Ignatia Biology : 7. PLANTS: GREEN FACTORIES

ADP

(adenosine diphosphate). A chemical energy compound with two phosphate groups found in living cells. ADP converts to ATP with the addition of a high-energy phosphate grouping.

ATP

(adenosine triphosphate). The high energy chemical compound with three phosphate groups that provides energy for all other cell activities.

DNA

(deoxyribonucleic acid). The chemical structure of genes and inheritance; many DNA strands make up a chromosome.

dicotyledon

(dicot). A flowering plant with seeds having two seed leaves, e.g., bean.

monocotyledon

(monocot). A flowering plant with seeds having one seed leaf, e.g., corn.

nucleus

(pl. nuclei). The protoplasmic substance separate from the cytoplasm; the cell headquarters or information center; location of DNA and RNA; bodies found in the nucleus are chromosomes and the nucleolus.

RNA

(ribonucleic acid). A chemical important in taking blueprint messages from DNA of the nucleus to ribosomes in the cytoplasm for protein synthesis instructions.

vacuole

A cell storage body that increases in size with age; included within, but not a part of the cytoplasm; storage materials are often water and poisonous by-products of cell activities.

stamen

A flower part; a ring of pollen-producing appendages of a flower; inside the petals, but outside the carpels.

sepal

A flower part; the outermost ring of leaflike appendages of a flower; often green or inconspicuous, outside the petals.

petal

A flower part; the ring of leaflike appendages occurring inside the sepals, but outside the stamens.

fat

A food made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms with higher energy storage in bonds than carbohydrates; provides energy storage and structure for life.

carbohydrate

A food made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, providing a source of storage and energy for life.

protein

A food made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and either or both, phosphorus or sulfur; provides the major portion of the life fabric or structure.

endosperm

A food storage tissue which assists in seed development in flowering plants; may or may not be apparent depending upon the stage of seed maturation.

tissue

A group of similar cells (simple tissue), or unlike cells with a common function (complex tissue).

carpel

A leaflike part of the flower where seeds are produced.

sclerenchyma

A plant cell of a long fiber type or variable sclereid type; important in plant body support; may be part of xylem or phloem tissues.

annual

A plant that completes its life cycle from seed germination through fruit and seed production within a year's time.

perennial

A plant that continues to grow year after year from the same plant body.

membrane

A protein and fat structure serving as a covering and organizer in cells.

enzyme

A protein important in helping to cause chemical reactions in living things to occur; an organic catalyst.

entropy

A running down, or related to the physical law of an increasing tendency for disorganization.

cotyledon

A seed leaf; may store (dicot) or absorb (monocot) food in seeds of flowering plants.

nucleolus

A smaller, darker body found in the nucleus; contains a concentration of RNA; associated with message transfer to the cytoplasm and cell division.

cellulose

A substance found in cell walls of plants to give the walls strength and rigidity.

agronomy

An agricultural science that deals with crop production and improvement.

carbon dioxide

An atmospheric gas made of one carbon atom for each two oxygen atoms (CO 2): important for food-making by green plants and given off as a waste product of respiration in living cells.

oxygen

An atmospheric gas; a by-product of the light reaction of photosynthesis; essential to aerobic respiration.

chemical bond

An energy-sharing arrangement of atoms to each other as parts of a molecule. Carbon can make four bonds with other atoms, hydrogen one bond, oxygen two bonds. Each bond is a source of energy. Rearrangement of these may store or release energy.

assimilation

Cell activities associated with the utilization of food molecules and energy in life processes.

genes are made of this substance

DNA

anaerobic

In the absence of oxygen as a gas.

elongation

In the maturation process of cells, the first step after production by a meristem; a lengthening of the cell assisted by water intake.

aerobic

In the presence of oxygen as a gas.

What is shown in the intricate detail and complexity of microscopic organisms.

Intelligent design

What is meant by the phrase "plants are green factories"?

It is meant not by the process of photosynthesis. which is when the plant takes in sunlight to make food. Plants take in carbon dioxide and some plant magic and turns it into oxygen which animals breath in and then it becomes carbon monoxide and the plant just does the same thing again.. This taking in will eventually produce oxygen from the plant which people and animals need to survive. Without oxygen animals plants and humans will die.

collenchyma

Oblong cells with unevenly thickened walls for support in in young stems.

organic

Produced by life activities as opposed to nonliving chemical processes; evidenced by carbon in a combination with hydrogen and oxygen with or without other elements.

Tiny chambers were first observed and described from microscope observations by a man named

Robert Hooke

wood

That part of a tree that is interior to the vascular cambium; the xylem of a tree.

xylem

That part of a tree that is interior to the vascular cambium; the xylem of a tree.

bark

That part of a woody stem, or tree, that is outside the vascular cambium; includes phloem and cork.

cell

The basic living unit of all forms of life.

energy

The capacity to do or perform work.

chlorophyll

The green chemical that makes green plants green; important in capturing the sun's light energy for use in photosynthesis.

protoplasm

The living substance making up the cells of all living things.

differentiation

The maturation of a cell produced by a plant meristem; cells may mature to form fibers, parenchyma, vessel members, etc.

vascular cambium

The meristematic cells which produce new cells increasing plant body girth; often forming a ring only several cell layers wide in woody stems and roots.

parenchyma

The most common plant cell, found in practically all parts of the plant body; important for food production, food storage, lateral transport, and other life processes; an almost round cell in some tissues.

epidermis

The outermost layer of plant cells or tissue, providing a covering for the plant body.

crop production

The process used to select seeds, nutrients, and season to get the maximum production from a crop.

cytoplasm

The protoplasm, or living substance, outside the nucleus; one of the components of the protoplasts; location of mitochondria, chloroplast, and other tiny bodies.

protoplast

The protoplasmic unit of a cell, usually made up of a nucleus and cytoplasm.

protein synthesis

The putting together of protein molecules from amino acids.

green revolution

The revolution in plant production that greatly increased crop yields.

cell wall

The rigid wall of plant cells that surrounds the cell membrane.

inflorescence

The specific pattern of flower arrangement of a plant.

fermentation

The stage of respiration that occurs in anaerobic conditions, such as yeast fermentation.

chromosome

The threadlike bodies apparent in the nucleus during certain phases of cell division; carries the genes or inheritance units of a cell; made up of DNA molecules.

chloroplast

The tiny body that contains chlorophyll; photosynthesis takes place in this part of the cell.

stomate

The tiny pores or leaf openings appearing between guard cells of the epidermis; oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange between inner photosynthetic leaf cells and the atmosphere occurs through these openings.

mitochondria

The tiny rod-shaped cell bodies where aerobic respiration occurs; the cell powerhouses.

ribosome

The tiny, dot-like bodies in the cytoplasm or part of the endoplasmic reticulum; important in protein synthesis.

meristem

The youthful, undifferentiated cells of root and shoot tips and other plant parts that produce new cells for growth in size and girth.

Plant cells are miniature factories that make thousands of chemical compounds for themselves and the

Whole world

ATP is a: reactant yielding food molecules a form of chemical energy product of decomposition of starch chemical associated with photosynthesis chemical associated with mitochondria

a form of chemical energy product of decomposition of starch chemical associated with mitochondria

What are two ways plant cells are like animal and human cells?

both have a nucleus, mitochondria, and cytoplasm.

amino acids

building blocks of proteins

layers of cellulose outside the cell

cell wall

(Select all that apply.) What three parts of plant cells cause them to differ from animal and human cells? nucleoli cell walls vacuoles chloroplasts cytoplasm plasma membranes

cell walls vacuoles chloroplasts

One definition of life in a plant is an uninterrupted succession of

cells

Plant cells convert solar energy into

chemical energy.

food-making body

chloroplast

The orange color of carrot roots and of marigold flowers comes from cell bodies known as

chromoplasts

The cell communication system for chemical messages and materials is thought to be the membrane system known as

endoplasmic reticulum.

The protoplast consists of:

everything inside the cell membrane

Cell activities are controlled by chemical messengers from the ribosomes.

false

The main difference among plants is size--trees, shrubs, herbs.

false

A simple cell is a good description since most cells are so small and influence so little in life. 2

false 2

The bodies that break down food molecules to form RNA are the ribosomes. 3

false 3

An entirely new plant can sometimes be generated from a

few cells

seed production

flower

seed dispersal

fruit

Inherited physical traits are directly related to:

genes

The number of chromosomes within each species of plant or animal:

is constant

food-making

leaf

body that releases energy from foods

mitochondria

cell headquarters

nucleus

The basic food of a plant is:

produced by chloroplasts

absorption

root

support of leaves

stem

Potato tuber cells have leucoplasts which help

store starch

phloem

the food-conducting tissue of a plant's vascular or transport system.

The basic functions of a multi-cellular plant such as a rose are also conducted by a

unicellular alga.

A part of the plant cell that may contain crystal or poisons harmful to living protoplasm is the

vacuole