Imperialism

define Mathew Perry

US Commodore who took 4 ships into Tokyo Harbor who proposed/threatened to trade with them and resulted in the Treaty of Kanagawa

define Raj

the British-controlled rule of India in the years 1857-1947

define Pacific Rim

the countries that border the Pacific Ocean, Western nations wanted to gain the Pacific Rim lands because the islands had a strategic location along the sea route to China

negative effects of British rule in India

India was left underdeveloped, deindustrialized, stuck in cycle of low wages and low education 50% of Indians lived in poverty 88% couldn't read or write successor states of the Raj had civil wars and became the poorest countries in the world

What events caused Japan to end its isolation and begin to westernize?

Matthew Perry came to Japan and threatened the Japanese for trade; led to the Treaty of Kanagawa. 1867- Mutsuhito established the Meiji in which they adopted new ways of the Western cultures such as giving land to the emperor, sending statesmen to study foreign ways, modeled education after America's public education, Germany's army and gov't, UK's navy, and constructed railroads.

example of economic imperialism

The Dole Fruit company controlled pineapple trade in Hawaii

Why was China unable to effectively respond to foreign pressures during the nineteenth century?

The demand for Opium created a dependence on foreign nations. When fighting the Opium war they fought steel with bamboo, they were technologically behind. Rebellions within the nation such as the Taiping Rebellion when there were Chinese rebels against the Qing dynasty bc starvation.

characteristics of direct rule

foreign officials brought in to rule no self-rule goal = assimilation gov't institutions based only on European styles used policy of paternalism

positive effects of British rule in India

improved agriculture established coal industry life expectancy increased India became largest democracy in the world

positive attributes of direct rule

peoples' needs are provided for

define metropole

the mother country (the country that colonizes another country); colonizer

define imperialism

the takeover of a country or territory by a stronger nation with the intent of dominating the political, economic, and social life of the people of that nation

imperial powers associated with direct rule

French management of Somaliland and Vietnam German management of Tanganyika Portugese management of Angola

characteristics of a colony

A country or a region governed internally by a foreign power.

characteristics of a protectorate

A country or territory with its own internal gov't but under the control of an outside power.

characteristics of a sphere of influence

An area in which an outside power claims exclusive investment or trading privileges.

define "jewel in the crown"

Britain considered India its "jewel in the crown," or its most precious colony, because India was a major source of raw materials for Britain industrialization, and India's 300 million people were a huge market for British goods

example of protectorate

Britain established a protectorate over the Niger River delta.

causes of Opium War

Britain smuggled opium into China in great quantities China became mad because opium was banned in Britain because it was a harmful drug, and yet Britain had no problem trading opium to the Chinese Britain refused to stop trading opium

define Opium War

Britain smuggled opium into China in great quantities, China became mad because opium was banned in Britain because it was a harmful drug, and yet Britain had no problem trading opium to the Chinese, Britain refused to stop trading opium → Opium war (1839-1842)

imperial powers associated with indirect rule

British management of Nigeria, India, and Burma U.S. management of colonies on Pacific Islands

effects of Opium War

Chinese navy was no match for the British navy, Chinese were defeated Treaty of Nanjing signed, gives Hong Kong to Britain

characteristics of economic imperialism

Independent but less developed nations controlled by private business interests rather than by other governments.

example of sphere of influence

Liberia was under the sphere of influence of the United States.

Identify five nations that established spheres of influence in China.

Russia, Germany, Britain, France, Japan

example of colony

Somaliland in East Africa was a French colony.

define "new imperial history"

The impact of colonies on the mother country (Ex. Abundance of Indian restaurants in Britain)

How did economic imperialism lead to India becoming a British colony?

The original East India Company had it's own military, consisting of sepoys. The discrimination within the military led to the Sepoy Mutiny, which showed the British that India is the "precious jewel" of the British colonies and key to the British economy.

define Meiji Era

The period of Japanese history (1867-1912) where emperor Mutsuhito established a new govt/new policies based on Western ways; when he "modernized" Japan

What were the results of Japan's growing imperialism at the end of the 19th century?

They became the strongest military power in Asia China and Japan had agreed not to go into Korea with their militaries, China violated the agreement, Japan attacked them and won → Japan gets their first colonies in Korea (ruled them as a protectorate)

Describe the attitudes held by most Americans about colonizing other lands.

They were hesitant in colonizing because they were pro-freedom and liberty however others saw it as opportunistic and soon joined the competition with the Europeans.

define sphere of influence

a foreign region in which a nation has control over trade and other economic activities

define colonialism

a form of imperialism; a foreign power taking over internal government of a country or a region

define assimilation

a policy based on the idea that in time, local populations would become absorbed into the culture of the governing power, the French supported this policy, modeled schools, courts, and businesses in Africa after French institutions to aid in assimilation

define open door policy

a policy, proposed by the United States in 1899, under which all nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China

define social darwinism

a theory in which Darwin's ideas of natural selection were applied to social change, those who were fittest for survival enjoyed wealth and success and were considered superior to others, Europeans believed they had the right and duty to bring the results of their progress to other countries; Non-Europeans were considered lower scale of cultural and physical development

define sepoy mutiny

an 1857 rebellion of Hindu and Muslim soldiers against the British in India

define Spanish-American war

an 1898 conflict between the United States and Spain, in which the United States supported Cuba's' fight for independence; impacted American's decision to become an imperialist nation

define sepoy

an Indian soldier serving under British command

define Emilio Aguilnaldo

leader of Filipino nationalists, claims that the U.S. had promised immediate independence for the Philippines after the Spanish-American war ended

negative attributes of indirect rule

limited, not complete, self-rule

characteristics of indirect rule

local gov't officials used limited self-rule goal = to develop future leaders gov't institutions based on European styles, but may have local rules

positive attributes of indirect rule

local merchants and professionals serve on the legislative council local people are trained as leaders

What motives caused the nations of Europe to engage in imperialistic activities?

nationalism, racism, economics, religion, rapid industrialization

negative attributes of direct rule

people aren't given rights assimilation causes local culture to disappear and to be absorbed into the culture of the governing people

define extraterritorial rights

rights that provided exemption from Chinese law for foreigners at select areas