Immunity- Evolve

The nurse is teaching a client regarding the usage of antibiotics. Which statement made by the client indicates effective teaching?

"I should not take antibiotics to treat the flu."

The nurse is explaining the stress response to another health professional. In which order should the nurse present the information?

1. A stressor is encountered. 2. Sympathetic nervous system responds. 3. Norepinephrine is released. 4. Neuropeptide Y is released. 5. Vasoconstriction occurs

Which client has the highest risk for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection?

A client who shares equipment to snort or smoke drugs

What is the function of IgG in the body?

Activates the classic complement pathway

A client's heart rate variability is evaluated. Which parameter is assessed?

Balance of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems

Which immunomodulatory is beneficial for the treatment of clients with multiple sclerosis?

Beta interferon

Which client organ is protected by microglial cells?

Brain

A client is experiencing multiple stressors simultaneously. What are potential behavioral responses that may occur during this initial period of stress?

Changes in dietary intake, smoking, drinking, and sleep disturbances

For which illness should airborne precautions be implemented?

Chickenpox

Which sexually transmitted disease is caused by the human papilloma virus?

Condylomata acuminata

Which physiologic response will a stressed client experience when norepinephrine is released?

Constricted arteriole smooth muscles

The nurse is working with a hospitalized client who just received news that the client's home was burglarized and a significant amount of cash was stolen. The nurse asks about how the client is handling the news. The client states, "Money can always be replaced, and no one was hurt. I'm glad I was here." What is the client demonstrating?

Coping

Which symptoms are common during the fulminant stage of inhalation of anthrax? Select all that apply.

Dyspnea Diaphoresis High temperature

A nurse is asked which hormone is known to exert a calming effect during stressful situations. How should the nurse reply?

Estrogen

What are the symptoms of tuberculosis? Select all that apply. 2

Fatigue Nausea Low- grade fever

What are the clinical manifestations of inhalation anthrax? Select all that apply.

Fever Fatigue Dry cough Sore throat

A mother with the diagnosis of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) states that she has been caring for her baby even though she has not been feeling well. What important information should the nurse determine?

If the baby is breastfeeding.

Which effect will the nurse expect to occur when a client's body releases cortisol?

Increased gastric secretions

A client that is stressed has released catecholamines. Which physiologic effect of catecholamines can the client experience?

Increased glycogenolysis

A client is stressed and the posterior pituitary is activated. Which clinical manifestation will the nurse find upon assessment?

Increased water retention

What is the mechanism of action of penicillin?

Inhibits cell wall synthesis of the pathogen

Which cytokine stimulates the liver to produce fibrinogen and protein C?

Interleukin-6

In preparing an educational presentation on hormones that influence the stress response, which information should the nurse include in the teaching session?

Melatonin is produced by the pineal gland and effects lymphocyte function.

What causes medications used to treat AIDS to become ineffective?

Missing doses of the prescribed medication

Which autoimmune disease affects the central nervous system?

Multiple sclerosis

Which type of immunity is acquired through the transfer of colostrum from the mother to the child?

Natural passive immunity

What criteria should the nurse consider when determining if an infection should be categorized as a health care-associated infection?

Occurred in conjunction with treatment for an illness

Which are examples of a type IV hypersensitivity reaction? Select all that apply.

Poison ivy allergic reaction Sarcoidosis

Which medications are useful to treat psoriasis? Select all that apply.

Psoralen Anthralin Calcipotriene

What finding in the client is a sign of allergic rhinitis?

Reduced transillumination on the skin over the sinuses

A nurse is caring for a client with a negative-pressure wound treatment device. What should the nurse explain to the client about how this system helps prevent a wound infection?

Removes excess fluid

What are the clinical manifestations during the fulminant stage in a client with inhalation anthrax? Select all that apply.

Septic shock Pleural effusion Body temperature of 104 °F

When a client is stressed, which part of the nervous system initiates the stress response?

Sympathetic

Why is a Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection particularly troublesome for a female client?

Symptoms are often overlooked.

Which immune change should the nurse consider when planning care for a client with chronic stress?

There are decreased natural killer cells

A nurse is teaching a client about catecholamines. Which information should the nurse include in the teaching session?

They are synthesized in the brain

Why would a client with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) be administered pregabalin?

To reduce neuropathic pain

Which symptoms are observed in a client with Sjögren's syndrome? Select all that apply.

Tooth decay Corneal ulcers Vaginal dryness

What is the causative organism for syphilis?

Treponema pallidum

Which organism causes smallpox?

Variola virus

A nurse is assessing a client who presents with a circumscribed, hypertrophic, flesh-colored papule on the skin. The client reports pain upon lateral compression. What should the nurse suspect in the client?

Verruca vulgaris

After several years of unprotected sex, a client is diagnosed as having acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The client states, "I'm not worried because they have a cure for AIDS." What is the best response by the nurse?

"There is no cure for AIDS, but there are drugs that can slow down the virus."

According to Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome, which stage will the client experience second when stress occurs?

Adaptation

What is an example of a type I hypersensitivity reaction?

Anaphylaxis

Which information from the client indicates successful teaching by the nurse about the parasympathetic system?

It slows the heart rate

Which disorder does the image illustrate? (Butterfly rash)

Systemic lupus erythematosus

Which information indicates the nurse has a good understanding of the stress response and the immune system?

T cell growth factor interleukin-2 can up-regulate adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).

Which response from the client indicates to the nurse that allostasis occurred?

Adaptive physiologic response

A client with multiple myeloma who is receiving chemotherapy has a temperature of 102.2° F (39° C). The temperature was 99.2° F (37.3° C) when it was taken 6 hours ago. What is a priority nursing intervention in this case?

Administer the prescribed antipyretic and notify the primary health care provider.

During which stage of the general adaptation syndrome is fight-or-flight first exhibited in a client?

Alarm

A client is stressed and the general adaptation syndrome is activated. In which sequence will the client experience the following stages?

Alarm, Resistance, Exhaustion

A client has an overactivation of adaptive regulatory physiologic response to stress. Which term should the nurse use to describe this condition?

Allostatic overload

The nurse is caring for a client with a respiratory tract infection that started with a common cold but has progressed to whooping cough. The client also has coughing fits that last for several minutes. Which organism is responsible for the client's condition?

Bordetella pertussis

A client is stressed and releases cortisol. Which physiologic effect of cortisol does the nurse expect to occur?

Decreased bone formation

Which effect will the nurse expect to observe when a client is stressed and epinephrine is released?

It results in increased bronchodilation.

Which clients are prone to cardiovascular disease? Select all that apply.

One with trait anger One with a highly reactive personality One with a chronically strained marriage

Which is the most common opportunistic infection in a client infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)?

Oropharyngeal candidiasis

Which medications are administered to inhibit purine synthesis and suppress cell-mediated and humoral immune responses? Select all that apply.

Azathioprine Mycophenolate mofetil

A child is diagnosed with hepatitis A. The client's parent expresses concern that the other members of the family may get hepatitis because they all share the same bathroom. What is the nurse's best reply?

"All family members, including your child, need to wash their hands after using the bathroom."

The nurse is counseling a client infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) regarding prevention of HIV transmission. Which statement by the client indicates the nurse needs to follow up?

"I can safely have anal sex without any barriers."

The nurse is evaluating the education provided to a client about the effects of psychological stress and heart disease. Which information from the client indicates the nurse needs to follow up?

"I will eventually adapt to long-term psychological stress without any health problems."

A client with an upper respiratory infection asks the nurse why the health care provider did not prescribe an antibiotic. What would be the best response from the nurse?

"Upper respiratory infections generally are caused by viruses and therefore should not be treated with antibiotics."

A client who underwent chemotherapy has leukopenia. Which instruction from the nurse will be beneficial for the client?

"You should avoid large crowds and people with infections."

A client is experiencing multiple stressors simultaneously. In which order does the chain of events occur during the alarm reaction when this client is stressed?

1. A stressor is sensed and the hypothalamus triggers corticotropin-releasing hormone 2. Anterior and posterior pituitary as well as the sympathetic nervous system are stimulated to release hormones 3. Norepinephrine, epinephrine, antidiuretic hormone, and adrenocorticotropic hormone are released 4. Norepinephrine increases blood pressure, and epinephrine causes bronchodilation and increased glycogenolysis 5. Blood glucose increases

A client cannot understand how syphilis was contracted because there has been no sexual activity for several days. Which length of time associated with the incubation of syphilis should the nurse include in the teaching plan?

2 to 6 weeks

Which older adult is most predisposed to mortality with the spouse's hospitalization or death?

A wife within 1 month after her husband's death

A client has been caring for an ailing mother for 18 months. In addition, the client has recently lost a job and is having difficulty finding a new one. Blood pressure has recently been running higher than normal. What is the client experiencing?

Allostatic overload

An individual has been suffering from sleep deprivation secondary to worrying about an impending divorce. This individual begins to suffer from an increased evening appetite, which eventually leads to increased caloric intake. What is this individual experiencing?

Allostatic overload

What are the symptoms of tuberculosis? Select all that apply.

Anorexia Hemoptysis Night sweats

A client with localized redness and swelling due to a bee sting reports intense local pain, a burning sensation, and itching. What would be the most appropriate nursing action?

Applying cold compresses to the affected area

Which conditions result in humoral immunity? Select all that apply.

Atopic diseases Bacterial infection Anaphylactic shock

The nurse is caring for a hospitalized immunosuppressed client. Which interventions will be beneficial for safe and effective care of this client? Select all that apply.

Avoid using supplies from common areas Encourage activity at an appropriate level Use alcohol-based hand rubs before touching the client

A client reports disturbed sleep due to itching caused by an allergy. Which medication would be prescribed to help the client sleep well and treat the allergic symptoms?

Chlorpheniramine

A nurse is educating a health class about stress-related diseases and conditions like cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Which pathophysiologic process that is common to all these diseases will the nurse include in the teaching session?

Chronic inflammatory processes play a critical role.

The home health nurse is visiting a female client with a chronic ventricular dysrhythmia for a health check. The client states that she has received news this morning that the company she worked for has filed for bankruptcy and she will no longer be receiving a pension or health insurance. What is the nurse's greatest concern?

Client will be at increased risk for sudden cardiac death

A nurse is describing the key systems involved in allostatic overload. Which key systems should the nurse include in the teaching session? Select all that apply.

Cortisol Catecholamines Proinflammatory cytokines

Which process does the IgD immunoglobulin support?

Differentiation of the B-lymphocytes

A client has been prescribed tacrolimus for immunosuppressant therapy. Which drug safety alert should the nurse mention?

Do not consume grapefruit or grapefruit juice.

The nurse is assessing the coping strategies of a client as part of risk factor management for the client's high blood pressure. Which assessment finding should the nurse identify as a maladaptive coping strategy?

Eating twice a day rather than three times

Which type of cytokine is used to treat anemia related to chronic kidney disease?

Erythropoietin

A client has a body temperature of 102.8° F along with chills; dysuria; urethral discharge; and a boggy, tender prostate. Which organism is responsible for this condition?

Escherichia coli

A client develops a stress-related disease. Which stage of the general adaptation syndrome marked the onset of this disease?

Exhaustion

Which skin infection is caused by bacteria?

Folliculitis

The nurse is preparing information for an educational presentation on the stress-age syndrome. The nurse includes which pieces of information in the presentation? Select all that apply.

Free radicals will damage cells. Alterations in lipoproteins will occur. Patterns of chronic inflammation develop.

The echoviruses can cause which diseases in clients? Select all that apply.

Gastroenteritis Aseptic meningitis

Which sexually transmitted disease is treated with antiviral drugs?

Genital herpes

Which sexually transmitted disease is caused by a virus?

Genital warts

Which organ-specific autoimmune disorder is associated with a client's kidney?

Goodpasture Syndrome

What causes condylomata acuminate?

Human papillomavirus (HPV_

Which type of immunoglobulin is present in tears, saliva, and breast milk?

IgA

Which immunoglobulin crosses the placenta?

IgG

Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is associated with rheumatoid arthritis?

Immune- complex

The nurse is asked to explain the concept of psychoneuroimmunology. What is the nurse's best response?

It is the study of how the consciousness, the brain and spinal cord, and the immune system interact.

Which leukocyte values should be assessed to determine the adequacy of a client's response to inflammation? Select all that apply.

Monocytes Neutrophils Macrophages

A chronically ill, older client tells the home care nurse that the daughter with whom the client lives seems run-down and disinterested in her own health, as well as the health of her children, who are 5, 7, and 12 years old. The client tells the nurse that the daughter coughs a good deal and sleeps a lot. Why is it important that the nurse pursue the daughter's condition for potential case findings?

Older adults with chronic illness are more susceptible to tuberculosis

When a client is stressed, which glands produce the nonspecific physiologic responses of the general adaptation syndrome? Select all that apply.

Pituitary gland Hypothalamus Adrenal glands

What does the nurse explain to a client that a positive diagnosis for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is based on?

Positive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blot tests

When a client's body continues to mobilize and react to the actions of cortisol, norepinephrine, and epinephrine, which stage of the general adaptation syndrome is the client experiencing?

Resistance

Which disease is caused by Coronaviruses?

Severe acute respiratory syndrome

A nurse is teaching a client about human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). What are the various ways HIV is transmitted? Select all that apply.

Sharing syringe needles Breastfeeding a newborn Anal intercourse

When a client is stressed, which immune response can the nurse expect?

Th2 shift

Cortisol has an anabolic effect on protein in which area of a client's body?

The Liver

A client has a tuberculin purified protein derivative test as part of a yearly physical examination. The area of induration is 10 mm within 48 hours after having the test. What does the nurse conclude about the client based on this response?

The client has been exposed to the tubercle bacillus.

Which is the first medication approved to reduce the risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in unaffected individuals?

Truvada

Which hypersensitivity reaction may occur in a newborn with hemolytic disease?

Type II

Which type of hypersensitivity reaction will occur when the client's T cytotoxic cells are involved as the mediators of injury?

Type IV

A client's sputum smears for acid-fast bacilli (AFB) are positive, and transmission-based airborne precautions are prescribed. What should the nurse teach visitors to do?

Wear a particulate respirator mask

What is the most effective strategy for preventing the transmission of infection?

Wearing gloves and hand hygiene

When a client is stressed, which receptors are stimulated by catecholamines? Select all that apply.

α-adrenergic β-adrenergic

Which cytokine is used to treat multiple sclerosis?

β-Interferon