Ian Biology Review

How does a dietician help a patient? - A dietician treats vision problems. - A dietician cures genetic disorders. - A dietician performs surgery on patients to improve digestion. - A dietician helps patients get the proper amount of nutrients.

A dietician helps patients get the proper amount of nutrients.

Common structures of the ALL cells

- DNA - Cytoplasm - Ribosomes - Cell membrane

What two organelles were created as a result of endosymbiosis

- Mitochondria - Chloroplasts

Characteristics of Eukaryotic cells

- Nucleus - membrane bound organelles

when do theories change?

- When a hypothesis requires the development of new experimental methods, yielding new information - new or improved technology causes changes in experimental methods, yielding new information

what are proteins made out of?

- carbon - hydrogen - oxygen - nitrogen

what are nucleic acids made out of?

- carbon - hydrogen - oxygen - nitrogen - phosphorous

What are carbohydrates made of?

- carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen - sugars

What do nucleic acids do?

- carry genetic information - determine the structure of proteins - help build proteins

What are enzymes?

- catalysts in living things

Shared characteristics of both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

- cell membrane - DNA - Cytoplasm - Ribosomes

Organelles in plant cells only

- cell wall - chloroplasts

Organelles in Animal cells only

- centrioles

what can rate of a reaction be affected by?

- concentration of reactants - temperature - pressure - catalysts - pH

Cells maintain homeostasis through what processes?

- diffusion - osmosis - passive transport - active transport

Two types of organelles

- membrane bound - not membrane bound

what are lipids made out of?

- mostly carbon and hydrogen - include fats and oils - phospholipids -steroids

Characteristics of prokaryotic cells

- no nucleus - no membrane bound organelles

What do carbohydrates do?

- provide energy - store energy - provide support

Organelles in Animal and Plant cells

- ribosomes - vacuoles - cell membrane - endoplasmic reticulum - golgi apparatus - mitochondria - lysosomes - cytoplasm

What do proteins do?

- role in transport - enable movement - provide structure and support - help make chemical reactions happen

Cell wall

- selectively permeable - made mostly of cellulose - gives shape to the cell - provides support and protection - helps in communication - stores carbohydrates

Cell membrane

- selectively permeable - made of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids - helps in communication with other cells

Organelles

- specialized structures within the cells - perform specific functions -similar in plant and animal cells

What do lipids provide?

- store energy - surround and protect cells - regulate cell functions -insulate the body

what are carbohydrate polymers?

-monosaccharides - disaccharides - polysaccharides

what are hypotheses based on?

-prior knowledge -observations -previous research

types of data

-qualitative -quantitative -directly observed -inferred

Lab report structure in order (11)

-title -purpose -question -hypothesis -variables -materials -procedure -data - analysis -background research -conclusion

How are hypotheses tested?

By using controlled experiments

Cornell University recently conducted a study that estimated that honeybees pollinate more than $14 billion worth of crops, nuts, seeds, fruits, and vegetables each year. The study suggested that nearly seventy-five percent of all global crops that are grown for food, fiber, beverages, condiments, spices, and medicines are pollinated. Produced with the help of pollinators, agricultural products including legumes, vegetables, fruits, berries, nuts, herbs, spices, oils, seeds, grains, clover, and cotton make a significant contribution to the economy. As the human population increases, so does the demand for pollination; sadly, the honeybee population is decreasing. Within the past thirty years, parasites, predators, and disease have weakened both feral and managed populations of honeybees. In fact, around the globe, honeybees are being decimated by an epidemic known as colony collapse disorder (CCD). According to this article, who collected information to research the honeybees?

Cornell University

Which most likely is a causal relationship? - An experimenter showed different causes for two patients' lung cancer. - One experiment showed that all cancers can be cured by a new drug. - Experimenters show a link between adult-onset diabetes and obesity. - Experimenters show statistical data on diabetes drugs.

Experimenters show a link between adult-onset diabetes and obesity.

A researcher is designing a laboratory experiment to determine whether the inorganic substance A affects the rate of a reaction between two colored liquids, X and Y. When the reaction is complete, the liquid is clear. The reaction between X and Y is similar to one used by manufacturers to produce certain chemicals in factories. Which method would best answer his question about reaction rate and what will he find out about substance A? - First, he should measure the final temperature of the liquid when X and Y react without substance A. Then, he should measure the final temperature when he adds substance A to X and Y. He will find out if substance A is a catalyst. - First, he should measure how long it takes for the liquid to become clear if X and Y are mixed together. Then, he should measure how long it takes if he also adds substance A to X and Y. He will find out if substance A is a catalyst. - First, he should measure the final temperature of the liquid when X and Y react without substance A. Then, he should measure the final temperature when he adds substance A to X and Y. He will find out if substance A is an enzyme. - First, he should measure how long it takes for the liquid to become clear if X and Y are mixed together. Then, he should measure how long it takes if he also adds substance A to X and Y. He will find out if substance A is an enzyme.

First, he should measure how long it takes for the liquid to become clear if X and Y are mixed together. Then, he should measure how long it takes if he also adds substance A to X and Y. He will find out if substance A is a catalyst.

A small amount of chemical splashes in Frank's eye. What should happen next? - Frank should ask if anyone knows how to use the lab's eyewash station. - Frank should tell his lab partner that he is going to the school nurse's office. - Frank should raise his hand to ask for permission to use the eyewash station. - Frank should go to the eyewash station while his lab partner tells the teacher what happened.

Frank should go to the eyewash station while his lab partner tells the teacher what happened.

How are hypotheses formed?

From testable questions

Glycogen is an energy-storage molecule in humans. A hormone that is called insulin controls the storage of glycogen in the liver. Insulin is made up of amino acids. Which statement correctly identifies the types of macromolecules that are described? - Glycogen is a protein, and insulin is a lipid. - Glycogen is a lipid, and insulin is a protein. - Glycogen is a carbohydrate, and insulin is a lipid. - Glycogen is a carbohydrate, and insulin is a protein.

Glycogen is a carbohydrate, and insulin is a protein.

Edward Jenner's smallpox inoculation experiment was based on an observation by a dairymaid that she could not get smallpox because she had already had cowpox. How did Jenner form his hypothesis from this observation? - He asked what would happen if he deliberately inoculated someone with cowpox fluid from another person. - He tested different existing inoculations to see which one was most effective in preventing smallpox. - He observed dairymaids milking cows with cowpox to see if the statement was true before forming a hypothesis. - He drew a conclusion about cowpox infection based on the comment he overheard from the dairymaid.

He asked what would happen if he deliberately inoculated someone with cowpox fluid from another person.

James is making models of plant and animal cells using objects supplied by his teacher to represent organelles. For one cell, he will place the objects in a shoebox. First he fills a balloon with water and places it in the shoe box. He also drops a handful of marbles into the box. Which statement most likely describes the structures he has represented so far? - He is making an animal cell. The box is the cell membrane, and the balloon represents the large vacuole. The marbles are the endoplasmic reticulum. - He is making a plant cell. The box is the cell wall, and the balloon represents the large vacuole. The marbles are the tiny ribosomes. - He is making a plant cell. The box is the cell wall, and the balloon represents the nucleus. The marbles are the centrioles. - He could be making either a plant or animal cell. The box is the cell wall, and the balloon represents the large vacuole. The marbles are the centrioles.

He is making a plant cell. The box is the cell wall, and the balloon represents the large vacuole. The marbles are the tiny ribosomes.

The picture shows a jar of honey. Which statement is correct about this food? - It contains disaccharides, a complex type of lipid. - It contains monosaccharides, the simplest carbohydrate -It contains starch, which gives it a sweet taste. - It contains lipids, which give it a sweet taste.

It contains monosaccharides, the simplest carbohydrate

Which statement is true about a cell wall but not a cell membrane? - It forms the outer layer of a cell. - It gives an animal cell its shape. - It is selectively permeable. - It is made mostly of cellulose.

It is made mostly of cellulose.

Which statement is most likely to apply to a cell that has DNA within its cytoplasm? - It lacks ribosomes. - It has membrane-bound organelles. - It is multicellular. - It performs all functions for the organism.

It performs all functions for the organism.

How does a catalyst influence a chemical reaction? - It speeds up or slows down a chemical reaction by direct participation. - It reacts with products to increase the concentration of reactants. - It provides an alternative energy pathway for the reaction to proceed. - It increases the total amount of products formed.

It provides an alternative energy pathway for the reaction to proceed.

Third step of the scientific method

Make a prediction

Which best describes mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)? - Mitochondrial DNA is the same as nuclear DNA. - Mitochondrial DNA is inherited through the father. - Mitochondrial DNA can be traced for generations. - Mitochondrial DNA requires large amounts for testing.

Mitochondrial DNA can be traced for generations.

What does it mean for a membrane to be selectively permeable? - Only certain molecules are allowed to pass through. - The membrane is rigid and only allows water to pass through. - All types of molecules are able to pass into the cell. - The membrane is rigid and nothing can enter or leave the cell.

Only certain molecules are allowed to pass through.

Which statement best illustrates a biotic or an abiotic factor that is often found in a city park? - Decaying leaves are an abiotic factor because they are not living. - Rocks are an abiotic factor because they have never been alive. - Water in ponds is a biotic factor, because it provides a habitat for living things. - Oxygen is a biotic factor, because it is required for life and found in all living things.

Rocks are an abiotic factor because they have never been alive.

Sir Francis Bacon

Standardized procedures as the scientific method

A scientist is comparing the outer structure of an onion cell, structure X, to the outer structure of a human skin cell, structure Y. Which generalization is true about the types of structures being examined? - Structure X is not living, and structure Y is living. - Structure X can be found in some human cells, and structure Y can be found in some plant cells. - Structure X is only found in plant cells, and structure Y is found in plant and animal cells. - Structure X is semipermeable, and structure Y is selectively permeable.

Structure X is only found in plant cells, and structure Y is found in plant and animal cells.

What must happen before a chemical reaction can begin? - The activation energy must be exceeded. - The activation energy must be reached. - The concentrations of products and reactants must be equal. - The concentration of reactant molecules must be reduced.

The activation energy must be reached.

Which statement best describes the amount of catalyst that remains at the end of a reaction? - More catalyst is present at the end than at the beginning of the reaction. - Less catalyst is present at the end than at the beginning of the reaction. - The amount of catalyst is the same at the end as at the beginning of the reaction. - The catalyst is consumed by the reaction, so none remains at the end of the reaction.

The amount of catalyst is the same at the end as at the beginning of the reaction.

Which statement best describes how a catalyst can speed up a chemical reaction? - The catalyst makes lower energy pathways available. - The catalyst increases the concentration of products. - The catalyst binds to enzymes to release substrates. - The catalyst increases the concentration of reactants.

The catalyst makes lower energy pathways available.

A scientist is studying a cell and can clearly see that it has ribosomes and mitochondria. Which statement best describes how the cell could be classified? - The cell is prokaryotic because it contains ribosomes. - The cell is prokaryotic because it contains mitochondria. - The cell is eukaryotic because it contains ribosomes. - The cell is eukaryotic because it contains mitochondria.

The cell is eukaryotic because it contains mitochondria.

A student wonders whether removing the nucleus from a cell would result in a new prokaryotic cell. Why would this procedure fail to produce a prokaryotic cell? - The cell would lack genetic information. - The cell would lack the structure that is needed to produce proteins. - The cell would lack the structure that is needed to protect the cell's organelles. - The cell would lack control over materials that move into and out of the cell.

The cell would lack genetic information.

Which statement describes how enzymes and substrates are related? - The enzyme influences the speed of change from substrate to product. - Enzymes are released as substrates in a chemical reaction. - An enzyme is a special kind of substrate in a chemical reaction. - Substrates combine with enzymes to form reactants.

The enzyme influences the speed of change from substrate to product.

How are proteins and nucleic acids related? - They both provide energy. - They both carry genetic information. - The structure of proteins is determined by nucleic acids. - The subunits of nucleic acids are also the subunits of proteins.

The structure of proteins is determined by nucleic acids.

Dr. Katherine Pollard, a biostatistical researcher, recently changed the method that she used to compare human and chimpanzee DNA. Her research showed that the differences between the two species' DNA are in segments called switches, which turn certain genes on or off. What is the most likely outcome of Dr. Pollard's research? - Theories that are related to the evolution of humans from apes will change. - The laws of segregation and independent assortment will change. - Dr. Pollard will change experimental methods and repeat the study. - The hypothesis will be rewritten to match the outcome of the study.

Theories that are related to the evolution of humans from apes will change.

Which statement describes one way that RNA differs from DNA? - One is a protein, and the other is a nucleic acid. - They contain different five-carbon sugars and a different nitrogenous base. - They are both carbohydrates, but one is a polysaccharide. - One provides energy, and the other carries genetic information.

They contain different five-carbon sugars and a different nitrogenous base.

What function do chloroplasts perform? - They use light energy to make food for the plant. - They control the activities in the cell. - They produce proteins for the cell. - They provide temporary storage for the plant's water.

They use light energy to make food for the plant.

Based on the endosymbiotic theory, what cell would result from the endosymbiosis of a cell with a cyanobacterium? - a eukaryotic cell that can make its own food - a prokaryotic cell that can make its own food - an aerobic bacterium - an anaerobic bacterium

a eukaryotic cell that can make its own food

Which reaction is exothermic? - a reaction that absorbs energy from the environment - a reaction that requires an activation energy - a reaction that releases energy into the environment - a reaction that does not involve a change in energy

a reaction that releases energy into the environment

In a recent survey of students who graduated from a large public high school, nine out of ten students reported that they passed biology with a grade of seventy-five percent or higher. What further data could be produced to be sure that this information is accurate? - a review of the students' school transcripts - a survey of students from nearby high schools - a consult with the students' parents - an interview of students from the previous graduating class

a review of the student's school transcripts

A dietician examines the diet of a patient who is complaining that he is unable to build muscle mass. The patient eats mainly fresh fruits, vegetables, pasta, bread, and some fats and oils. Which type of supplement will the dietician most likely recommend? - citric acid - fatty acids - nucleic acids - amino acids

amino acids

building blocks of proteins?

amino acids

fifth step of the scientific method

analyze the results and draw conclusions

Which waste items should always be discarded in the hazardous waste container? - pieces of glass - plant specimens - all chemicals - bacterial cultures

bacterial cultures

What do catalysts do?

bind with substrates through a "lock and key" mechanism to speed up reactions

The excretions of living organisms are best categorized as which type of factor in an environment? - biotic - abiotic - living - nonliving

biotic

Which pair of terms best describes a wooden table? - biotic and nonliving - biotic and living - abiotic and nonliving - abiotic and living

biotic and nonliving

How does a catalyst work? - by increasing the temperature of a chemical reaction - by decreasing the pressure of a chemical reaction - by increasing the concentration of reactants in a reaction - by decreasing the activation energy of a reaction

by decreasing the activation energy of a reaction

How can a liquid be drawn into a pipette safely? - by squeezing a bulb attached to the wide end of the pipette - by gently sucking the wide end of the pipette until the liquid rises up - by using a beaker to pour the liquid into the pipette - by using an eyedropper to drip the liquid into the pipette

by squeezing a bulb attached to the wide end of the pipette

Cellulose is found throughout the cell walls of plant cells. Cellulose makes cell walls rigid, which indicates that cellulose is a - carbohydrate. - lipid. - nucleic acid. - protein.

carbohydrate

Which macromolecule provides a person with most of the energy that is needed for daily activities? - carbohydrates - lipids - nucleic acids - proteins

carbohydrates

A substance that influences the reaction but does not participate in the reaction is a

catalyst

Which term describes an enzyme? - substrate - reactant - catalyst - product

catalyst

What is the basic unit of structure and function of all living organisms? - mitochondrion - DNA - nucleus - cell

cell

Which organelles are found only in plant cells? - cell membrane, vacuole - cell wall, chloroplasts - cell wall, vacuole - cell membrane, chloroplasts

cell wall, chloroplasts

Which list shows the levels of organization of an organism in hierarchical order from left to right, from the smallest to the most complex? - organism, organ, organ system, cell, tissue - organism, organ system, organ, tissue, cell - cell, tissue, organ system, organ, organism - cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

If Tyler does not eat a diet that includes essential amino acids, his cells will not be able to build - nucleic acids. - certain proteins. - cell membranes. - certain carbohydrates.

certain proteins

Which organelle should be listed under "Plant Only" in the diagram? - centriole - vacuole - lysosome - chloroplast

chloroplast

Which organelle produces sugars while releasing oxygen, and in which cell could it be found? - the Golgi apparatus, which can be found in lung cells of animals - lysosomes, which can be found in all cells of grasses - ribosomes, which can be found in muscle cells of humans - chloroplasts, which can be found in leaf cells of trees

chloroplasts, which can be found in leaf cells of trees

Lab Report

communicates the specifics of your experiment

Cell Membrane

covers the entire cell and controls what goes into and outside of the cell

Which cell structure serves the stated function in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells? - nucleus: stores genetic material - cytoplasm: protects cell structures - ribosomes: regulate cell processes - DNA: surrounds cell contents

cytoplasm: protects cell structures

Which is biotic? - wind - iron gate - sunlight - dead leaf

dead leaf

Which two substances bind using a lock-and-key mechanism? - enzyme and substrate - reactant and substrate - substrate and product - reactant and product

enzyme and substrate

DNA

hereditary information of the cell

Responding to the environment by maintaining a stable internal environment despite changing external conditions is

homeostasis

theories

hypotheses based on repeated experimentation

Line graphs that indicate time along the x-axis can be used to predict what would happen to dependent variables in an experiment at a later point in time - only if the existing line shows an upward trend. - only if the existing line shows a downward trend. - if a new variable was introduced to the experiment. - if the experiment continued under the same conditions.

if the experiment continued under the same conditions.

Cytoplasm

jelly-like substance inside the cell that protects it

Which organelle contains digestive enzymes that break down waste material and debris in the cell? - lysosome - ribosome - vacuole - chloroplast

lysosome

Which list correctly shows carbohydrates in size from smallest to largest? - monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysaccharide - disaccharide, polysaccharide, monosaccharide - disaccharide, monosaccharide, polysaccharide - polysaccharide, disaccharide, monosaccharide

monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysaccharide

Which observation would most likely be made before an experiment? - measuring plant growth in response to different fertilizers - determining the mass of a product from a chemical reaction - counting the number of seeds that germinated after soaking in water - noticing the number of tulip plants that sprouted late in a garden

noticing the number of tulip plants that sprouted late in a garden

Ribosomes

organelles that produce proteins

Which level of organization includes all the other levels of organization? - organ system - organism - tissue - cell

organism

fourth step of the scientific method

perform an experiment

Observations lead to ...

questions

seventh step of the scientific method

record and communicate the results

Sweating and panting are examples of which characteristic of life? - responding to the environment -using energy - reproducing - growing and developing

responding to the environment

Which characteristic of life best describes the process of homeostasis? - responding to the environment - reproducing - growing and developing - using energy

responding to the environment

The picture shows a carafe of olive oil. What is one of the primary functions of this food in the body? - building proteins - storing energy - providing structure to cell walls - carrying genetic information

storing energy

The discovery of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) had no effect on which area of scientific investigation? - endosymbiotic theory - inheritance research - forensic science - study of cork bark

study of cork bark

Which is abiotic? - tree sap - insect - sunlight - wood table

sunlight

Endosymbiosis

symbiotic relationship in which one of the organisms lives inside the other organism

Scientific questions must be

testable

Which component is affected when a catalyst is added to a chemical reaction? - the amount of substrate - the activation energy - the amount of product - the concentration of reactants

the activation energy

Which is the best definition of activation energy? - the energy required to end a chemical reaction - the energy required to bind a substrate to an active site - the energy required to break the bonds of reactant molecules - the energy required to re-form bonds in product molecules

the energy required to break the bonds of reactant molecules

Which best describes the scientific method? - a path of clearly defined steps that must be followed in a particular order - a possible answer to a scientific question based on knowledge or research - the recipe for how to conduct an experiment that must be followed precisely - the process of hypothesis and testing through which scientific inquiry occurs

the process of hypothesis and testing through which scientific inquiry occurs

When listing the levels of organization in organisms from smallest to most complex, which level is just below organs in complexity? - cell - organism - organ system - tissue

tissue

Which level of organization is characterized by a group of cells that work together to perform a common function? - organ - tissue - organ system - organism

tissue

A lion eating a zebra is an example of which characteristic of life? - having cells - responding to the environment - using energy - growing and developing

using energy

Herbicides are being used to kill weeds in a nearby field. The plants absorb the herbicides from the soil. Which organelle in the plant will most likely store the absorbed herbicide waste? - ribosome - vacuole - chloroplast - mitochondrion

vacuole

Which organelle is used as temporary storage for water, waste products, food, and other cellular material? - mitochondrion - lysosome - centriole - vacuole

vacuole

Can theories be revised or replaced with new theories

yes

What does a lab report include?

-methods -data -results

How were Redi's and Pasteur's experiments similar? - Both studied the growth of microbes in broth. - Both studied flies emerging from meat. - Both tested the idea of spontaneous generation. - Both tested whether pasteurization kills microorganisms.

Both tested the idea of spontaneous generation.

Which discovery supported the endosymbiotic theory? - DNA in mitochondria - DNA in the cell nucleus - DNA in ribosomes - DNA in the cytoplasm

DNA in mitochondria

Second Step of the scientific method

Form a hypothesis

Scientific questions are based on

Observations and Research

Scientific Inquiry

Process of asking and answering questions about the natural world

sixth step of the scientific method

accept or reject the hypothesis

The boys in this picture look alike because their bodies contain identical - carbohydrates. - lipids. - nucleic acids. - proteins.

nucleic acids

what are the building blocks of nucleic acids?

nucleotides (RNA and DNA)

Which is a structure that contains the cell's hereditary information and controls the cell's growth and reproduction? - nucleus - Golgi apparatus - ribosome - mitochondrion

nucleus

the ... of the cell directs cell activity and acts like the control center

nucleus

Which macromolecule forms a double layer as the primary structure of cell membranes? - fats - oils - phospholipids - steroids

phospholipids

hypotheses

possible answers to those questions

Which type of macromolecule is made up of subunits that are called amino acids? - carbohydrate - lipid - nucleic acid - protein

protein

Laws

statements of fact that are generally accepted to be true and universal

If the activation energy required for a chemical reaction were reduced, what would happen to the rate of the reaction? - The rate would increase. - The rate would decrease. -The rate would remain the same. - The rate would go up and down.

the rate would increase

First Step of Scientific Method

Ask a question based on observation and research