IFS 2052 Exam 1

What is culture shock (the U-curve) and reverse culture shock (the W-curve)

"Culture shock" is anxiety that is brought upon from living and resigning within a culture other than your own. Feeling disorientated because you are subjected into an unfamiliar culture, different ways of living, and set of values. U-curve model of cultural adjustment best explains culture shock: 1.) honeymoon/euphoria stage 2.) crisis stage- fight or flight and "going native": when you really start to experience the difficulties to adapting to another culture. 3.) adjustment stage: a flexible stage where you are gaining an understanding and you are starting to realize what it is like to live in this new culture 4.) Integration stage: when you reach a balance between your own culture identity but you brought in the new culture as well Revere culture is when you have difficulty in returning to your home country and face these difficulties: - change in ourselves - change in relationships - unrealistic expectation and disillusionment - lack of appreciation The W-curve model is when you forget what it was like to be a part of that culture that you were in for awhile and fully come back to your previous/original/native culture. You kind of look at the other culture as a form of nostalgia and forget any changes that you had or adapted when you were in that other culture

Which ethical principle looks across several different cultures and sees if there are any ethical principles that they all would agree on, for example, "torture is bad" and then place this principle upon all cultures.

"Derived" universal principle

Define Communication

"The process of creating and sending symbolic behavior, and the interpretation of behavior between people" -Baldwin

Define intercultural communication

"when culture impacts the communication between two or more people enough to make a difference" -Baldwin "whenever a person from one culture sends a message to be processed by a person from a different culture" -McDaniel and Samovar

Give some examples of different worldviews

- Atheism (or Secularism/Humanism): social order and life can exist without God or organized religion; science and laws of nature is what holds the answers and solutions; has a strong belief in the individual (self-reliance); takes self-responsibility for actions and feels a responsibility to mankind and nature; goal is to create a better world because this world is all we have; views death as a biological truth and not a spiritual matter - Spirituality: believes a life of faith does not require organized religion; spirituality comes from within...emphasizes individual's personal search for answers to life's questions; values self-discovery, mindfulness, inner peace, creative self-expression, and simplicity - Religion: helps people live their lives and prepare for the end of life; offers a worldview about the nature of life and death, creation of the universe, and relationship of humans to each other and to the earth; mechanism of social control; consists of sacred writing that bring along rituals and ethical guidelines for distinguishing between right and wrong.

Identify and recognize the codes/channels that nonverbal behavior follow

- Kinesics: such as emblems, which is nonverbal behaviors that substitute for verbal behavior....ex.) the money sign - Haptics: the communication used through touch - Proxemics: how a culture values their use of space. This can have different dimensions like the intimate space between lovers, social space between acquaintances, personal space within the public, etc.. It can also refer to territoriality - Oculesics: how culture use their gaze for communication..ex.) staring, eye contact, etc. - Paralinguistic: verbal gestures such as tone of voice, pronunciations, etc. This includes prosody, which is the stress that you put on a pitch or the sounds that you make. As well as back channeling, which is the cues we use when we are listening, so the verbal sounds we will make that shows the other person that we are listening to what they are saying. - Chronemics: how time works with communication - Olfactics: how people smell and the perception of smell or communication of smell - Physical appearance: beauty is in the eye of the beholder

What are the components of culture?

- Learned (not innate) - Transmitted (enculturation, diffusion) - Symbolic (signs, codes, etc.) - Dynamic (invention, diffusion, calamity) ex.) technology - Manifest and Latent - Created, changed, reinforced, and slow to change ex.) civil rights - Ethnocentric

Why is it important to be civic and politically engaged?

- Patterns set in college continue in the "real world"-- the things you do now are going to reflect what you do once you graduate. So if you don't get involved now...will you ever? - Because if we don't, then who will? How do we get past these reasons? - There are personal benefits: you feel good when you help someone else. - And because democracy depends on it: this country could not function without the politically and civically engaged people in it.

What are examples of different kind of social identities?

- Racial Identity: race is a social construct arising from efforts to categorize people into different groups. Science has determined that there is very little genetic variation among humans. It is predicted (and already happening) that the human population will become more alike as the races merge. - Ethnic Identity: ethnicity is derived from a sense of shared heritage, history, traditions, values, similar behaviors, area of origin, and language. Ethnicity of many Americans/Canadians is tied to ancestors' place of origin prior to coming to North America. - Gender Identity: gender refers to how a particular culture differentiates masculine and feminine social roles. Culture influences on what constitutes beauty and gender and how it is displayed. EX.) fashion in denmark..........language in Japan........tanning in Europe/America - National Identity: refers to your nationality....usually becomes more pronounced when persons are away from their home country. There is an interesting phenomena currently happening where young adults from Europe think of Europe as their native land. Texans....Quebecers - Regional Identity: smaller divisions of geographic area. Cultural contrast among these regions may be manifested through ethnicity, language, accent, dialect, customs, food, dress, historical and political legacies - Organizational Identity: in collectivist cultures organizational affiliation is often more important (ex. in Japan people are often introduced firstly by where they work). We place high priority on organizational roles in the US.... think about who when we are out the first question we ask when meeting someone is, "what do you? (as in career)" or "what is your major?" - Cyber/Fantasy Identity: the Internet provides an opportunity to escape constraints of everyday identities. Infatuation with "imaginary personas" can become so strong they take on a life of their own. Second life is an example of a virtual world where participants construct avatars that can become a real world for someone. This is becoming popular for virtual business meetings.

What are the contexts of nonverbal behavior?

- Relational: difference between hugging a boss and hugging a friend - Experiential/prior behavior: say your boss went around hugging everyone versus if they only hugged one person - Situational: when you are at work versus when you are out clubbing, we are always using nonverbal behavior in situations. - Speech episode - Verbal communication - culture

What are the concepts of salient identity, cultural competence, and intercultural competence?

- Salient Identity: we all have multiple identities, so this is the idea of which identity we believe is most relevant but also what other people believe to be most relevant. Which identity is more relevant, and expressed with the most intensity differs according to context and time. It also may change based on what our circumstantial conditions are....EX.) our most salient identity right now might be being a student, but this can change once graduation comes along in which my salient identity become being a boss of a company or working as ______________. - Cultural Competence: the idea that you understand what your role is in your culture and you act and behave accordingly. - Intercultural Competence: you understand the role of your culture and other cultures, therefore, you can interact with other cultures.

What are some aspects of culture?

- Social Perception - Worldview - Social Organization

What are three types of cultural values?

- Universal: how much do we value prestige, power, security, stability? Traditions, values, spirituality and universalism - Terminal: the in state or the desire outcome of an action...what is our desired outcome in life? - Instrumental: the modes of conduct or the actions/traits that we take to achieve those terminal values.

A subculture and co-cultures and examples

- a sub culture or co-culture is distinct cultural groups that exist as an identifiable segment within a larger, more complex society. Ex.) Riot girl bands often address issues such as rape, domestic abuse, sexuality, racism, patriarchy, and female empowerment Ex.) women who drink craft beer

What are some social organizations?

- family (the way that a family is organized) - education (how it is valued) - law, etc.

What are the dimensions of invisibility when applied to sub-cultures and co-cultures?

- seen by dominant culture as a nobody, thereby they are unacknowledged or their importance is unperceived - seen as objects, rather than humans (interability communication) - "people with disabilities" versus "disabled people"...people want to be identified as a person before they are identified as anything else - caste-marked

What are the structure of cultures?

- subjective culture: a society's characteristic way of perceiving its social environment. It consist of ideas of about what worked in the past and what is worth transmitting to future generations. - objective culture: the only way that aspects of a culture are transmitted through agencies of external - beliefs: about the connections between humans and the way you see the world - values - attitudes - rules, norms, mores, laws: rules are set things that we have to follow or we will face consequences, so like the Law and then norms are things that are considered etiquette and should be followed by most of society, so like personal space and eye contact in America.

What are some downside of "doing good"

-Paternalism: the idea that you are being a father figure and so that other culture or country that one is helping starts to act and be treated like a poor, helpless child. - Dependence: having a country rely on the constant giving and help from another country in which they don't try to adopt certain ways that they should to try and become more independent. - Disempowerment: a lot of times when we help another country it can cause us to disempower that country by saying what we think that the country needs and then end up giving something that the community dint even actually really need but needed something else more. - Perpetuating stereotypes: creating this idea in other countries the they can't do it by themselves, they need us to help. Or the idea of someone always trying to help someone and be or act like a God. Or it can be seen as meddling and always trying to make other people think what they want to think by getting involved in another culture's issues. That when we help other countries as Americans it can be seen as us just trying to get involved and promote democracy upon that country.

what are the characteristics of nonverbal behavior?

-not easily controlled; unconscious - when nonverbal and verbal messages conflict, nonverbal usually are more accurate

What are the five types of identity resolutions and the five identity patterns and understand how they relate to multiracial identities.

1. Accept the monoracial identity society assigns (i.e. the "one drop rule") 2. actively choose a mono racial (minority) identity 3. define self as biracial or multiracial 4. develop a new race identity (not fractionating oneself into parts but seeing self as something new altogether) 5. Symbolic race, the declaration of a white identity with attachment AND detachment from one's heritage of color Identity Patterns= a single identity may be neither possible nor desirable for mixed race students. Consists of five different pattern types: 1.) Monoracial Identity= The individual chooses one of his or her heritage backgrounds to identify with (ex. "I am black") 2.) Multiple Monoracial Identity= "Im Asian and Latina" 3.) Multiracial Identity= the individual elects an identity that is neither one heritage nor another, but of a distinct "multicultural" group on par with other racial categories (ex. "I'm mixed") 4.) Extraracial Identity= "I don't check any of the boxes"...student holds an extra racial identity by deconstructing race or opting out of identification with the U.S. racial categories 5.) Situational Identity= the ability to read contexts and construct racial identity in relation to specific contexts is a highly evolved skill requiring emotional maturity and cognitive complexity (ex. "it depends") These patterns relate to multiracial identity because this identity can cause an individual to feel torn between cultures ("fractured sense of self")

What are the four different ethical approaches to the study of communication?

1. Utilitarianism: what is the greatest number of people that will benefit? The good out ways the bad... the ethical doctrine that virtue is based on utility, and that conduct should be directed toward promoting the greatest happiness of the greatest number of persons. 2. Categorical Imperative: puts a different spin on it... what if everyone did this? An unconditional moral obligation that is binding in all circumstances and is not dependent on a person's inclination or purpose. 3. Golden mean: "maybe I will just blow through that light once a year or once a month but I won't do it every time" so the golden mean is saying that you will do something ethically wrong every now and then but it won't be the way you run your life; therefore, it is believed to be okay cause as long as you are only doing it sometimes it is not that bad. 4. Ethical Egoism: what is good for you personally? how am I going to benefit? If I com out on top then there is nothing wrong with it...this approach is selfish and doesn't give any regard to how others will be effected by your ethical decisions and actions.

What are the 5 big questions humankind strives to answer to arrive at a worldview?

1. What is the character of innate human nature? 2. What is the relation of humankind to nature and the supernatural? 3. What is the temporal focus of human life? (how does time concern us: past, present, and future?) 4. What is the modality of human activity? 5. What is the reality of humankind's relationship to other humans?

What are the four areas of speech acts and explain them

1.) Directives: our attempts to influence people or issue commands or to get somebody to do something. They can be overt or they can be hints. 2.) Criticism: can be hard and direct or it can be framed in a soft, disappointed way. 3.) Apologies: framed so that we are ashamed for what we did 4.) Compliments: flattery

What is interpersonal communication?

A model of interaction that says we see people as each having their own personality and ideals versus as just belonging to a certain group.

What are the problematic attitudes dominant cultures have towards mixed race people and why?

Animosity and Resentment: - "Just choose one!" - "Just be what you look like!" Glorifying and Exotified - "mixed people are more attractive" - "mixed people get the best of both worlds" - "a symbol of progress- the end of racism" Disbelief - "What?! You are really....?" - "Wow! Your mom really is---?" Pity - "tragic mulatto" - "war babies"

What is Anti-miscegenation and how does it relate to the Loving vs. Virginia case?

Anti-miscegenation are marriage laws that individual states in the US passed in order to criminalize interracial marriage. Originally intended for White marrying Black but then opened up to Whites marrying other races. The Loving vs. Virginia Case was the U.S. Supreme Court case that ended all race-based legal restrictions on marriage.

What is the difference between Avowal cultural identity processes and Ascription cultural identity processes?

Avowal processes: the self that we portray to other people. An individual saying this is who I am. Ascription processes: the process of which other people attribute identities to an individual. Often these attributions are stereotypes.

Explain the difference between Elaborate (Exaggerating and Exacting) versus succinct form of verbal communication

Cultures differ by their preference on quantity or volume of talk. The elaborate-succinct communication style correspond with high- and low-context culture dimension. In high-context cultures, less verbal communication is needed because people rely on the environment to infer meaning. Whereas in low-context cultures, meaning are transmitted mainly through verbal communication. Elaborate style emphasizes flashy and embellished language. Metaphors, similes, and adjectives are used often in everyday conversation. People from acting style say no more or less than is needed. This style is commonly seen in Arab, Middle Eastern, and African American cultures. Succinct style uses concise, statement, understatement, even silence. Asian and some Native American cultures prefer this style.

Explain the difference between Direct and Indirect verbal communication

Cultures differ in the degree to which speakers disclose their intentions through precise and candid verbal communication. In using a DIRECT STYLE, interactants clearly articulate their desires and needs. This style is often used in low context and individualistic cultures. INDIRECT STYLE is often used in high context and collectivistic cultures. Speakers' intention is often hidden or hinted during interaction. The use of ambiguity and vagueness is characteristics of an indirect style because understanding can be inferred from the actions in the environment that explicit messages are not necessary.

What are the different steps of how minorities acquire identity versus how dominant culture groups acquire identity?

Developing and acquiring identities (study by Martin and Nakayama) is a 5 step model consisting of: 1. Unexamined identity- individuals are unconcerned with identity issues 2. Acceptance- acquiescence to existing social inequities, even though such acceptance may be at a subconscious level 3. Resistance- members of the dominant culture become more aware of existing social inequities or unfairness and begin to question their own culture, and increase association with minority culture members 4. Redefinition and Reintegration- increased understand of one's dominant cultural identity and an appreciation of minority cultures Cross's Minority Identity development: 1. Pre-encounter: when you are young you don't necessarily differentiate 2. Encounter 3. Immersion-emersion: immersing yourself in another culture and distancing yourself from your own 4. Internalization 5. Internalization-commitment Helms' White/Majority Identity Development: 1. Initial contact: interacting with someone from a different society 2. Confrontation 3. White/dominant group guilt: when you realize that you have all the privilege and you realize others do not have this the same way you do and you feel guilty about it 4. Values diversity: when you realize that you are not apart of the problem because you have done your part to understand other cultures and groups.

Which ethical principle says that if we discuss what we think ethics are and what they should be then we can come up with a standard ethical principle that should be applied to all countries. However, imagine trying to do this with N. Korea and S. Korea in the same room...could this really work?

Dialogic ethics

Explain the difference between Differentiated and Undifferentiated codes of verbal communication

Differentiated: in the Spanish language...the word, you, can be said formally as Usted, or informally as Tu Undifferentiated: this is like the U.S. language because the pronouns we use do not change depending on the person we are speaking with

What is the ideological framing that languages give to words?

Discourse system of meaning. Words are not neutral--words are just symbols for meaning of what we want to convey, but they are not neutral. words are loaded. Ex.) "have a seat" -this could be displayed in many different ways and mean different things depending on how it is conveyed from the receiver and sent from the messenger.

What is the difference between ethics and morality?

Ethics: the application of moral principles to behaving with others; related to the rightness or wrongness of interactions with others. Morality: related to any behavior that may be considered right or wrong.

Why is ethnocentrism a component of culture?

Ethnocentrism is a the tendency to view one own's culture as superior to others. The reason why ethnocentrism is common with people is that most people are unfamiliar with other cultures as well as perceive others with similar culture and values to themselves as superior. If we do it one way then we usually think that is the best possible way to be doing it even though other cultures may be doing it some other way that works as well and may perhaps even be better.

what are the 6 interactive stages of identity?

Example is someone being a homosexual 1.) recognizing that one's attractions and feelings are not heterosexual, as well as telling other than one is not heterosexual 2.) summarizing self-concepts, emotions, and desires into a personal identity as gay/lesbian/bisexual 3.) developing a non-heterosexual identity 4.) disclosing one's identity to parents and redefining familial relationships afterward 5.) developing capabilities to have intimate gay/lesbian/bisexual relationships 6.) becoming a member of the LGBT community

What is the difference between High-contact and Low-contact cultures?

High-Contact cultures seek more sensory input, face to face interaction...they want more touch and more contact with one another. Low-Contact cultures don't want to make eye contact or to be too physically close to someone.

What are Kluckholm and Strodtbeck's value orientations in terms of worldview?

Human Nature! Human-(Super)Nature! Time! Activity! Relational! ....and the answers depend on: - Guilt Cultures - Shame Cultures: people are motivated by a sense of social obligations; people are honored by protecting their certain group - Spiritual/Sacred Cultures: focus on this feeling that they have this sense of spiritual divine and this feeling of divinity Secular cultures: see life problems and life solutions in terms of science

Define and explain what Identity is

Identity= the reflective self-conception or self-image that w each derive from our family, gender, cultural, ethnic, and individual socialization process. Identity basically refers to our reflective views of ourselves and other perceptions of our self-images. It is the concept of who we are. Identity is... - an abstract idea! - dynamic! - multiple! How is identity classified? - Essentialist: through nature and biology - Non-essentialist: through nature and social constructions

What is the difference between in-groups, out-groups, and reference groups?

In-groups identity categorization: the categorization that people put themselves into, this is what someone believes they are in Out-groups identity categorization: the group that someone doesn't associate with or in, we tend to see this group as less valuable, less important ("othering") Reference groups identity categorization: those that we value and look into for guidance, but don't necessarily belong to. We aspire to be more like them, etc.

In terms of Acculturation what is the individual's adjustment involve compared to what the dominant culture's pressure is?

Individual's adjustment: - Integration/biculturalism: when you fully embrace and identify with your old culture and the new culture - Resist: where you resist the new culture and maintain the old one - Marginal: they don't identify with their own culture or their new one...they kind of feel a sense of loss of self - Selective adaption: where you resist identifying with he dominant culture and you embrace some elements of the dominant culture because you see some of the value in them but as a whole you don't embrace the new culture fully you still believe a big part in your own . Dominant Culture's Pressure is the kind of pressure the dominant culture puts on an individual that is new to their culture - Segregation: - Multiculturalism/ cultural pluralism - Melting pot/assimilation: where we expect people to lose their cultural identities and fully adapt to the new culture - Exclusion: if people don't fit right into the dominant culture's norm then they are excluded form that culture

What is intergroup communication?

Intergroup communication is a model of interaction that says we only see people as a part of a certain group.

what is important for intercultural communication?

It is important to have high interpersonal and intergroup communication because one who is highly intercultural will understand that people have their own ideals and personalities however their cultural group is also important to understand how to communicate effectively with this person.

What is the relationship between subcultures and mainstream cultures?

It may be difficult to identify certain subcultures because of their style (particularly clothing and music) may be adapted by a mass culture for commercial purposes. Businesses often seek to capitalize on the subversive allure of subcultures in search of "cool", which remains valuable in the selling of any product EX.) boho clothing such as free people and other brands that try to enhance the "hippy sub-culture" so someone might wear this type of clothing but not actually be a hippy whatsoever.

What is the meaning and application for language?

Language is a "system of verbal, nonverbal, and visual symbols that group pieces together to share meaning."

What are the ethical principles?

Meta-ethical principle Derived universal principle Humanistic universal principle Peace universal principle Dialogic ethic Relativism

Which ethical principle says that there is some overarching ethical guideline or principle that can be applied to any culture. An example of this principle would be when the United Nations which consists of around 200 countries comes in and says yes there are some things that are not ethical to all cultures like genocide.

Meta-ethics principle

What is multiracial mean?

Multiracial refers to people who are of two or more racial heritages. It is the most inclusive term to refer to people across all racial mixes. It also includes biracial people. Mixed race refers to people who are two or more racial heritages.

What is the relationship between verbal and nonverbal communication?

Nonverbal communication can be substituted for verbal communication. It can also repeat, contradict, compliment, accent, and regulate verbal communication.

Ogden & Richards' Triangle of Meaning

Ogden and Richard identified that understanding comes from within the people rather than from the words that they just interpret. They set up this model for better understanding of how language works and basically it is a theory or signs. The triangle is meant to show the word's relationship between thoughts and things. The word means different things to different people in different situations. Any word or sign which has its own meaning is grasped with certain references to it. The process of grasping or understanding words or signs, which already have meaning, with the asserted meanings given by the references is called the meaning of meaning. http://communicationtheory.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/the-meaning-of-meaning-model.jpg

Explain the difference between Instrumental and Affective verbal communication

One major difference of these two styles is often seen in business settings. While instrumental style speakers prefer to get down to business quickly, affective style speakers would like to establish relationship before business discussion. Reflected in interactions, instrumental speakers may find affective speakers waste too much time on small talks and other social activities. Affective speakers may feel that instrumental speakers are too direct in interaction. An instrumental style is sender based and goal/outcome based. The speaker uses communication to achieve some goal or outcome, such as to persuade and influence others and to maintain one's face. This style is seen in males more than females and is preferred in American culture. An affective style is receiver and process oriented. The speaker are nonverbally expressive. During interaction, the speakers carefully watch for the reactions of their listeners, choose and organize the messages in order to be understood by the audience. Listeners sometimes need to decode the messages based on the relationship between the speaker and listener. Asian cultures prefer this style.

What is political engagement?

Participation, involvement in the political system. Can just be at a policy level where you say "you know I see a problem and so what can I do in order to influence that policy to fix this issue"

Which ethical principle states that the human spirit needs to be protected and that its worthiness is highly considered (goes hand in hand with the humanistic principle)... basically says be good to others.

Peace universal principle

What are the different levels of identity (personal vs. social)?

Personal Identity: this is a concept of ourselves as being a unique individual! It is what makes us unique. Role identities are the roles we fulfill in societies...related to work, relationships, etc. Also consists of relational identities that you associate with yourself. Social Identity: membership in groups that gives us a sense of self such as political groups, national groups, and regional groups. ***Social identity theory says this is how we see ourselves and how that is closely tied to the groups in which we belong. When we interact with others, we see them in personal terms and expectations as a members of groups. When we place people in groups, we compare these groups to our own so that our group looks better to us.

What is Hofstede's concept of power distance?

Power distance is a term that refers to how people belonging to a specific culture view power relationships (superior and subordinate relationships) between people, including the degree to which the people whom are not in power accept the unequal spread of power. A high power distance are when a culture demonstrates individuals who are very respectful to figures of authority and generally accept an unequal distribution of power, while individuals in cultures demonstrating a low power distance readily question authority and expect to participate in decisions that will affect them. Criticism of Hofstede: it ignores multinationalism, the fact that we live in a globalized world and our constantly interacting with others in other cultures. Strict borders with Hofstede's cultural dimensions, which is not always true because cultures are not always set in stone.

Which ethical principle states that each culture can decide its own set of ethical principles in its culture. This means that since we each have our own ethical principles we still have to respect other cultures for their ethical principles. This can cause issues because if one culture believes torture is bad but then another culture agrees with torture then they both have to accept their differences but not hate on it...but how would this actually work?

Relativsim

What are mixed (multiracial) people's response to the perception that others have on them?

Responses include... Feeling Racially Inadequate - "I'm not ___________________ enough" - internalized shame Always an outsider - not feeling welcomed in student/community groups Embracing exotification - internalized oppression Ignoring race - avoiding confrontation about race Pride - giving voice to the mixed race experience

what is the area of language study that looks at what the meaning of words are?

Semantics! Which has two parts: 1. Denotation- the objective dictionary definition of a word. 2. Connotation the subjective definition of a word, or feelings associated with a word.

Explain the process of communication

Sender>>>Message>>>>Channel (transmission)>>>>>Receiver>>>>Response>>>>Feedback>>>>Noise>>>>>>Success? The process can be - Transactional: a give and take between two people and the communication is influenced by one another. The way that you are communicating is going to affect the other person and influence their communication back to you. Ex.) yawning in class Symbolic: we use our bodies and nonverbal communication to get a message across. This is important because it shows that communication is not always a set description or law.

Why is social perception important and what are some of the factors that it identifies about aspects of culture?

Social perception is important because that process of selection and identification is determined by our perception so, for example, here in the US people are going to perceive foods differently than other places of the world such as many American people eating peanut butter or knowing of it as being a food that many people enjoy while in Brazil people do not eat peanut butter and may deem it as being strange. Factors that are socially perceived include: - Behaviors and attitudes (individual and subjective to the person) - Values - Rules and Norms (Rules are set things that we have to follow or we will face consequences, i.e., the Law) (Norms are things that are considered etiquette and should be followed by most people, i.e., personal space/ eye contact in America)

What is the difference between sojourners, immigrants, and refugees?

Sojourners: a person who resides temporarily in another country but plans on returning back to their country. Immigrants: when a person decides to make voluntarily move into another country and do not plan on returning to your country Refugees: people who involuntarily move permanently, they most likely get citizenship in the country that they fled to

Explain symbolic annihilation and explain the importance that comes with the power to name groups of people

Symbolic annihilation refers to societal and marginalized groups....that these groups are absent completely or trivialized completely in the media. For example, in movies the use of an ethnic character (black) being stereotypical placed in the movie. Like how Tyler Perry;s movies are being called "black movies" because that is not what we are used to seeing in other shows, however, if you think about the show, Friends, you never hear this being called a "white show"

What is the one-drop rule and how does it relate to African Americans and Native Americans in different ways?

The One-drop Rule classifies the Black... it is a historical term in the U.S. for the social classification as "Black" of individuals with any African ancestry. Meaning any person with "one drop of black blood" was considered Black. It was a term derived from Souther slave culture, and aftermath of the American Civil War (emancipation of slaves) and Reconstruction. Blood Quantum is what was used to classify Native Americans....it was used primarily to establish the fraction of Native or Aboriginal heritage that a tribe may require for membership. Government felt the need for definition and restriction of tribal growth. Race has always played a huge role in the US history and laws. For instance, the legaly sanctioned forms of discrimination that have been used to define and defend Whiteness by creating other clear distinctions. The fact that Native Americans need a documentation that proves their Native American....

Explain the Iceberg Model of Communication

The majority of culture (below the water) is primarily out of our awareness, for example; notions of modesty, conception of beauty, approaches to problem solving, tempo of work, relationship to animals, etc. The minority of culture (tip of the iceberg, out of the water) is primarily in our awareness, so for example; fine arts, literature, dress, cooking, popular music, games, etc. In depth pic: http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-HmeJg7L_LxU/Uqwm2FP3hhI/AAAAAAAAMVQ/bC6Mp3A5LGQ/s1600/Cultural-Iceberg-opengecko1.jpg

A common struggle is the Fractured Sense of Self..what is this?

These are some of the common problems children of multiple races face as they grow up--problems that carry over into adolescence and adulthood. Multiracial identity can cause an individual to feel torn between cultures. When combined with an under representation in mass media, a multiracial person can begin to feel like a non-person and have an aggravated and fractured sense of self.

What are speech codes?

They are dictated by social situations... - Restricted code: such as Dialects (a version of a language with a distinctive vocabulary, pronunciation, and grammar rules...often these dialects trigger judgement); Accents (difference between people who are from Boston versus Texas); Jargon (language that is only specific to a profession or area of work, i.e., doctor language or political language); Argot (the language of underdogs, a way to differentiate yourself in society by creating your own language or slang for words) - Elaborated code: when the meanings of the words are explained so that people outside of your group can understand exactly what you mean when you are saying it. - Code-switching: when you go back and forth between codes...we try to let people know who we are and what we believe in and what culture we come from by using a certain language.

What is the contact hypothesis?

This the principle that bringing people together who are in conflict, the conflict will subside as they get to understand one another better. Ex.) bullying

Explain how culture is a component of learning

We learn about culture from media, our parents, textbooks, etc.

What are the elements of cross-cultural adaption?

Well cross-cultural adaption is a process that you take to adjust to a new culture..it involved learning and unlearning. The elements include: - Enculturation: learning our own culture - Acculturation: learning and adapting some of the behaviors, ways of living, etc. of the new culture but keeping most of your own culture - Deculturation: when you un-learn your own culture - Assimilation: involved adapting to the new culture as well as unlearning your own culture

what are worldviews?

a specific set of beliefs about the relationship of humans with each other and with greater elements of the cosmos.

What is civic engagement?

participation, involvement in the community...helping other individuals. for example, volunteering at a homeless shelter. Civic engagement becomes political engagement once social justice is promoted or an active role is taken in the political process.

What is the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?

says that language is what is creating or constructing our social reality, so that we can understand the world around us with language.

Intracultural communication

takes place between members of the same dominant culture, but with slightly differing values....ex.) communication between members of different subcultures

What is the Communication Accommodation Theory and what are the different elements of it?

the communication accommodation theory explains how we might adjust our form of communication. Elements include: - Convergence: when we change out behavior or our words to be more like that of the person with whom we are speaking, which is not always a good thing because we can overaccomodate, meaning we converge too much so that our adjustments that we are making to another person is becoming too stereotypical. Also can be risky because it can be communicated as secondary baby talk or just being overly simplistic in our speech. OR this can cause hyper explanation which is when we clearly annunciate, speaking slowly, maybe being a little louder and just using a lot of emphasis on speech because we feel that the other person is not going to understand us. - Maintenance: in this elements you don't change anything, you keep speaking and talking exactly the way you normally would no matter what culture you are dealing with. - Divergence: is the element when you are proud of the fact that you are different so you embrace that and make sure the other person knows.

Which ethical principles says that we are not going to harm others and we are going to treat other people well.

the humanistic universal principle

What is the speech acts theory?

the speech acts theory considers the pragmatic aspect of language: types of actions that we perform with the utterances that come out of our mouth...there are certain rules that we follow when we are talking.

How do we define culture?

through language, medical cures, religion, child-rearing methods, food, folk art, celebrations, jokes, manners, working schedules, and clothes/dressings. For example, "the way of life of a group of people, including symbols, values, behaviors, artifacts, and other shared aspects." -Baldwin

Explain how a component of culture is that it is transmitted

we learn from someone and then we teach it to someone as well....culture is always being passed on generation by generation.

Explain Shannon & Weaver's classic model of communication

well first of all this is a very linear model of communication, it deals mostly with the communication between the sender and receiver. It misses the feedback from the receiver. But basically, it looks like this: Sender (information source)>>>>Encoder (transmitter)>>>>Channel (which can be affected by noise)>>>Decoder (reception)>>>Receiver (destination) https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwiVmqe46MvPAhUKQCYKHTh_A8sQjRwIBw&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aect.org%2Fedtech%2Fed1%2F04%2F04-03.html&psig=AFQjCNGMXDjzlvrO3PYvBy-TcYSyRMLXew&ust=1476036993086606