IB History: Fall Exam Review

*Pearl Harbor*

The attack on Pearl Harbor was a surprise military strike conducted by the Imperial Japanese Navy against the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, on the morning of December 7, 1941. The attack was intended as a preventive action in order to keep the U.S. Pacific Fleet from interfering with military actions the empire of Japan was planning in Southeast Asia against overseas territories of the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and the United States.

*Canada's involvement in WW1* At the Front: Canadian Expeditionary Force

The first contingent arrived in England in October 1914 and began a haphazard training at their quarters in Salisbury Plain. While most of the Canadian troops would serve as a distinct division and later corps in the Brit Army, some served in other Brit formations (for example, Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry). The vast majority of units were stationed at various points on the Western Front throughout the war

*Muckrakers*

The print revolution enabled publications to increase their subscriptions dramatically. What appeared in print was now more powerful than ever. Writing to Congress in hopes of correcting abuses was slow and often produced zero results. Publishing a series of articles had a much more immediate impact. Collectively called MUCKRAKERS, a brave cadre of reporters exposed injustices so grave they made the blood of the average American run cold. Upton Sinclair published The Jungle in 1905 to expose labor abuses in the meat packing industry. But it was food, not labor, that most concerned the public. Sinclair's horrific descriptions of the industry led to the passage of the Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act, not to labor legislation.

*Canada's involvement in WW1* Financing the War: War debt

The problem with wartime debt was where to borrow money from? One source was the USA, and the other more important source was within Canada: the government issued a series of bonds that would raise $2.3 billion dollars. Canada emerged from the war with a debt of close to $5 billion dollars!

*Japanese Americans* Internment

The registration of Japanese Americans began on Mar. 27, 1942; once they were registered, they were given between 48 hours and six days to pack necessities such as toiletries and clothing, and dispose of the rest of their possessions. Many of the evacuees were successful business people and homeowners. Some asked friends to look after their possessions but most had to sell all but what they could carry quickly, thus they lost their affluence in this brief window as houses and businesses were sold at a fraction of their value. By Jun. 2, 1942, most Japanese from the first zone were in military custody. Most Japanese were first sent to assembly centers while it was determined where they would go from there; these centers were small and underprepared, and were located on stables or even racetracks. There were a total of 10 interment camps located in seven states, and 117,000 interned in these camps. The camps were located on unused government lands in regions with harsh climactic conditions, and were encircled by fences with barbed wire and guard towers and patrols to prevent people from leaving. The camps had schools and hospitals, and were intended to be self-sufficient. Initially, the occupants were housed in very sparse single-family barracks but had communal areas for washing, laundry, and eating, which went against their traditional values.

*Social Darwinism*

The theory that individuals, groups, and peoples are subject to the same Darwinian laws of natural selection as plants and animals. Now largely discredited, social Darwinism was advocated by Herbert Spencer and others in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and was used to justify political conservatism, imperialism, and racism and to discourage intervention and reform.

*Frontier experience & American values*

The values that many Americans said were defined by the frontier experience were: - Resourcefulness - Bravery - Pragmatism - Ingenuity - Individualism - Egalitarianism - Patriotism

*Canada's involvement in WW1* Political unity and division: Ross Rifle

The weapon that Sam Hughes decided would be issued to Canadian infantry men at the outset of the First World War. The rifle proved to be a good target and sniping weapon, but was heavy and jammed regularly, especially in the trying conditions of trench warfare. Persistent criticism by frontline soldiers eventually led to its replacement by the British Lee-Enfield rifle

*Philippines* Guerrilla warfare

There were two phases to the Philippine-American War. The first phase, from February to November of 1899, was dominated by Aguinaldo's ill-fated attempts to fight a conventional war against the better-trained and equipped American troops. The second phase was marked by the Filipinos' shift to guerrilla-style warfare. It began in November of 1899, lasted through the capture of Aguinaldo in 1901 and into the spring of 1902, by which time most organized Filipino resistance had dissipated.

*Atomic weapons*

These were developed during World War II as a result of the Manhattan Project. Two of these would be used on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

*Canada's involvement in WW1* A Question of Leadership: Borden

Throughout 1914 and 1915, Borden realized that the Canadian troops were not under his control anymore, and so he traveled to Britain in summer 1915 to assess the situation for himself and try to argue for a more significant decision-making role for his dominion. However, Borden returned empty-handed and with no answers and became determined to raise more soldiers for the cause so that Canada's concerns could not be ignored.

*Canada's involvement in WW1* Mobilization: War Measures Act

To facilitate the mobilization of 25,000 men to the Euro theater at Canada's expense, the gov passed this act. It reserved for the fed gov the right to govern by executive degree in times of perceived war, invasion, or insurrection.

*Canada's involvement in WW1* At the Front: Canadian Corps

When the second contingent arrived mid-1915, the Canadians were formed into corps commanded by Brit generals (the component divisions were commanded by Canadian generals). The Canadian Corps began to gain a reputation as skillful trench raiders and eventually as shock troops, leading larger assaults on German lines.

*US decision to enter WW1 & end of WW1* Western Front

Where most battles were fought In disputed territory of Alsace-Lorraine Between Germany, France, Britain, and US

*Minorities roles in WW2* African Canadians in the war

While some Black recruits would encounter resistance when trying to enlist in the army, in contrast to the First World War no segregated battalions were created. Indeed, several thousand Black men and women served. Black Canadians joined regular units and served alongside their white fellow soldiers in Canada, in England, and on the battlefields of Europe. In the early years of the war, however, the RCN and RCAF were not as inclusive in their policies. This did not mean that trail-blazing Black Canadians did not find a way to persevere and serve. Some Black sailors served in the Navy, and Black airmen served in the Air Force as ground crew and aircrew in Canada and overseas in Europe. Some Black women joined the military as well, serving in support roles so that more men were available for the front lines. And back on the home front, Black Canadians again made important contributions by working in factories that produced vehicles, weapons, ammunition and other materials for the war effort, and taking part in other patriotic efforts like war bond drives. For example, Black women in Nova Scotia worked in vital jobs in the shipbuilding industry, filling the roles of the men who would usually do that work but who were away fighting in the war.

*African Americans and WW1*

- The Great Migration (1914-20), when over 500,000 Black Southerners headed to the North - Many more opportunities for blacks in the North opened up because of war - African Americans viewed the war as an opportunity for bringing about true democracy in the US (basically, a struggle for African American civil rights) - Blacks were also expected to enter the military and fight for America - Tensions between whites and blacks tested the patriotic resolve of the blacks (there were several conflicts/riots between white and black workers and soldiers)

*Weapons & WW1* Tanks

- The tank was created to counter trench warfare - Can go over terrain no wheel can go over - Internal combustion engine, ammunition, operates in a 35 mile radius - Can travel 3 mph, later models go at 6 mph - Very uncomfortable inside the tank - Temperatures could get up over 100 degrees on the inside - In 1916, the Brits deployed the first tanks, which busted German trenches

*World War 1 and women and Native Americans* Women

- There were a lot of pacifists that opposed war, because if people go to war then they will forget about women's civil rights - Women had a change in fashion, because they needed to use materials in the war - Since there were less men around, more women worked - Women services were in high demand - Shortly after the war, women can vote - Women are going to become more responsible in the home

*World War 1 and women and Native Americans* Native Americans

- Were drafted and enlisted during the war; volunteered for dangerous positions and won praise for their bravery and skill; 5% of soldiers killed during war - Supported homefront by buying land and helping groups like Red Cross - Loss of land b/c cattle and sugar beet companies convinced gov't. to give them more land

*Weapons & WW1* Guns and Artillery

- Were the weapons in the trench - Machine Gun: most effective, American invention - Were fast firing (400-500 founds/min) and had good range - Guns could use a mount to increase area of bullet speed - Later portable machine guns were invented - Played a decisive role in almost every battle of the war - Artillery: wreaked havoc w/ explosions (more damage than machine guns). Germany's "Big Bertha" destroyed Belgian fortresses - Paris gun (most innovative) could be fired from over 75 miles away - Mortars were a type of artillery

*1920s presidents*

- Woodrow Wilson - Democrat (1913-1921) - Warren G. Harding - Republican (1921-1923) - Calvin Coolidge - Republican (1923-1929) - Herbert Hoover - Republican (1929-1933)

*Weapons & WW1* Balloons, Zeppelins, Airplanes

- Zeppelins were maneuverable and could go as fast as 70 mph - Germany had specialized war zeppelins which were initially used for reconnaissance but later for bombings - Were full of flammable material - Planes were mostly used for reconnaissance (greatest contribution) - Many early plane pilots were ex-cavalry - Challenge was how to shoot from plane without harming blades - Tony Faulker figured out a way to shoot w/o damage to plane - Balloons had observation decks - Flew higher, faster, and could take out zeppelins

*Good Neighbor Policy*

A United States foreign policy doctrine, adopted by Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1933, designed to improve relations with Latin America. A reaction to the exploitative dollar diplomacy of the early 1900s, the Good Neighbor policy encouraged interaction between the United States and Latin America as equals.

*US decision to enter WW1 & end of WW1* John J. Pershing

American General Didn't want to fight with allies (wanted to be our own team) Commander of American Expeditionary force Commanded African unit during American/Indian War

*Reasons for expansion* Jingoism

An expression of extreme national sentiment. It can also manifest itself in an aggressive foreign policy.

*Reasons for expansion* "Big Sister" Policy

An extension of the Monroe Doctrine formulated by James G. Blaine in the 1880s that aimed to rally Latin American nations behind US leadership and to open their markets to US traders. The policy bore fruit in 1889, when Blaine presided over the First International Conference of American States.

*Canada and WW2* What did they supply to the war effort other than troops?

Canada's industrial contribution to victory was considerable, though it began slowly. After the Allied reverses in Europe in 1940, British orders for equipment, which had been a trickle, became a flood. In April 1940 the Department of Munitions and Supply, provided for in 1939, was established with C.D. Howe as minister. New factories were built, and old ones adapted for war purposes. Now a great variety of guns and small arms were produced. Many ships, notably escort vessels and cargo carriers, were built; there was large production of aircraft, including Lancaster bombers; and the greatest triumph of the program was in the field of military vehicles, of which 815,729 were made.

*Canada and WW2* Where did Canadians serve

Canadian airmen served in every theater, from bases in the UK, North Africa, Italy, northwest Europe and southeast Asia. Battles with significant Canadian participation included: - Hong Kong (Canadian forces were reinforcements to assist in defending the British protectorate) - Dieppe (Canadian forces attempted to take the French port of Dieppe but the raid proved to be a disaster)- Italy (One year after Dieppe, Canadian forces participated in the invasion of Italy) - D-Day and the Battle of Normandy (On the first day of the invasion, the RCAF participated in inland bombings, paratroopers helped with the amphibious landing ashore, and Canadian divisions landed on Juno beach getting further on the first day than any other Allied force) - Battle of the Scheldt (Canadian forces fought and defeated German forces on the Scheldt River)

*Minorities roles in WW2* Code Talkers

Code talkers were First Nations soldiers in World War II who spoke Cree. They were the Canadian military's secret weapon: when the military needed to communicate sensitive or secret messages, they would use code talkers to send the message in Cree to another code talker who would translate it back into English. If the message was heard by the German army, they wouldn't be able to understand the message because they had no idea what language the code was in! They provided an invaluable service to Allied communications during the Second World War.

*Know your command terms* Examine

Consider an argument or concept in a way that uncovers the assumptions and interrelationships of the issue.

*Know your command terms* To what extent

Consider the merits or otherwise of an argument or concept. Opinions and conclusions should be presented clearly and supported with appropriate evidence and sound argument.

*Reasons for expansion* Manifest Destiny

Definition: First coined in the 1840s as a justification for the annexation of Texas, 'Manifest Destiny' came to mean different things to different people throughout the rest of the 19th century. At its simplest it was the belief that it was the inevitable mission of the USA to expand beyond its 1840s boundaries and to eventually stretch from the Atlantic to the Pacific. Context: The popularizer of the phrase, John L Sullivan, took as its evidence the population growth to that point (1845) and used terms such as 'natural law', 'natural flow of events' and 'the spontaneous working of principles'.

*Reasons for expansion* Alfred Thayer Mahan

Definition: Mahan was the President of the United States Naval War College; his lectures, magazine articles and books such as "Influence of Sea Power on History, 1660-1783" (1890) popularized the thesis that it was maritime trade and the tools of this trade - ships, both merchant and military - that brought national greatness. To Mahan it further meant that secure supplies of coal for these ships would be readily available at ports around the world. It also meant control of any advantageous waterways, natural and man-made. In this he was primarily looking to any future canal cutting across the Isthmus of Panama and to islands that could potentially protect the approaches to such a waterway. Context: This realist approach to American expansion took as its starting point the rapid population, economic and geographic expansion of the USA in the second half of the century and then looked to what it would take to protect this and ensure further growth. Such concerns naturally revolved around military and economic might.

*Reasons for expansion* Josiah Strong

Definition: The clergyman Josiah Strong gave Fiske's position a more racial and religious tone. In his book Our Country: Its Possible Future and Its Present Crisis (1885) , he posited the Anglo-Saxon race, especially as it had develop e d in the USA, as destined to dominate the globe. In many ways he saw such domination by what he believed to be a superior race as a duty. According to Strong, the combination of liberal democracy and Christianity as expressed in the USA was the chief means by which the world would progress and the vehicle of this progress was to be imperialist expansion - US expansion. Context: Fiske's writings and lectures in the 1880s emphasized the evolutionary superiority of the Anglo-Saxon race, as evidenced in its population growth, geographical influence and economic strength . He envisioned a day when the world would resemble the USA in institutions, language and religion. Although he stopped short of calling for anything like a crusade of annexation and military expansion, he certainly helped develop an intellectual foundation in which any such expansion could be seen as 'natural'.

*Reasons for expansion* Monroe Doctrine

Definition: The doctrine stated that the United States would view any attempt by European countries to interfere in the political affairs of Western Hemisphere countries as an act of aggression justifying an US response. Context: Situations in which European powers might feel the need to intervene in the western hemisphere were possible because of the Congress of Vienna. With this in mind, President Monroe (1817-25), with his Secretary of State, John Quincy Adams, sent a note to Congress outlining what would later become known as the Monroe Doctrine. This doctrine would raise its head throughout the rest of the century, in Mexico, Venezuela and Cuba.

*Canada's involvement in WW1* Mobilization: Pacifists

Despite all the patriotism, there were some quiet voices of dissent - voices that would grow in volume as the slaughter in France became more apparent and dragged on year after year. Pacifist religious sects, such as the Mennonites and Doukhobors, remained opposed to the war (quietly). But even among the religious groups that opposed the war, such as the Methodists, some were won over to the other side on the grounds that the war was becoming a moral crusade against those who used war to further their national goals (Germany)

*Reasons for expansion* Economic needs

Despite the fact that a great deal of European capital was still flowing into the USA, American oil and steel companies sought new markets and resources around the globe, and in so doing came into competition with other economic powers such as the United Kingdom and Germany. Although the USA had a massive domestic market, importing far less than it consumed, there was a growing sense by the 1890s that the U S economy was destined to produce more than could be consumed by existing markets, domestic and foreign. The United States, therefore, had to expand its markets.

*Minorities roles in WW2* Indigenous peoples in the war

Despite the racial discrimination faced by Indigenous people in the armed forces and on the home front, an estimated 4,300 First Nations soldiers and a number of Inuit and Métis peoples in Canada took up arms in the Second World War. When Canada declared war in 1939, Indigenous people volunteered in the thousands. Their reasons for doing so were varied. Some cited reasons related to employment opportunities or feelings of patriotism. Others felt that enlistment would enhance Indigenous claims towards full citizenship and legal equity in Canada after the war, as well as a better life on reserves. Indigenous people who enlisted experienced racially biased recruitment policies, with the majority funneled into the Canadian Army instead of the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) or the Royal Canadian Navy (RCN). Enlistment in the RCAF was only for "British subjects of pure European descent" until 1942, and in the RCN, for those "of pure European descent and of the white race," until 1943.

*Canada and WW2* Impact on women: Job opportunities

During the war, many women took a wide variety of civilian jobs that had once been filled by men. Canada had its own version of "Rosie the Riveter," the symbolic working woman who labored in factories to help the war effort. Women worked shoulder-to-shoulder with men in factories, on airfields, and on farms. They built parts for ships and aircraft and manufactured ammunition. They drove buses, taxis, and streetcars. This level of female participation in the workplace was a first for Canada - thousands of Canadian women proving they had the skills, strength, and ability to do the work that men did.

*Philippines* Emilio Aguinaldo

Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy QSC CCLH was a Filipino revolutionary, politician and military leader who is officially recognized as the first and the youngest President of the Philippines and first president of a constitutional republic in Asia

*Espionage and Sedition Acts*

Espionage Act - up to 20 years in prison for disloyalty, munity, insubordination, or refusal to enlist. Later amended to become the Sedition Act, which banned anti war free speech and was upheld by the SCOTUS. Specifically targeted socialists.

*Dollar Diplomacy*

Foreign policy created under President Taft that had the U.S. exchanging financial support ($) for the right to "help" countries make decisions about trade and other commercial ventures. Not only was the goal of diplomacy to improve financial opportunities, but also to use private capital to further U.S. interests overseas. "Dollar diplomacy" was evident in extensive U.S. interventions in the Caribbean and Central America, especially in measures undertaken to safeguard American financial interests in the region.

*Japanese Americans* Korematsu v. US

Fred Korematsu, a Nisei who was living in California at the time of the signing of Executive Order 9066, chose not to follow his parents and stayed behind with his girlfriend when the order to evacuate was given. In May 1942, he was arrested and branded a spy in the newspapers. In search of a test case, Ernest Besig, executive director of the American Civil Liberties Union for Northern California, went to see Korematsu in jail and asked if he would be willing to challenge internment at court. Eventually, the case reached the Supreme Court where in a 6-3 ruling it was found that the evacuation order violated by Korematsu was valid. The majority found that the Executive Order did not show racial prejudice but rather responded to the strategic imperative of keeping the U.S. and particularly the West Coast (the region nearest Japan) secure from invasion.

*US decision to enter WW1 & end of WW1* Unrestricted submarine warfare

German U boats practice this form of warfare, sinking not only ships that are perceived to be a threat, but even merchant or cruise ships. Kill many innocent people due to this warfare. Was the cause of the sinking of the Lusitania, leads Wilson to grant armament of merchant ships

*Know your command terms* Compare and contrast

Give an account of similarities and differences between two (or more) items or situations, referring to both (all) of them throughout.

*Hitler's expansion campaign*

In March 1936, against the advice of his generals, Hitler ordered German troops to reoccupy the demilitarized left bank of the Rhine. Over the next two years, Germany concluded alliances with Italy and Japan, annexed Austria and moved against Czechoslovakia—all essentially without resistance from Great Britain, France or the rest of the international community. Once he confirmed the alliance with Italy in the so-called "Pact of Steel" in May 1939, Hitler then signed a non-aggression pact with the Soviet Union. On September 1, 1939, Nazi troops invaded Poland, finally prompting Britain and France to declare war on Germany.

*Canada's involvement in WW1* The Conscription Crisis: Exemptions

In an effort to win the elections of 1917, the Union gov had promised exemptions to conscription (farmers' sons and Mennonites, for example) but the large number of people that wanted conscription ran the appeals mechanism to a standstill

*Canada and WW2* Impact on women Family Allowance Act

Legislated in 1944 and initiated in 1945, as the first universal welfare program implemented in Canada, passed under the leadership of Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King. Family allowances were to be paid by monthly check directly to mothers of children under 16 beginning in 1945. During the Second World War, many families had suffered because their wages had not matched wartime inflation. By introducing family allowances, the government directly improved both the purchasing power of families with children and their standard of living. The family allowance program gave many Canadian families their first experience of the benefits of government policies designed to generate social progress.

*Know your command terms* Evaluate

Make an appraisal by weighing up the strengths and limitations.

*Canada and WW2* Impact on women Military service

Many Canadian women wanted to play an active role in the war and lobbied the government to form military organizations for women. In 1941-42, the military was forever changed as it created its own women's forces. Women were now able, for the first time in Canada's history, to serve Canada in uniform. More than 50,000 women served in the armed forces during the Second World War. - The Canadian Women's Army Corps (CWACS) - The Women's Division, Royal Canadian Air Force (WDs) - The Women's Royal Canadian Naval Service (Wrens) - Women in the services filled many positions, including mechanics, parachute riggers, wireless operators, clerks, and photographers. - 4,480 Nursing Sisters (as Canadian military nurses were known) served in the war

*Causes of Spanish American War* McKinley

McKinley, again trying to walk a middle line, put the Spanish government on notice that its conduct in Spain was unacceptable and that if it did not remedy the situation the USA would take further action. This threat seemed to have the desired result. The Spanish government recalled General Weyler and proposed some limited reforms. By the end of 1897, the Cuban insurrection had again appeared to recede from the public eye in the United States. After the publication of the de Lome letter and the sinking of the USS Maine, McKinley's response was, at first, measure d. An inquiry was ordered into the causes of the explosion. The inquiry concluded that it had been an underwater mine that had ignited explosions in the ship 's magazines. Congress allocated $50 million to the looming war and the press and the public increasingly called for aggressive action against Spain. Although still wary of war, McKinley went to Congress on 11 April for the authority to use force against the Spanish.

*Canada's involvement in WW1* Mobilization: Sam Hughes

Minister of Militia, his character would dominate the mobilization effort. He operated free from governmental interference, method and scruples. Within a month, over 30,000 men had assembled, but assembling was one thing: a modern army had to be equipped and clothed and this proved to be a challenge

*Reasons for expansion* Missionaries

Missionaries were used in the 1890s to justify religious imperialism, and to civilize and Christianize other countries.

*Moral Diplomacy*

Moral diplomacy is a form of diplomacy proposed by US President Woodrow Wilson in his 1912 election. Moral diplomacy is the system in which support is given only to countries whose beliefs are analogous to that of the nation.

*Know your command terms* Discuss

Offer a considered and balanced review that includes a range of arguments, factors or hypotheses. Opinions or conclusions should be presented clearly and supported by appropriate evidence.

*Canada's involvement in WW1* At the Front: 2nd Battle of Ypres

On 22 April, the Germans released chlorine gas for the first time on the Western Front. The ensuing Battle of Ypres was a chaotic and bloody affair that revealed the Canadians as inexperienced but courageous soldiers. The shortcomings of the Ross rifle were becoming apparent and many turned to the Lee-Enfield of the Brit army

*US decision to enter WW1 & end of WW1* Why did US enter World War 1?

On April 6, 1917, the U.S. joined its allies--Britain, France, and Russia--to fight in World War I. Under the command of Major General John J. Pershing, more than 2 million U.S. soldiers fought on battlefields in France. Many Americans were not in favor of the U.S. entering the war and wanted to remain neutral.- Because the US was under attack (German sub warfare) despite its neutrality Why did they join? - To make the world safe for democracy - Because we would have faced economic collapse if the Allies could not pay back all the loans made to them by American bankers - Because it was good for business - Because of cultural, historical, and economic tries to Great Britain - Because of anti-German sentiment influenced by historic ties to England, German policies, and American and British propaganda

*Japanese Americans* Executive Order 9066

On Feb. 19, 1942, Roosevelt issued this which empowered the Secretary of War (or any military commander authorized by him) to designate military areas of strategic significance and remove 'any and all persons' from these areas. Effectively decreed that West Coast residents of Japanese ancestry - whether American citizens or not - were "enemy aliens"

*Japanese Americans* War Relocation Authority

On Mar. 18, 1942, President Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9102, establishing the War Relocation Authority (WRA) as part of the Department for Emergency Management. The WRA would remove Japanese Americans from designated military zones and relocate them, mostly to internment camps. Under the leadership of directors Milton Eisenhower (briefly) and Dillon S. Myer, the WRA built and operated a network of camps in the interior, where those removed were subjected to involuntary confinement. As part of the agency's mission to resettle Japanese Americans outside of the West Coast excluded zone, WRA officials implemented a controversial "loyalty program" that led to segregation and harsh treatment of those inmates deemed "disloyal," even as they took up the defense of those adjudged "loyal" and assisted them to find jobs and housing outside the camps.

*Canada and WW2* British Commonwealth Air Training Plan

One of Canada's most distinctive contributions to the war effort was the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan. Under an agreement signed in December 1939, Canada provided training facilities for airmen from all parts of the Commonwealth. Far away from actual fighting, and with excellent flying conditions, Canada was ideally suited to such a program. She also possessed a great deal of the necessary expertise and facilities. A large number of Canadians trained during the First World War were still active airmen and the opening up of the vast northland had created others.

*Canada's involvement in WW1* The Conscription Crisis: Military Service Act

Passed in 1917 (controversial) this required conscription for males

*Canada's involvement in WW1* The Conscription Crisis: Military Voters Act

Passed in 1917, Borden introduced this law to allow soldiers to vote. He correctly expected that most of them would vote for conscription

*Canada's involvement in WW1* The Conscription Crisis: Wartime Elections Act

Passed in 1917, gave the vote to female relatives of Canadian soldiers serving overseas in the First World War. It also took the vote away from many Canadians who had immigrated from "enemy" countries. This helped Borden as well in his conscription act

*18th & 19th Amendment* 19th Amendment

Provides men and women with equal voting rights. The amendment states that the right of citizens to vote "shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex."

*Canada's involvement in WW1* Mobilization: Recruiting highs and lows

Recruiting remained easy in the 1914 and 1915, and by June 1915 an all time high of 100,000 soldiers were overseas, and peaked in 1916, but then tumbled downhill from there. The decentralized recruiting system kept lowering medical and height standards in order to meet the need for new men.

*US decision to enter WW1 & end of WW1* Conscription

Selective Service Act passed on May 18, 1918. Required 21-30 aged men to draft, but later became 18-45. Only 73k out of the 1 mill required men enlisted, forcing this act to pass. Men could pay to be exempt, sparking riots. There were national conscription lotteries. Conscientous objectors opposed enlistment and many dodged the draft.

*Canada and WW2* Date joined war

September 10, 1939, one week after Britain and France declare war.

*Jazz Age* aka the "Roaring Twenties"

THIRD INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION - pioneered a moving assembly line - buying on credit became a way of life - keep the customer dissatisfied, so they are eager to buy a newer model 1920s AND URBANIZATION - more people began to live in cities because of work opportunities - cities were center of mass culture REVOLUTION IN MANNERS AND MORALS - more women were living away from family, dating, less clothing - women in this time were called "flappers" THE ELECTRICAL HOME - electric lights and other new household appliances revolutionized the home ADVERTISING AND THE PROMISE OF HAPPINESS - educated Americans of new products and appliances - radios and magazines also contributed to promoting products THE BEAUTY INDUSTRY - "make a woman feel guilty" - makeup industry boomed THE MOVIE INDUSTRY - young people flocked to the movies - celebrities were formed, men claimed they learned how to kiss from movies, etc - movies provided the images of new culture THE JAZZ AGE (HARLEM RENAISSANCE) - jazz provided the sound of new culture - Harlem: center of African-American city dwellers - Harlem Renaissance: the fostering of music, culture, and creativity of African-Americans a bunch of other stuff happened...

*US decision to enter WW1 & end of WW1* American Expeditionary Force

The American Expeditionary Force was the U.S. armed forces that were sent to fight in Europe during World War 1. It was the first time in the history of America that the U.S. sent troops abroad to help defend other countries

*Canada's involvement in WW1* A Question of Leadership: Use of Canadian troops

The British were essentially in charge of the Canadian troops that Borden sent over, with the CEF (Canadian Expeditionary Force) becoming part of the British Army.

*Canada's involvement in WW1* At the Front: Arthur Currie

The Canadian Corps were given the task to capture Vimy Ridge, a commanding position that the French had been unable to capture. General Arthur Currie had his corps rehearse the plan behind the lines, and innovations such as platoon tactics, counter battery targeting, and ensuring that all men understood objectives and how to find them both on a map and in reality, led to the operation being a huge success!

*Causes of Spanish American War* De Lôme letter

The De Lôme letter, a note written by Señor Don Enrique Dupuy de Lôme, the Spanish Ambassador to the United States, to Don José Canalejas, the Foreign Minister of Spain, reveals de Lôme's opinion about the Spanish involvement in Cuba and US President McKinley's diplomacy. This letter criticized American President William McKinley by calling him weak and concerned only with gaining the favor of the crowd. Publication of the letter helped generate public support for a war with Spain over the issue of independence for the Spanish colony of Cuba.

*Geneva Naval Conference*

The Geneva Naval Conference of 1927 was a gathering of the United States, Great Britain and Japan, to discuss making joint limitations to their naval capacities. The conference was a failure because the parties did not reach an agreement and the naval arms race continued unabated after the conference. Context: After World War I, many nations became concerned about the threat of another war and the possibility of an arms race. To address these issues in the naval arena, in 1922, Great Britain, the United States, Japan, France, and Italy signed the Five Powers Treaty at the Washington Conference. The United States and Great Britain remained on par with each other in the size of their navies, but Japan was held to a navy 60 percent as large and France and Italy were restricted to navies 35 percent the size. In 1927, U.S. President Calvin Coolidge invited these powers to meet again to discuss extending the agreement to include other classes of vessels not included in the original treaty, such as cruisers, destroyers, and submarines. France and Italy declined the invitation to participate in the conference.

*Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928*

The Kellogg-Briand Pact was an agreement to outlaw war signed on August 27, 1928. Sometimes called the Pact of Paris for the city in which it was signed, the pact was one of many international efforts to prevent another World War, but it had little effect in stopping the rising militarism of the 1930s or preventing World War II. Basically made war illegal as a tool of national policy, allowing only defensive war. The Treaty was generally believed to be useless.

*1893 depression*

The Panic of 1893 was a national economic crisis set off by the collapse of two of the country's largest employers, the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad and the National Cordage Company. Following of the failure of these two companies, a panic erupted on the stock market. Hundreds of businesses had overextended themselves, borrowing money to expand their operations. When the financial crisis struck, banks and other investment firms began calling in loans, causing hundreds of business bankruptcies across the United States. Banks, railroads, and steel mills especially fell into bankruptcy. Over fifteen thousand businesses closed during the Panic of 1893. Unemployment rates soared to twenty to twenty-five percent in the United States during the Panic of 1893. Homelessness skyrocketed, as workers were laid off and could not pay their rent or mortgages. The unemployed also had difficulty buying food due to the lack of income.

*Platt Amendment*

The Platt Amendment, an amendment to a U.S. army appropriations bill, established the terms under which the United States would end its military occupation of Cuba (which had begun in 1898 during the Spanish-American War) and "leave the government and control of the island of Cuba to its people." While the amendment was named after Senator Orville Platt of Connecticut, it was drafted largely by Secretary of War Elihu Root. The Platt Amendment laid down eight conditions to which the Cuban Government had to agree before the withdrawal of U.S. forces and the transfer of sovereignty would begin.

*Treaty of Paris 1898*

The Treaty of Paris of 1898 was a treaty signed by Spain and the United States on December 10, 1898, that ended the Spanish-American War. In the treaty, Spain relinquished all claim of sovereignty over and title to Cuba, and ceded Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines to the United States. - From the treaty America got Guam, Puerto Rico and they paid 20 million dollars for the Philippines. Cuba was freed from Spain.

*Causes & Results of the Great Depression* Causes

Wall Street Crash: two months after the original crash in October, stockholders had lost more than 40 billion. Even though the stock market had begun to regain some of its losses by the end of 1930, it was not enough, and America truly entered the Great Depression Farm overproduction: due to surpluses and overproduction, farm incomes dropped, and the price of farmland fell. In 1929, the average annual income for an American family was 750, but for farm families it was only 273 Unequal Dist. of Wealth: the wealthiest 1% owned between 33 and 40 percent of wealth in the USA -- the same as the bottom 42% Reduction in purchasing: individuals from all classes began to limit their purchasing. This led to a reduction in the number of items sold, meaning less production, which reduced the workforce Gov't. Policies that limited regulation: bank deposits were uninsured and thus, as banks failed, people lost their savings. Surviving banks were unwilling to create new loans, which led to less expenditure. Once the stock market crashed, millions of Americans began to withdraw their money

*Canada's involvement in WW1* Mobilization: Canadian Patriotic Fund

Was chartered to raise money that would bridge the gap between what soldiers would earn in uniform and what they had earned as civilians, thus taking some of the financial burden off those who remained behind. Schools, clubs, and mutual benefit societies raised money to buy food, uniforms, and even weapons

*Canada's involvement in WW1* Mobilization: Canada at war

When Britain was at war, Canada was at war. The manner of Canada's participation was a matter for the Parliament to decide, but there was little debate: Canada would commit to the total war effort.

*Canada's involvement in WW1* Quebec: Reasons for lower recruitment in Quebec

- Men married earlier in Quebec, which lowered the amount of single men available to enlist - Recruiting in Quebec was organized by a Protestant, so the Catholic Church was excluded from the recruitment process - Anti-French education laws in other provinces convinced French Canadians that this was not their war - More employment opportunities, and high wages, were more appealing to many than enlistment - Publicly, Henri Bourassa and his allies expressed their opposition to the war openly , and this further lowered Quebec recruitment

*Causes & Results of the Great Depression* Results

- Factories shut down or cut back, and industrial production dropped - By 1934, 25% of the labor force was out of work - Farmers lost their homes and fields b/c they were unable to pay mortgage - Urban families were evicted b/c they couldn't pay rent - Half of all banks failed. Unemployment rose to 25% and homelessness increased. Housing prices plummeted 30%, international trade collapsed by 65%, and prices fell 10% per year.

*Weapons & WW1* Chemical Warfare

- First used in WWI - Early on, used tear gas by Germans (eventually both sides used chemical weapons) - Later switched to chlorine and phosgene (attacked lungs and person drowned in own bodily fluids - Put gases in cylinders (to have more amounts of gas) - Gas masks countered chemical warfare by neutralizing poison - Mustard gas wasn't countered by gas masks; it was a liquid - Gas was unreliable and didn't play a huge role in war since it was easily countered by gas masks

*US decision to enter WW1 & end of WW1* Meuse-Argonne offensive

- Greatest American battle of WW1 - Last battle - Final Allie defensive- Allie Victory - Armistice was signed after - Wanted to reclaim rail system for supply purposes - FINAL ALLIE PUSH TO BREAK GERMAN LINE

*Weapons & WW1* Submarines

- John Holland (father of modern day submarine) - Two types of engines were used (one for surface and one for underwater) - Germany was leader in sub tech; made U boats - Sought to counter British navy with submarines - Torpedo (powered by compressed air) was very effective and powerful - Subs also had deck guns - Subs had high stealth and couldn't be seen - Germans targeted supply ships of even neutral countries which brought American into the war

*Philippines* Philippine insurrection

After its defeat in the Spanish-American War of 1898, Spain ceded its longstanding colony of the Philippines to the United States in the Treaty of Paris. On February 4, 1899, just two days before the U.S. Senate ratified the treaty, fighting broke out between American forces and Filipino nationalists led by Emilio Aguinaldo who sought independence rather than a change in colonial rulers. The ensuing Philippine-American War lasted three years and resulted in the death of over 4,200 American and over 20,000 Filipino combatants. As many as 200,000 Filipino civilians died from violence, famine, and disease.

*Canada's involvement in WW1* A Question of Leadership: Imperial War Conference

In January 1917, David Lloyd George, coalition leader of a new British gov, convened a conference and the dominion leaders formed into an Imperial War Cabinet. Two things became clear at the cabinet table: - Britain expected even more from its imperial partners - The dominions wanted a change in their status as a result

*18th & 19th Amendment* 18th Amendment

January 16, 1920: Alcohol is prohibited

*Immigration*

In the late 1800s, people in many parts of the world decided to leave their homes and immigrate to the United States. Fleeing crop failure, land and job shortages, rising taxes, and famine, many came to the U. S. because it was perceived as the land of economic opportunity.

*Japanese Americans* 442nd Infantry

Initially, draft-age men were prohibited from serving in the military but in 1943 the government reversed its position and allowed the enlistment of Nisei (second generation Japanese). Life African Americans, they were segregated and served in their own unit - the 442nd infantry. The government was hoping for 1500 recruits; instead 33,000 served during the war, 2,100 of whom came from the camps. These recruits were forced to complete and sign a loyalty questionnaire that many found humiliating. The 442nd infantry participated in the battles to liberate Italy and France. They also served in the military intelligence division, acting as interpreters and translators once encrypted documents were deciphered and, in the late stages of the war, they calmed civilians on the Japanese islands taken who had been told to expect atrocities at the hands of US soldiers.

*Canada and WW2* Canadianization

Involvement/Participation Canadianization Canada's participation in the war furthered the idea of Canadianization: the Canadian military would fight with the British, but in its own army, navy, and air force units, with its own leadership.

*US decision to enter WW1 & end of WW1* Doughboys

US troops in WW1 were called this. Specifically, the American Expeditionary Force on the Western Front.

*Canada's involvement in WW1* The Conscription Crisis: Decision for conscription

Unable to maintain voluntary enlistment numbers that could sustain the Canadian Corps in the face of battle field losses, Prime Minister Borden decided that the only alternative was conscription and in May 1917 announced it to the House of Commons

*Progressive Movement Women*

Women became leaders in a range of social and political movements from 1890 through 1920. This period is known as the Progressive Era. Progressive reformers wanted to end political corruption, improve the lives of individuals, and increase government intervention to protect citizens

*US decision to enter WW1 & end of WW1* End of war

World War One ended at 11am on 11 November, 1918. This became known as Armistice Day - the day Germany signed an armistice (an agreement for peace) which caused the fighting to stop.

*US decision to enter WW1 & end of WW1* Zimmerman note

Written by Arthur Zimmerman, a German foreign secretary. In this note he had secretly proposed a German- Mexican alliance. He tempted Mexico with the ideas of recovering Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico. The note was intercepted on March 1, 1917 by the U.S. government. This was a major factor that led us into WWI.