Immunology Chapter 1

This woman lived in 1715. She was the UK ambassador to Turkey. She is known for experiencing variolation, exposing her children to the treatment and becoming severely scarred and disfigured from the infection she endured. Who was she?

Lady Mary Wortley (Slide 6)

True or false; small pox lesions are permanent, which means an infected individual with lesions will be disfigured for life.

True (Slide 7)

List the accomplishments of Louis Pasteur.

1. Championed changes in hospital practices to minimize spread of disease 2. Discovered that attenuated forms of microbes can be used to immunize against more virulent forms of the same microbe. 3. Discovered rabies was transmitted by extremely small agents that couldn't be seen by a microscope. This led to a development of vaccination for dogs and humans bitten by rabid dogs. 4. Developed pasteurization, a process by which harmful microbes in perishables are heated and destroyed. This process does not destroy food. (Slide 13)

Emil Adolf von Behring was a student of Koch's. He worked alongside 2 colleagues, Katasato and Wernike. What did the trio discover that earned them a Nobel Prize in physiology in 1907? A) The anti-toxin for diptheria and tetanus and applied it as therapy. B) The cure for cancer C) An anti-venom used as a therapy for cerebral palsy. D) The anti-toxin to scorpion venom.

A) The anti-toxin for diptheria and tetanus and applied it as therapy. (Slide 15)

Niels K. Jerne has a few achievements including developing his pre-existing repertoire theory that helped the formation of the clonal selection theory. In 1984 he was awarded the Nobel Prize. What was he awarded the Nobel Prize for? A) The development and control of the immune system. B) The development and control of the cardiovascular system. C) The development and control of the nervous system. D) The development and control of the lymphatic system.

A) The development and control of the immune system. (Slide 21)

Sir John B. Gurdon and Shinya Yamanaka were both awarded the Nobel Prize in 2012. What was their discovery? A) They discovered that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent. B) They discovered CRISPR and Cas-9 tehcnology C) They pioneered biotechnology D) They discovered that immature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent.

A) They discovered that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent. (Slide 26)

Baruj Benacerraf, Jean Dausset, and George D. Snell had earned the 1980 Nobel Prize for their discovery of the Ir gene. What does the Ir gene do? A) They regulate immune responses. B) They regulate DNA C) They regulate protein expression D) They regulate receptor signaling pathways

A) They regulate immune responses.

Because of Pasteur's efforts, he was able to save a young boy from certain death. Who was the young boy and what treatment was he given? A) Louis Pasteur & Cholera B) Joseph Meister & Rabies C) Louis Pasteur & Anthrax D) Chamberlain & Rabies

B) Joseph Meister & Rabies (Slide 12)

Robert Koch was a German physician who also started to work on Anthrax in the 1870's. He discovered the tubercle bacillus bacteria that causes tuberculosis. He even developed the detailed tuberculin skin test (DTH). What were the conditions that he set forth that must be satisfied before accepting that particular bacteria cause particular diseases called? A) Koch's rules B) Koch's postulates C) Koch's criteria D) Koch's checklist

B) Koch's postulates (Slide 14)

Peter C. Doherty and Rolf M. Zinkernagel had been awarded the 1996 Nobel Prize. What discovery had these two gentlemen made? A) They discovered a new mechanism for antibody binding. B) They discovered the specificity of the cell-mediated immune defence. C) They discovered a new mechanism for DNA regulation. D) They discovered a new mechanism for protein synthesis.

B) They discovered the specificity of the cell-mediated immune defence. (Slide 24)

3 gentlemen had been awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 2011. 2 of them were Bruce A. Beutler and Jules A. Hoffman for their discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity. Ralph M. Steinman was the third. What was he awarded the Nobel Prize for? A) He discovered the role of innate immunity. B) He discovered the role of the lymphatic system. C) He discovered the dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity. D) He discovered the role of adaptive immunity.

C) He discovered the dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity. (Slide 25)

Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet trained as an MD who later conducted important work on influenza that led to a discovery of a viral enzyme on the influenza virus with specificity for particular forms of neuramic acid. What was he awarded the 1960 Nobel Prize for? A) His Clonal selection theory B) His work on influenza C) His discovery of acquired immunological tolerance D) His discovery of the influenza viral enzyme

C) His discovery of acquired immunological tolerance (Slide 18)

Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2018 for the discovery of cancer therapy by inhibition of negative immune regulation? A) James P. Allison and Satoshi Omura B) William C. Campbell and Tasuku Honjo C) James P. Allison and Tasuku Honjo D) Wiliam C. Campbell and Satoshi Omura

C) James P. Allison and Tasuku Honjo (Slide 29)

The 1972 Nobel Prize was awarded to Geral M. Edelman and Rodney R. Porter for their discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodies. What is significant about the structure of antibodies regarding their amino acid composition? A) The light chains and heavy chains are joined by disulfide bridges. B) The light chains and heavy chains are joined by disulfide bridges and the hinge region is joined by hydrogen bonds. C) The light and heavy chains as well as the hinge region are all joined by disulfide bridges. D) None of the above.

C) The light and heavy chains as well as the hinge region are all joined by disulfide bridges. 1 disulfide bridge joins the light and heavy chains and 2 bridges join the hinge region. There are 4 disulfide bridges in total. (Slide 19)

What were Milstein and Kohler known for? A) Their monoclonal B cells B) Their monoclonal T cells C) Their monoclonal antibody D) Their monoclonal antivenom

C) Their monoclonal antibody (Slide 22)

What is the term given to the practice of holding a reed covered with a pathogen, which is then blown directly into a patient's nasal cavity? A) Blowgunning B) Stickin' the reed C) Variolation D) Chinese Viral exposure

C) Variolation (Slide 6)

Paul Ehrlich worked with Koch to develop anti-toxin and hemalysis tehcniques for diphtheria. He also developed a side-chain theory of antibody formation that allowed him to share a Nobel prize in 1908 with Metchnikoff. What kind of mechanism did he suggest for the antibody surface receptors in his side-chain theory? A) side-by-side B) proximity and orientation C) lock and key D) electrostatic attraction

C) lock and key (Slide 16)

Louis Pasteur and Roux had accomplished another experiment with chicken cholera. This experiment included a process called attenuation. What is attenuation? A) A process that chemically inactivates a virus B) A process that adds salt to an aqueous solution of pathogens C) A process that heats a pathogen to kill it. D) All of the above

D) All of the above It is the process that alters the pathogen in solution. All of the answers listed can alter a pathogen in some way. (Slide 11)

Around when was smallpox officially eradicated? A) Around 1970 B) Around 1960 C) Around 1975 D) Around 1979

D) Around 1979 (Slide 9)

Susumu Tonegawa was awarded the 1987 Nobel Prize. What was his achievement? A) He discovered genetics B) He discovered immunology C) He discovered the genetic principle for immunology D) He discovered the genetic principle for generation of antibody diversity

D) He discovered the genetic principle for generation of antibody diversity (Slide 24)

Elie Metchnikoff shared a Nobel Price with Ehrlich in 1908. What discovery was he responsible for? A) He found phagocytosis which was the birth of modern genetics. B) He found leukocytosis which was the birth of cellular immunology. C) He found phagocytosis from leukocytes on human patients which was the birth of modern genetics. D) He found phagocytosis from leukocytes on larva. This was the birth of cellular immunology.

D) He found phagocytosis from leukocytes on larva. This was the birth of cellular immunology. (Slide 17)

Three scientists were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2015. William C. Campbell and Satoshi Omura were awarded their Nobel Prize for their discoveries concerning a novel therapy against infections caused by roundworm parasites. The third was Youyou tu. What was her discovery? A) She discovered a novel therapy against yellow fever. B) She discovered a novel therapy against smallpox. C) She discovered a novel therapy against roundworm parasites. D) She discovered a novel therapy against malaria.

D) She discovered a novel therapy against malaria. (Slide 27)

The Nobel Prize in Physiology and/or Medicine was awarded in 2016 for the individual who made discoveries of mechanisms for autophagy. Who was this individual? A) Youyou tu B) Satoshi Omura C) Shinya Yamanaka D) Yoshinori Ohsumi

D) Yoshinori Ohsumi (Slide 28)

The study of immunology occurred from 1905-1910. There are 2 different philosophies regarding the subject of immunity. These 2 philosophies are legally and medically based. Define both.

Law - Immunity is the exemption from a service, obligation, or duty; it includes freedom from liability to taxation, jurisdiction, etc. It is a privilege granted to an individual or a corporation conferring exemption from certain taxes, burdens. or duties. Medicine - Immunity is the nonsusceptibility, or resistance, to the invasive or pathogenic effects of foreign microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. (Slide 4)

Louis Pasteur and Chamberlain had conducted an experiment in 1881 with a bacteria, B. anthracis. What was the ultimate goal for this experiment?

They were attempting to find a way to stop Anthrax. The entire sample consisted of sheep, with a treatment group receiving a heat and chemical treated live bacterium and the control group receiving live bacterium with no treatment. The results included survival of the treatment group and the control group. (Slide 11)

Dr. Jenner had conducted an experiment with a milk maid and a young boy named James Phipp in May 14, 1976. He took a sample of cowpox infection from a milk maid's hand and injected it in the young boy. Although unethical, what discovery was made from this experiment?

Vaccines. Dr. Jenner attempted to find a cure for smallpox. He guessed that cowpox must have been similar to smallpox and conducted the experiment on a whim. Miraculously, the boy survived and the results were documented. (Slide 7)