Immunity and Metabolism

A man was scratched by an old tool and developed a virulent staphylococcus infection. In the course of the man's immune response, circulating lymphocytes containing the antigenic message returned to the nearest lymph node. During what stage of the immune response did this occur?

Proliferation stage

Which events are involved in the negative feedback mechanism that keeps the serum thyroid hormone level within appropriate range? Select all that apply.

Stimulation of sensors in the hypothalamus Stimulation of sensors in the anterior pituitary gland Decrease in secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) Increased levels of thyroid hormone

A nurse who provides care in a campus medical clinic is performing an assessment of a 21-year-old student who has presented for care. After assessment, the nurse determines that the patient has a BMI of 45. What does this indicate?

The patient is extremely obese.

Which statement best explains the function of hormone receptors?

Hormone receptors recognize a specific hormone and translate the hormonal signal into a cellular response.

Which of the following questions asked by the nurse when taking a patient's health history would collect data about infection control?

"When did you complete your immunizations?"

Glycosylated hemoglobin reflects blood glucose concentrations over which period of time?

3 months

Which of the following most accurately defines an infection?

A disease resulting from pathogens in or on the body

A client has been hospitalized for diagnostic testing. The client has just been diagnosed with multiple sclerosis, which the physician explains is an autoimmune disorder. How would the nurse explain an autoimmune disease to the client?

A disorder where killer T cells and autoantibodies attack or destroy natural cells—those cells that are "self."

Which patient would the nurse consider the most infectious?

A patient who is in the prodromal stage

A woman tests positive for the human immunodeficiency virus antibody but has no symptoms. She is considered a carrier. What component of the infection cycle does the woman illustrate?

A reservoir

During a mumps outbreak at a local school, a patient, who is a school teacher, is exposed. She has previously been immunized for mumps. What type of immunity does she possess?

Acquired immunity

A client with a history of hypertension is diagnosed with primary hyperaldosteronism. This diagnosis indicates that the client's hypertension is caused by excessive hormone secretion from which gland?

Adrenal cortex

A patient was recently exposed to infectious microorganisms and many T lymphocytes are now differentiating into killer T cells. This process characterizes what stage of the immune response?

Proliferation

A client has been diagnosed with dysfunction of the anterior pituitary gland. The nurse is aware that which hormones will likely be affected? Select all that apply.

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) Growth hormone (GH) Luteinizing hormone (LH)

A man on an airplane is sitting by a woman who is coughing and sneezing. If she has an infection, what is the most likely means of transmission from the woman to the man?

Airborne route

A gardener sustained a deep laceration while working and requires sutures. The patient is asked about the date of her last tetanus shot, which is over 10 years ago. Based on this information, the patient will receive a tetanus immunization. The tetanus injection will allow for the release of what?

Antibodies

A nurse is reviewing the immune system before planning an immunocompromised patient's care. How should the nurse characterize the humoral immune response?

Antibodies are made by B lymphocytes in response to a specific antigen.

A nurse is educating a patient about the role of B lymphocytes. The nurse's description will include which of the following physiologic processes?

Antibody production

Staphylococcus aureus commonly found in the skin, nares, and other body sites of clients without any signs and symptoms of infection is known as which condition?

Bacterial colonization

The nurse is caring for a client with profound dehydration. The nurse recognizes the body should release antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in this situation based on which type of feedback from the body?

Increased serum osmolarity

A nurse is explaining the action of insulin to a client with diabetes mellitus. During client teaching, the nurse reviews the process of insulin secretion in the body. The nurse is correct when she states that insulin is secreted from the:

Beta cells of the pancreas.

While interviewing a client with an allergic disorder, the client tells the nurse that he is allergic to animal dander. The nurse interprets this substance as which of the following?

Complete protein antigen

A client is having a stress response related to a recent accident while boating. What does the nurse identify will be excreted from the adrenal cortex in response to this reaction?

Cortisol

During a client education session, the nurse describes the mechanism of hormone level maintenance. What causes most hormones to be secreted?

Decrease in hormonal levels

Management of hyperthyroidism would include which interventions? Select all that apply.

Eradication of the gland with radioactive iodine Surgical removal of part of the gland or the entire gland Drug therapy directed toward decreasing the gland's function

A nurse is working in a dermatology clinic with clients who have allergies. What is the most important chemical mediator involved in the allergic response?

Histamine

A nurse is explaining the different procedures used to break the chain of infection to a nursing student. In which of the following links in the chain of infection should a nurse provide special attention to the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts?

Exit route

A client has developed urosepsis following a urinary tract infection. The nurse is explaining how B cells are programmed to identify specific proteins or antigens in the fight against the client's infection. What process is the nurse describing?

Humoral immunity

When describing the immunoglobulin most likely involved with allergic reactions, which of the following would the nurse address?

IgE

Which of the following immunoglobulins assumes a major role in blood-borne and tissue infections?

IgG

A client with a family history of allergies has suffered an allergic response based on a genetic predisposition. This atopic response is usually mediated by what immunoglobulin?

Immunoglobulin E

During flu season, a nurse is teaching clients about the chain of infection. What components are considered "links" in this chain? Select all that apply.

Infectious agent Portal of entry Susceptible host

Which options contain a pair of hormones that act to balance each other? Select all that apply.

Insulin and glucagon Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone (PTH)

The nurse recognizes that antidiuretic hormone (ADH) exerts its effects in which location?

Loop of Henle

A client is undergoing diagnostics for an alteration in thyroid function. What physiologic function is affected by altered thyroid function?

Metabolic rate

When preparing teaching plan for a client with an endocrine disorder, the nurse includes information about hormone regulation. Which of the following would the nurse include?

Most disorders result from over- or underproduction of the hormone.

Which of the following would the nurse need to be alert for in a client with severe hypothyroidism?

Myxedemic coma

What is the most common mechanism of hormone control?

Negative feedback

When thyroxine (T4) in the thyroid is low, it triggers the pituitary to increase thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), which then increases T4 secretion. This is an example of which of the following?

Negative feedback mechanism

A patient's injury has initiated an immune response that involves inflammation. What are the first cells to arrive at a site of inflammation?

Neutrophils

During the admission assessment of a new client, the nurse is now preparing to inspect the client's thyroid gland. How should the nurse perform this assessment?

Observe the thyroid gland with the neck slightly hyperextended.

The nurse is completing a focused assessment addressing a patient's immune function. What should the nurse prioritize in the physical assessment?

Palpation of the patient's lymph nodes

A 16-year-old has been brought to the emergency department by his parents after falling through the glass of a patio door, suffering a laceration. The nurse caring for this patient knows that the site of the injury will have an invasion of what?

Phagocytic cells

A patient is admitted with cellulitis and experiences a consequent increase in white blood cell count. The nurse is aware that during the immune response, pathogens are engulfed by white blood cells that ingest foreign particles. What is this process known as?

Phagocytosis

The nurse is reinforcing education with a client who has hypothyroidism about the thyroid gland. Which statement by the nurse would be most accurate about which gland controls the secretion of thyroid hormone?

Pituitary gland

A nurse researching a diet for a patient with diabetes includes foods that supply energy to the body. Which of the following are classes of nutrients that supply this energy? Select all that apply.

Proteins Fats Carbohydrates

A nurse is assessing a client for the classic signs of acute inflammation. The nurse would assess the client for:

Rubor, swelling, and pain

The first physical line of defense in innate immunity is:

Skin and mucous membranes

The nurse should recognize a client's risk for impaired immune function if the client has undergone surgical removal of which of the following?

Spleen

The immune system and the brain communicate with each other through the chemical messenger system using neurotransmitters and immunopeptides. Stress impacts the immune system in what way?

Stress can lower the number of white blood cells, the immune system's disease fighters

The anatomy and physiology instructor is explaining a cell-mediated response to the pre-nursing students. What actions would the instructor explain occur in a cell-mediated response?

T-cell lymphocytes survey proteins in the body and attack the invading antigens.

A nurse is assessing a client after a thyroidectomy. The assessment reveals muscle twitching and tingling, along with numbness in the fingers, toes, and mouth area. The nurse should suspect which complication?

Tetany a condition marked by intermittent muscular spasms, caused by malfunction of the parathyroid glands and a consequent deficiency of calcium.

Which statement best captures an aspect of the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) system?

The pituitary gland communicates with the adrenal cortex through the release of ACTH.

A client with a new diagnosis of an endocrine disorder is unclear how the body can control the levels of different hormones over time. Which statement most accurately underlies the dominant regulation process of hormone levels in the body?

With input from various sensors, hormone production and release are adjusted based on existing hormone levels.