It offered to give Mexico back the territory it lost to the United States in the Mexican-American War if it joined the Central Powers.
How did the War Production Board change the long-term relationship between the federal government and industrial firms?
It produced a government-business alliance.
What was the significance of the Sacco and Vanzetti case?
It provides an extreme example of 1920s nativism
What was the significance of the case of the Scottsboro Nine?
It publicized the injustice that African Americans faced in the South.
What was the significance of the atomic bomb on the final stages of the Pacific theater?
It pushed Japan to an unconditional surrender.
Why was the Social Security program revolutionary when it was enacted during the New Deal?
It represented a pledge that the government would take care of its citizens.
Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "[I]n 1880, San Francisco passed a fire-safety ordinance that all laundries operating in wooden buildings be licensed or the owners would risk criminal penalties. After the city government refused to grant licenses to nearly all Chinese laundries while approving those run by whites, Yick Wo, the owner of one rejected establishment, refused to close his business and was prosecuted. . . . The discrimination is, therefore, illegal, and the public administration which enforces it is a denial of the equal protection of the laws and a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution." In what ways does did the San Francisco Ordinance violate the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment?
It ruled that the application of the ordinance was unconstitutional.
What was the meaning of the "Double-V" campaign during World War II?
It signified that African Americans had to fight against racist enemies abroad and at home.
What was the impact of the New Deal on income inequality and poverty in America?
It slightly reduced both poverty and income inequality.
How did income inequality affect industrial production?
It suppressed production and decreased jobs.
What was the significance of the government's treatment of the Bonus Army during the Great Depression?
It told many Americans that President Hoover had lost touch with them.
What was the significance of Wilson showing the film Birth of a Nation at the White House?
It upset African Americans because the movie glorified the Ku Klux Klan.
What was the role of government regulation in the stock boom of the 1920s?
It was minimal, making widespread margin buying dangerous.
Which group of Americans received the harshest treatment during World War II?
Japanese Americans
What principle governed Republican economic policy during the 1920s?
Laissez-faire
Which group was most likely to oppose American imperialism in the late nineteenth century?
Leaders of Labor unions
Why did the West experience so much population growth in the 1920s?
Many people were attracted by urban job opportunities and breathtaking scenery.
How did women political activists threaten American masculinity in the late 1800s?
Men feared that woman suffrage would feminize politics.
Who staffed most settlement houses such as Hull House?
Middle class, college educated professionally trained women who were shut out of jobs
How were the activities of moral reformers of the early twentieth century related to the movement to restrict immigration?
Moral reformers perceived immigrants as predisposed to vice because of racial and religious bigotry.
How did most immigrants around the turn of the twentieth century negotiate the conflict between maintaining their cultural ties and assimilating into American culture?
Most immigrants did not completely assimilate but did not remain the same as they had been in their native country.
How did Germany and Great Britain's war strategies impact the United States in the early years of World War I?
The British and Germans both worked hard to prevent supplies on American ships from reaching their enemy.
What is a ghetto?
Neighborhoods dominated by a single ethnic, racial, or class group
How did industrial technology impact cities at the turn of the twentieth century?
New water and sewage systems and electricity made cities more livable.
Why did the Americanization movement of the 1920s fail to eliminate fully differences among American ethnic groups?
People hoped to maintain their ethnic identity.
What type of reform did progressives advocate?
Political and economic change that did not disrupt democracy or capitalism
What was the significance of the Atlantic Charter of 1941?
President Franklin Roosevelt and Winston Churchill laid the groundwork for the establishment of the United Nations after the war.
How did racial bias shape the progressives' conservation movement?
Progressives claimed to speak for all Americans but in reality focused on the interests of white Americans.
What was a major argument of the Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) in favor of prohibition in the early twentieth century?
Prohibition would improve the quality of family life and protect the home.
What arguments did progressives use in the campaign to eliminate prostitution?
Promoting public health and female virtue
What was an effect of the massive fires that hit several cities in the early twentieth century?
Rebuilding with less flammable materials
What socioeconomic differences existed between Reform and Orthodox Jews around the turn of the twentieth century?
Reform Jews achieved a measure of economic success
Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "We have always had a shiftless, never-do-well class of people whose one and only aim in life is to live without work. I have been rubbing elbows with this class for nearly sixty years and have tried to help some of the most promising and have seen others try to help them, but it can't be done. We cannot help those who will not try to help themselves and if they do try, a square deal is all they need, and by the way that is all this country needs or ever has needed: a square deal for all and then, let each paddle their own canoe, or sink." What does Minnie Hardin attempt to convey in this excerpt from her letter to Mrs. Roosevelt?
Relief programs are not needed, as the poor are poor by choice.
What accounts for the massive migration of Americans during World War II?
The availability of jobs in defense industries and installations
What change in American society at the beginning of the twentieth century sparked the Progressive movement?
Rise of corporate power and the growth of cities
What was the experience of women who worked during World War II?
Rising wages and increased occupational opportunities
What was the response of the Roosevelt administration to reports of the Holocaust prior to the end of World War II?
Roosevelt did nothing to try to either attack the camps or to help European Jews.
Why did African Americans believe that President Theodore Roosevelt would give them a square deal?
Roosevelt invited Booker T. Washington to the White House and also appointed black Republicans to some federal posts in the South.
How were settlement houses related to efforts to reform urban government in the early twentieth century?
Settlement house workers urged immigrants to vote for reformers rather than machine candidates.
What event provoked the Palmer raids?
Several bombings, including one explosion on the doorstep of the Attorney General's home
Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "Mrs Roosevelt, don't think I am just begging, but that is all you can call it I guess. There is no harm in asking I guess eather. Do you have any old clothes you have throwed back. You don't realize how honored I would feel to be wearing your clothes. I don't have a coat at all to wear. The clothes may be too large but I can cut them down so I can wear them. Not only clothes but old shoes, hats, hose, and under wear would be appreciated so much." What does the passage indicate about how the author feels about Mrs. Roosevelt?
She thinks the First Lady will empathize with her
What describes the commitment of the United States to international affairs during the 1920s and 1930s?
Some engagement but refusal to enter into collective security agreements
Why was October 29, 1929, known as "Black Tuesday"?
Stock prices collapsed, and many investors lost money.
What accounts for the reduced repression of civil liberties during World War II compared to World War I?
Stronger public support for the war
How did William Howard Taft's approach to foreign policy differ from Theodore Roosevelt's approach?
Taft emphasized investment in Latin America but was willing to use troops there.
Why are the Boxers burning Bibles in the image?
The Boxers resented foreign influence and Christianity.
What was the significance of the election of 1936?
The Democratic Party emerged as the majority party with control of the presidency and Congress.
What was the experience of internment like for Japanese Americans during World War II?
The Japanese suffered economically as well as from the injustice.
What was characteristic of the "New Negro" popularized by African Americans in Harlem during the 1920s?
The New Negro refused to accept white supremacy and took pride in a black racial identity.
What does the cartoon imply about the American war in the Philippines?
The United States was unprepared for the resistance in the Philippines.
What was the impact of Frances Willard's death on the direction of the Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)? Willard's death.]]
The WCTU dropped support for many of its causes to focus on temperance.
What events made it more difficult for the United States to maintain neutrality during the 1930s?
The aggressive actions of Germany and Italy
Why did President Franklin Roosevelt finally ask Congress to declare war on Japan after the bombing of Pearl Harbor?
The bombing changed American public opinion.
What event finally led the United States to enter World War II?
The bombing of Pearl Harbor
How did New York City's population respond to the more than mile-long Brooklyn Bridge?
The bridge was an immediate success
What eventually convinced President Wilson to enter World War I and fight alongside the Allied Powers?
The desire to influence the peace agreement that would follow the war
What accounted for the high rate of automobile sales in the 1920s?
The development of the assembly line
What accounts for the different opinions about the war as expressed in President McKinley's statement and the cartoon shown above?
The different positions reflect differing perspectives on American imperialism
What strategy did the Agricultural Adjustment Act employ to increase incomes for farmers during the New Deal?
The government paid farmers to produce fewer crops.
What was the role of the government in the creation of ghettos filled with a particular group of immigrants around the turn of the twentieth century?
The government played no role; the ghettos arose through immigrants' decisions.
Refer to the poem to answer the following question: Take up the White Man's burden— Send forth the best ye breed— Go, bind your sons to exile To serve your captives' need; To wait, in heavy harness, On fluttered folk and wild— Your new-caught sullen peoples, Half devil and half child. . . ." What does Kipling intend to convey with this passage?
The indigenous people of the world are like children with no parents, and it is the burden of white men to raise the children.
What social change explains why New York and Chicago became the centers of a new flowering of African American culture in the 1920s?
The influx of black migrants to the North
How did most people respond to Sanger's contraceptive initiative
The initiative encountered strong opposition.
Why was rising income inequality an economic danger during the 1920s?
The low working-class earnings hurt consumer demand.
How did the war reparations payment plan negotiated between Britain, France, Germany, and the United States ultimately cause problems for the American economy?
The plan resulted in a series of circular payments in which American money was used to help Germany repay Britain and France, which then used the reparations to repay the United States.
Why was Franklin Roosevelt's Tennessee Valley Authority a particularly bold initiative?
The program remained under full control of the federal government
What was the impact of the Teapot Dome scandal on the Harding administration and Republican policies?
The scandal decreased Harding's popularity but not support for Republican policies.
Why did protective tariffs slow the rate of American imports?
The tariffs increased the costs of imported goods.
What was the significance of the Scopes Trial held in Dayton, Tennessee, in 1925?
The trial heightened the cultural division between fundamentalists and modern society.
Why did Woodrow Wilson perceive a need to rally support for American involvement in World War I?
The war remained deeply unpopular among Americans.
Refer to the passage to answer the following question: " . . . they are unfit for self-government—and they would soon have anarchy and misrule over there worse than Spain's wars; and . . . that there was nothing left for us to do but to take them all, and to educate the Filipinos, and uplift and civilize and Christianize them, and by God's grace do the very best we could by them, as our fellow-men for whom Christ also died." On what basis did McKinley judge Filipinos unfit for self-government?
They were not Christians
Why were American leaders opposed to joining the League of Nations and World Court?
They were wary of institutions that might require military cooperation.
What was the significance of perceived shades of skin color around the turn of the twentieth century?
Those with darker skins were viewed as inferior to those with lighter skins.
How did some women maintain the progressive legacy during the 1920s at the national level?
Through the work of the federal bureaucracy
What was the impact of muckrakers' stories in the early twentieth century?
To arouse the middle class against the evils of corrupt governments and big business
According to those concerned with immigration around the turn of the twentieth century, what was one critical purpose of American public schools?
To assimilate immigrant children into American Culture
What was the function of political machines in cities at the turn of the twentieth century?
To bring order to urban governments
How did federal prosecutors use the Mann Act against boxer Jack Johnson?
To charge him with moral violations for relationships with white women
What did President Theodore Roosevelt mean when he coined the term muckraker in the early twentieth century?
To criticize journalists for being more interested in sensationalism
Why did General Eisenhower decide to stop at the Elbe River after the Battle of the Bulge in 1945?
To ease tensions with the Soviet Union
What was the purpose of the Platt Amendment, passed by Congress in 1901?
To ensure American control over Cuba
What was the goal of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People?
To fight for the vote and equal access to public facilities
What was the purpose of the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA)?
To foster racial separation and black pride
What was the purpose of the Reconstruction Finance Corporation created by Herbert Hoover?
To help businesses and boost the economy by extending needed credit
What was the purpose of the Clayton Antitrust Law when passed in 1914
To improve competition by strengthening the Sherman Antitrust Act
What was the focus of humanitarian reformers?
To improve housing and working conditions for the urban poor
Why, on entering World War I, did Woodrow Wilson call the United States an "Associated Power" rather than an "Allied Power"?
To keep the long American commitment to avoiding alliances
What was the goal behind Marcus Garvey's "Back to Africa" movement?
To lift black people throughout the world
What was the goal of the National Women's Trade Union League?
To obtain special protective legislation for women
What was the impact of the American Plan and union-related court rulings on unions in the 1920s?
Union membership dropped by 2 million and became about 10 percent of the labor market.
What electoral transformation started to occur in the election of 1924?
Urban ethnic voters started to vote Democratic.
What describes Theodore Roosevelt's "big stick" approach to foreign affairs?
Use military power to keep Latin American countries in check and prevent European interference there
What was the overall impact of World War II on family life in the United States?
Very disruptive
What was the message of Rudyard Kipling's poem "White Man's Burden"?
White men should take on the burden of bringing Western civilization to non-Western people.
What was the impact of the Depression of 1893 on American masculinity?
Working-class men experienced a crisis in manhood as they lost their ability to support their families.
What was the impact of World War II on the American economy?
World War II restored prosperity.
How did the introduction of mass-produced goods encourage the migration of young women to the cities?
Young women's labor as homemakers who produced goods was no longer critical
The American Plan attempted to improve the welfare of workers by
encouraging business-sponsored worker welfare initiatives.
What economic danger worsened during the 1920s?
growing income inequality.
"Social religion, too, demands repentance and faith; repentance for our social sins; faith in the possibility of a new social order. . . . In the same way we have to see through the fictions of capitalism. We are assured that the poor are poor through their own fault; that rent and profit are the just dues of foresight and ability." Which of the following would fit into Rauschenbusch's category of "social sins"?
income inequality
What was Theodore Roosevelt's approach to international affairs as president?
preserve order
Why did black women claim they needed the vote more than white women?
to protect their rights