i hate sports med
List three factors that might explain why women can be more prone to ACL injuries
1. The stronger the quadriceps activation during eccentric contraction (changing direction & slowing down), the greater the likelihood of ACL injury, especially in female athletes. Muscle imbalance - really strong quads, weak hamstrings. 2. The greater Q-angle puts females at a greater risk for ACL injuries. (girls are naturally more knock kneed, wider hips than boys) 3. More lax ligaments during menstruation
An over stretch or tear of a muscle in the posterior leg muscle group would be called a what?
A muscle strain
What are the common signs, symptoms, and complaints of someone who tore their meniscus?
A popping sensation •Swelling or stiffness •Pain, especially when twisting or rotating your knee
What are the differences between acute and chronic bursitis?
Acute bursitis is a result of injury and is rapid at its onset, chronic bursitis builds up over time and may feel painless in the first stages.
What are the differences between acute strains vs chronic strains?
An acute strain is associated with a recent trauma or injury; Chronic strains are usually the result of overuse: prolonged, repetitive movement of the muscles and tendons
This ligament prevents anterior translation of the tibia on the femur
Anterior Cruciate Ligament
This ligament prevents anterior translation of the tibia in the knee joint.
Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL)
List the four major ligaments of the knee and what motions they resist.
Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL): Protects against anterior translation of the tibia. Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL): Prevents posterior displacement of tibia. Primary stabilizer of knee. Medial Collateral Ligament (MCL): Protects against valgus (inward bending) knee forces Lateral Collateral Ligament (LCL): Protect the knee from varus (outward bending) forces
Which special tests can help diagnose a PCL tear
Anterior Drawer B. Godfrey's 90/90 or "Sag" sign Test
A PCL injury is often seen in what?
Automobile accidents are the most common cause of PCL injuries
Which of the following conditions involves bone growth within in the muscle, most often due to repeated blows or mismanagement of a quad contusion?
Avascular Necrosis
Which one of the following conditions can occur as a result of a femur fracture, is a medical emergency, and involves a loss of blood supply to the femur?
Avascular Necrosis
Why are fractured femurs and dislocated tibiofemoral joints medical emergencies?
Because they can lead to worse problems
Genu Varus (Genu Varum) is commonly referred to as
Bow-Legged
What should you do if someone dislocates their tibiofemoral joint?
Call 911 and splint
If someone has genu varum or genu valgum what kind of injuries might they be at an increased risk for?
Can lead to injuries such as patellofemoral injuries, MCL and ACL sprains, Can lead to injuries such as IT Band syndrome and LCL sprains
What are the 4 motions of the knee joint?
Extension, Flexion, Internal/External Rotation
What muscles produce knee extension? What muscles produce knee flexion?
Extension: Produced by the sartorius and quadriceps femoris group of muscles. Flexion: Produced by the biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus muscles.
Females encounter more knee and ACL injuries than their male counterparts.
FALSE
Patellar Tendinitis can sometimes be helped by stretching the quadriceps and hamstrings.
FALSE
Non-contact ACL injuries in females may be caused by hormonal fluctuations and anatomical variables (i.e. wider hips, greater amount of genu valgus)
FALSE$
The articulations of what bones form the knee joint?
Femur, tibia
If one or both of the collateral ligaments of the knee are damaged, what type of movements will be painful/difficult?
Flexion inversion
What is the name of a special test that can be used to determine a PCL injury?
Godfrey 90/90 (sag sign), Posterior Drawer test
Give 3 symptoms for each grade of sprain:
Grade 1 MCL/LCL sprain:mild tenderness over MCL usually no swelling, mild difficulty in weight bearing Grade 2 MCL/LCL Sprain: significant tenderness over MCL, mild to moderate swelling at medial joint line, more difficulty in weight bearing Grade 3 MCL/LCL Sprain: pain over MCL may vary, moderate swelling, very difficult in weight bearing & knee function
The Rectus Femoris is responsible for which motion(s)?
Hip flexion
This is what is on the ends of bones to provide cushioning and smooth movement of bones at a joint to reduce friction.
Hyaline cartilage
Why is there so much variability in how fast different meniscus tears heal?
It is depending on how bad it is
Patellar Tendinitis is commonly referred to as
Jumper's Knee
The hamstrings are responsible for which of the following motions
Knee Flexion, Hip Extension
The quadriceps are responsible for which motion
Knee flexion
Genu Valgum (Genu Valgus) is commonly referred to as
Knocked-Knees
What is the name of a test that can be used to determine an ACL injury?
Lachman and Anterior Drawer Special Tests.
Which special tests can help diagnose a positive ACL tear
Lachman's
This ligament prevents varus/outward movement of the knee joint.
Lateral Collateral Ligament
The patella most often dislocates in which of the following directions?
Laterally
All of the following are a part of the "unhappy triad" except?
MCL
his ligament prevents valgus/inward movement of the knee joint.
Medial Collateral Ligament (MCL)
Which of the following structures is responsible for lubrication and nourishment of the knee joint and weight distribution?
Meniscus
If someone tears their meniscus in the red:red zone, what surgery will they likely have?
Meniscus Repair
Should you attempt to reduce a tibiofemoral dislocation? Why or why not?
No because then you could fracture it
List a few things that could be risk factors for osteoarthritis.
Older age. Obesity, Repeated stress on the joint
What part of the meniscus is well vascularized and will generally heal well?
Outer third/ red:red zone
Describe how patellar tendonitis pain progresses. At first how is it? As it gets worse how is it?
Pain not that much then it gets better
What are some signs and symptoms of muscle strains?
Pain or tenderness. Redness or bruising
Tell me about the two surgical options for a meniscus tear. What are the pros and cons?
Partial meniscectomy, which is surgery to remove the torn section of the meniscus. Total meniscectomy, which is surgery to remove the entire meniscus.
When someone says they dislocated their knee, they most likely did NOT dislocate their tibiofemoral joint. They probably dislocated their
Patella
This injury occurs due to repeated trauma to a contusion or mismanagement of a contusion.
Patellar Tendonitis
What is the name of the area on the femur that the patella lies & moves within?
Patellofemoral groove
What kinds of things can cause you to tear your meniscus?
Pivoting, sudden stops and turns.
This ligament prevents posterior translation of the tibia in the knee joint and is the primary stabilizer of the knee joint.
Posterior Cruciate Ligament
This ligament that is the primary stabilizer of the knee and prevents posterior translation of the tibia on the femur
Posterior Cruciate Ligament
What is the name of the big muscle group on the anterior side of the thigh/knee? Name the 4 muscles that make up this group.
Rectus Femoris Vastus Lateralis Vastus Medialis Vastus Intermedius Sartorius
What zone of the meniscus has the best chance of healing? Why is this?
Red zone - because of good blood flow
What kinds of things can cause patellar tendonitis?
Running and jumping are most commonly associated with patellar tendinitis
Which muscle is not part of the hamstring group?
Sartorius
Which muscle is the longest muscle in the body?
Sartorius
Which muscle is not a Groin muscle?
Semimembranosus
After dislocating your patella it is important to do what during rehab to help keep the patella in place and prevent future dislocations?
Strengthen the muscle around it
Most ACL injuries result from non-contact MOIs
TRUE
Most ACL injuries are caused by a planting and shifting motion - often when an athlete is trying to quickly change direction.
TRUE-
The prepatellar bursa is most susceptible to direct trauma
TRUE/
Pain on or near the tibial tuberosity in the adolescent athlete may indicate Osgood-Schlatter disease.
TRUE:(
Myositis ossificans is also called ectopic calcification.
TRUE:)
Describe what causes Osgood schlatters disease? Don't just tell me WHAT it is. Tell me WHY it happens. Use proper
The growth plate not growing properly
What are the functions of the menisci of the knee?
The menisci increase stability for femorotibial articulation, distribute axial load,
Tell me what an athlete who just tore their ACL might say to describe what happened and what they are feeling.
The might have heard a pop and they are in a lot of pain
Which of the following bones is the longest, strongest bone in the body?
Tibia
Patellar Tendinitis pain can occur at all of the following anatomical sites except
Tibial Tuberosity
What kind of splint needs to be used for a fractured femur?
Traction splints
Which of the following excessive joint stresses will potentially damage the medial collateral ligament (MCL) of the knee?
Valgus
When will the symptoms of osgood schlatters resolve?
When the kids stops growing
All of the following regarding fractures and knee dislocations are true except
Will ALWAYS occur from a contact/direct blow mechanism
What three (3) structures are involved in an unhappy triad injury of the knee?
anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), medial meniscus and tibial (medial) collateral ligament.
Why are the cruciate ligaments called the cruciate ligaments?
because they cross each other in front of the knee
Which muscle is not part of the Quadriceps group?
biceps femoris
Genu Valgum can be helped by strengthening the lateral thigh muscles
false:*
The main function of the cruciate ligaments (ACL, PCL) is to stabilize the knee in anterior/posterior directions. i.e. preventing anterior and posterior translation of the tibia on the femur
false@
What are the 3 bones of the knee joint?
femur, tibia, patella
How is the gastrocnemius involved in the knee and the ankle?
flexor and stabilizer across all the knee and ankle joint angles.
When someone fractures their femur, what does it sound like?
gunshot
If the patella is dislocated, hammering it back into place with your fist is NOT the answer. How might you attempt to reduce a dislocated patella correctly?
if the athlete attempts to straighten their leg, the patella will slip back into place on its own
Describe Osgood-Schlatters. Who is most commonly affected by this condition?
is the inflammation of the growth plate at the tibial tuberosity.
What is the name of the joint between the femur and tibia?
knee joint
What is the name of the injury that occurs when the patella becomes displaced outside of the patellofemoral groove?
patellar instability
Name the bursae that are in the knee region. Which one is the most vulnerable to injury?
prepatellar, infrapatellar, suprapatellar, Pes Anserine, and the semimembranosus bursae
What muscles create the quadriceps group?
rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, and vastus intermedius.
What can cause inflammation of a bursa
repetitive motions or positions that put pressure on the bursae around a joint
What is the name of the group of 3 muscles located on the back of the thigh?
semitendinosus and semimembranosus, biceps femoris
. Describe what a bursae is. List the bursae around the knee joint
small fluid-filled sacs that reduce friction between moving parts in your body's joints
List the different bones and joints associated with the knee.
thigh bone (femur) shin bone (tibia) tibia (fibula) kneecap (patella)
Patellar Tendinitis is a chronic inflammation of the patellar tendon due to tiny micro tears in the tendon caused by repetitive overuse.
true!
The Iliotibial Band is a muscle and can be "tight"
true^
As we have learned, with all dislocations it is important to go get a what to make sure there is no fracture?
xray
Is surgery usually done to repair a torn MCL? Why or why not?
yes
What part of the menisci have the best blood supply? The outer portions or inner portions? What is the name of the
zone with the best blood supply. Red-Red Zone: very outer edge; receives most blood supply
