i

Of the plant groups included in Figure 8, which taxa have seeds?

gymnosperms and angiosperms

Does the information at the beginning, middle, and end of each introduction proceed from

more general to more specific

There is more than one correct way to draw a phylogeny. Study the relationships depicted on the upright phylogeny of of the 3 invertebrate taxa named. To depict the same relationships between taxa in the side-ways phylogeny as in the upright phylogeny, which taxa should be at each lettered branch tip A, B and C. Select ALL correct answers.

A is Mollusca, B is Annelida and C is Arthropoda A is Annelida, B is Mollusca and C is Arthropoda

Explain your answer to the previous question; include references to nodes 1 and 2 (as numbered in the figure) in your explanation. Please use complete sentences.

Explain your answer to the previous question; include references to nodes 1 and 2 (as numbered in the figure) in your explanation. Please use complete sentences.

Are the nonvascular plants more closely related to the gymnosperms or angiosperms? Or are they equally related? Explain your answer in complete sentences.

They are equally related to gymnosperms and angiosperms

If a character appears twice on a tree and is NOT present in the most recent common ancestor of the taxa that possess it, it is a(n) character that probably evolved due to evolution.

analogous convergent

Are the gymnosperms more closely related to the nonvascular plants or to the angiosperms? (Hint: Refer to Figure 4 in the lab introduction to answer this question and the next two questions.)

Angiosperms

Type of study where a scientist is not testing a hypothesis but simply making observations Experimental Quantitative Non-experimental Descriptive

Descriptive

This is defined as a proposed explanation for an observation Prediction Experiment Conclusion Hypothesis

Hypothesis

What tense(s) do the authors use in the Introduction section of the pillbug paper?

Mostly present tense, but occasionally some past tense when talking about past studies

Give the number of the node in Figure 8 that indicates the most recent common ancestor of gymnosperms and angiosperms.

Node 2

Brainstorm what kinds of information should be included in the Introduction of a laboratory report or scientific research article? Name four, one-word information items below. Hint: For example, if you were instead asked what kind of information is in the Discussion of a lab report, one of your four answers might be Explanations.

Problem Hypothesis Prediction Variables

A scientist wishes to determine the effect of a digestive enzyme on starch digestion (starch is broken down into glucose). The experimental setup is to mix the enzyme with starch in a test tube, stop the reaction after a known period of time, and then measure the amount of glucose produced. Which of the following is the correct experimental control? Repeating the experiment three more times to control for any variation in your first experimental trial Correct! An identical setup except the enzyme is replaced with an inactivated form of the same enzyme Maintaining a constant temperature during the experiment An identical setup but replacing the enzyme with a different digestive enzyme

An identical setup except the enzyme is replaced with an inactivated form of the same enzyme

In question #1, it is likely you named some or all of the following four items that belong in an Introduction: Hypothesis, Experiment (brief description), Background, Prediction. Now download the Introduction of a published scientific paper on pillbugs by clicking on this link (Links to an external site.) and use it to answer all of the remaining questions. Read it to determine the order of these four parts in this typical Introduction. Which order is correct?

Background, Hypothesis, Experiment, Prediction

Look up the taxonomy of a favorite organism. A great resource is the Integrated Taxonomic Information System, at itis.gov/ (Links to an external site.). Select the 'Common Name' button and enter in your organism. Note that for each taxonomic level above species there is only one name—any additional name(s) shown are the scientists who described each so should not be included below. The species name should include the genus and species but not any scientist's name that follows.

Common name: Bumble Bee Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Order: Hymenoptera Family: Apidae Genus: Bombus Species: Bombus pensylvanicus

Observation: The incidence of colon cancer is much lower among Japanese populations living in Japan than the incidence of colon cancer among Caucasian populations in the United States. The incidence of colon cancer among Japanese living in the US is similar to that of Caucasians living in the US. Which of the following is a plausible hypothesis that may explain this observation? Japanese people have higher rates of cancer when living in the U.S. than when they are living in Japan. Diet difference between those living in the U.S. and those living in Japan causes the differences in the rate of colon cancer.

Diet difference between those living in the U.S. and those living in Japan causes the differences in the rate of colon cancer.

you want to test the hypothesis that marigolds repel salamanders. You design several studies to test this hypothesis. Which of the following studies would demonstrate that marigolds CAUSE salamanders to move out of flowerbeds? Observe how salamanders react/move when they are close to marigolds vs. other species of flowers in the flowerbed Correct! Find 20 identical flowerbeds with salamanders in each. Plant marigolds in 10 of the flowerbeds and keep the other 10 flowerbeds as controls. After a month count the number of salamanders remaining in each type of flowerbed Find 30 flower beds on campus and compare the total number of salamanders in flowerbeds with marigolds vs. beds without marigolds Find 30 flowerbeds of equal size that have different numbers of marigolds in them. Count the number of salamanders in each flowerbed and see if the number of salamanders in each bed is related to the number of marigolds in each bed

Find 20 identical flowerbeds with salamanders in each. Plant marigolds in 10 of the flowerbeds and keep the other 10 flowerbeds as controls. After a month count the number of salamanders remaining in each type of flowerbed

You want to test the hypothesis that marigolds repel salamanders. Which of the following studies DOES NOT test this hypothesis. Observe how salamanders react/move when they are close to marigolds vs. other species of flowers in the flowerbed Find 20 identical flowerbeds with salamanders in each. Plant marigolds in 10 of the flowerbeds and keep the other 10 flowerbeds as controls. After a month count the number of salamanders remaining in each type of flowerbed Correct! Find 30 flower beds on campus and count the total number of salamanders in each flowerbed Find 30 flower beds on campus and compare the total number of salamanders in flowerbeds with marigolds vs. beds without marigolds Find 30 flowerbeds of equal size that have different numbers of marigolds in them. Count the number of salamanders in each flowerbed and see if the number of salamanders in each bed is related to the number of marigolds in each bed

Find 30 flower beds on campus and count the total number of salamanders in each flowerbed

Hypothesis: In everyday language, the word hypothesis (Links to an external site.) usually refers to an educated guess — or an idea that we are quite uncertain about. Scientific hypotheses, however, are much more informed than any guess and are usually based on prior experience, scientific background knowledge, preliminary observations, and logic. In addition, hypotheses are often supported by many different lines of evidence — in which case, scientists are more confident in them than they would be in any mere "guess." To further complicate matters, science textbooks frequently misuse the term in a slightly different way. They may ask students to make a hypothesis about the outcome of an experiment (e.g., table salt will dissolve in water more quickly than rock salt will). This is simply a prediction about the outcome of an experiment. Scientific hypotheses, on the other hand, have explanatory power — they are explanations for phenomena. The idea that table salt dissolves faster than rock salt is not very hypothesis-like because it is not very explanatory. A more scientific (i.e., more explanatory) hypothesis might be "The amount of surface area a substance has affects how quickly it can dissolve. More surface area means a faster rate of dissolution." This hypothesis has some explanatory power — it gives us an idea of why a particular phenomenon occurs — and it is testable because it generates expectations about what we should observe in different situations. If the hypothesis is accurate, then we'd expect that, for example, sugar processed to a powder should dissolve more quickly than granular sugar. Students could examine rates of dissolution of many different substances in powdered, granular, and pellet form to further test the idea. The statement "Table salt will dissolve in water more quickly than rock salt" is not a hypothesis, but a prediction generated by a hypothesis. Textbooks and science labs can lead to confusions about the difference between a hypothesis and a prediction regarding the outcome of a scientific test. Which of the following are correct statements about scientific hypotheses (check each)? Correct! Hypotheses have explanatory power Hypotheses are the same as predictions/expectations Hypotheses are guesses Correct! Hypotheses are usually based on background knowledge and prior observations

Hypotheses have explanatory power Hypotheses are usually based on background knowledge and prior observations

An inverted pyramid can be used to depict that the broader background material should be presented first, followed by the specifics of describing your study. What is the goal(s) of an introduction? Check all the correct answers.

To enable the reader to understand your hypothesis To enable the reader to understand why your hypothesis is important or scientifically relevant

This is the name for a group in an experiment in which the independent variable is NOT manipulated dependent group independent group Control Treatment

control

Before attempting this question, be sure you have carefully viewed the Tips for reading trees primer linked to in the module https://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/0_0_0/evotrees_primer_08 (Links to an external site.) Taxa on phylogenetic trees can rotate freely about nodes without changing their relationships. Which of the following statements is true about phylogenies e, f and g?

e is the same as g but not f